中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞比与动脉粥样硬化研究进展

2016-01-23 07:09鲁明蒋学俊陶波方钊
中国心血管病研究 2016年5期
关键词:中性白细胞粒细胞

鲁明 蒋学俊 陶波 方钊

综 述

中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞比与动脉粥样硬化研究进展

鲁明 蒋学俊 陶波 方钊

动脉粥样硬化; 中性粒细胞; 淋巴细胞; 炎症

动脉粥样硬化是一种多因素疾病,吸烟、糖代谢紊乱、血脂异常和其他许多因素均可引起的血管内皮细胞损伤,以及年龄、性别、某些遗传因素,都有助于该综合征的发病[1,2]。近年来发现,动脉粥样硬化是一种涉及到急性和慢性炎症过程而不是简单的由脂质浸润引起的血管被动损伤[1,3,4]。炎症细胞在动脉粥样硬化的发生、进展中起着重要作用。在多种动物和人的动脉粥样硬化模型受损的血管内皮中均可发现循环血液成分,像中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、血小板和其他炎性介质[5]。动脉粥样硬化的病理过程涉及到循环中白细胞和血小板以趋化因子和黏附因子为媒介迁移到血管内皮受损的部位[6];血管内皮受损导致血管舒缩功能障碍,进而促使内皮渗透性升高、血小板聚集、淋巴细胞黏附和细胞因子生成,最终导致动脉粥样硬化不良事件的发生[7]。

在临床实践中,白细胞计数是一种常用的炎症指标。白细胞计数升高,即使在正常范围内,已经和动脉粥样硬化冠心病事件联系在一起[8]。白细胞包括5种不同类型的免疫细胞,每一种细胞通过不同的方式发挥着不同的功能。Sharma等[9]证实,循环系统中白细胞类型和可变的心血管危险因素有很强的关联;在女性和老年患者中这种联系更为明显。

1 NLR的定义

NLR的计算:绝对中性粒细胞计数和绝对淋巴细胞计数的比值。它表明中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞的平衡[10];代表着完全相反的免疫路径——一个代表不可控的炎症,另一个代表无症状的免疫路径[11];是一个比各种细胞计数更加稳定的值,可以减少应急状态对细胞数目的影响。早期研究证实NLR优于单一细胞计数[12]。

NLR最早是作为阑尾炎的诊断指标;之后进入了一个广泛的研究领域,包括将NLR应用于预测肿瘤及化疗的敏感度、标识高风险的血管手术患者、非酒精型脂肪肝、老年痴呆症等[10,13-17]。Arbel等[18]第一个证实NLR与冠状动脉血管病变的严重程度存在相关性。

目前,NLR已经被推荐作为一项有用的生物指标用于预测心血管疾病风险[19-21]。白细胞、中性粒细胞、NLR产生的影响与明确的心血管危险因素的关联极为密切[9]。流行病学证据提示,NLR可以成为急性冠脉综合征(ACS)的预测指标,且优于任何单一的白细胞亚型[21,22]。

2 NLR评价动脉粥样硬化的机制

一些机制可以解释NLR和动脉粥样硬化之间的重要联系;动脉血管壁中长期低水平的炎症在心血管疾病的起始和发展中发挥着重要作用[1,23]。活化的白细胞黏附于血管内皮的能力增强且更易穿透,引起毛细血管内白细胞淤积和阻力增加[24-26]。另外,活化的白细胞释放各种水解酶、细胞因子和生长因子,引起血管持续性损害[1,23]。然而,白细胞的不同亚型通过不同的方式发挥其作用,在动物实验中,可以直接观察到中性粒细胞迁移到动脉粥样硬化斑块中[27]。同时,中性粒细胞和血小板形成聚合体,导致微血管栓塞和心肌缺血[28,29]。另外研究证实,淋巴细胞减少症与动脉粥样硬化进展存在关联[30,31],在动脉粥样硬化斑块中淋巴细胞的凋亡可能导致淋巴细胞减少,逐渐增加动脉粥样硬化的负担[32,33]。在冠脉事件急性期,淋巴细胞减少症是继发于皮质醇激素增加引起应激反应[34];Blum等[35]证实,在心肌梗死急性期,淋巴细胞和CD4细胞计数降低,CD4/CD8比值倒置。

另一个可能的机制是NLR可以反映自主神经的平衡和血管床的长期炎症。已有报道称,白细胞亚型分布受自主神经系统调节,因为粒性白细胞有肾上腺素受体,而淋巴细胞有胆碱能受体[36]。因此,高水平的NLR可能提示高比例的交感神经/副交感神经活动。交感神经活动的增加可以提高氧消耗率和产生更多的促炎症因子,如白介素6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)[37,38]。这些细胞因子通过影响内皮下氮氧化合物和内皮素-1的释放调节血管壁的活动[39,40]。因此,更高的NLR提示更严重的血管炎症[12]。

3 NLR与冠状动脉粥样硬化

3.1 NLR评估冠心病患者预后 在一系列冠状动脉疾病(CAD)和ACS研究中,对NLR与CAD和ACS的关系进行了评估。Zhang等[11]证实,NLR与冠脉造影Gensini评分存在正相关性。Park等[41]证明,心肌钙评分与NLR存在正相关。多方面研究证实,NLR升高与冠心病患者在院及长期不良预后相关[22,42-44]。Angela等[44]证明,NLR是稳定型心脏病患者心源性死亡的独立预测因子。Tamhane等[22]证实,NLR是ACS患者在院及6个月死亡率的独立预测因子。Azab等[43]证明,NLR是非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)患者1个月、4个月、6个月死亡率的独立预测因子。Yilmaz等[45]证明,在NSTEMI中NLR与冠脉血栓负荷相关,冠脉有血栓负荷和无血栓负荷患者,其NLR有统计学差异。Núnez等[42]认为,NLR可用于预测ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者的死亡率。同时,Mahmut等[46]证实,NLR是STEMI患者行急诊PCI无复流的独立预测因子,其高NLR组冠脉多支病变和无复流的发生率均升高,在院心血管事件发生率亦较高。Duffy等[47]在评估NLR时发现,PCI术前NLR升高与患者长期死亡风险增加相关。

3.2 NLR对心血管疾病的危险分层 已经证实NLR可以用于心血管疾病的危险分层。冠心病存在一段时间的无症状期,对无症状患者进行早期预防,是减轻冠心病负担的重要措施;冠心病传统风险预测评估策略如Framingham危险评分(FRS),依据年龄、性别、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、吸烟史等危险因素进行评分。遗憾的是,传统风险预测模型如FRS常常不能明确相当部分个体最终发展为冠心病的风险。Shah等[48]研究认为,NLR可以对FRS中风险患者进行再分层;中风险再分层中向上的分层更为重要,因为其将个体管理改为高风险的管理措施,需要更积极的预防措施[49],如饮食调整、改变生活方式和持续性药物治疗;同时,中风险再分层中向下的分层归类为低风险级别,并不需要显著改变管理措施。

4 NLR的局限性

4.1 NLR值的动态变化NLR有其局限性——白细胞计数及其不同亚型是动态改变的,并不是保持静止状态,尤其在严重疾病的急性期阶段,这就预示着NLR也是动态变化[50]。患者在入院时总白细胞计数升高,在经过最初的12~24 h平稳期后开始下降,下降的大部分原因是由于淋巴细胞计数减少,其减少25.6%;与总白细胞计数相比,中心粒细胞反应较为延迟,其在入院12~24 h后达到最大值,随后与总白细胞计数轨迹保持平行;与中心粒细胞变化趋势不同,淋巴细胞在入院后12~24 h内达到最低值;正如预期,NLR最大值中位数出现在12~24 h,与中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞的变化趋势相符[42,50]。Núnez等[42]证实,NLR 在 STEMI症状发作96 h内的最大值对死亡率有重要的预测价值。同时,Park等[50]证实,行急诊PCI术的STEMI患者入院后24 h NLR值对死亡的预测价值最高,当入院24 h NLR≥5.44时,死亡风险增加3.12倍。

4.2 NLR的特异性度敏感度 另外一个问题是这个研究的亮点——尽管事实证明当NLR>3时,主要心血管事件的风险增加55%,但在ACS患者和无ACS患者中NLR的真正差异只有0.1[18],两组之间微小的差异提示这项检测指标的特异度及敏感度均较低,特别是在高度复杂的动态免疫系统之中。Cho等[51]对NLR在STEMI患者早期风险分层的预测价值评估后得出结论:NLR联合血红蛋白是6个月死亡率的独立预测因子;然而,他们并没有发现NLR和PCI术后冠脉复流存在任何联系。Kruk等[52]发现,NLR与STEMI患者早期死亡率之间没有联系;事件组与非事件组比较,事件组NLR更高;但是,在多变量分析中,组间NLR的差异无统计学意义。由此必须提及一个问题,在慢性基础疾病中的急性阶段对NLR的影响以及这个影响有多大。

4.3 NLR的正常值 正常NLR值目前缺乏一致的意见,不同的研究采用不同的数值作为正常值或可接受范围。Arbel等[18]将NLR>3.00作为正常值的高线;Shah等[48]将NLR>4.50作为冠心病的独立预测因子;Horne等[21]建议NLR>4.71作为稳定型心绞痛的临界值;Azab等[43]将NLR>4.70作为短期和长期死亡率的独立预测因子;Soylu等[53]认为,NLR是一个非特异性标记物,重要的是其阴性预测价值,当NLR>4.50时对NSTEMI在院死亡率的特异度及敏感度均为75%,其阳性预测值是79.2%,阴性预测值是95.3%。Mahmut等[46]将NLR>3.30作为STEMI患者行急诊PCI术后冠脉无复流的预测指标,灵敏度为74%,特异度为83%,且NLR与患者在院心血管不良事件的发生率呈正相关;Angela等[44]将NLR>2.42作为稳定型心绞痛心源性死亡风险倾向增加的临界值。与上述一系列研究将NLR最高分组值作为NLR的界限值不同的是,Park等[50]根据ROC曲线,认为NSTEMI患者NLR>5.44时其死亡风险增加4倍,应该接受迅速、细致的治疗和更密集的危险因素评估和修改。NLR值的差异可能提示接受研究个体炎症状态的差异。在NLR成为一个广泛使用的临床工具之前,需要接受更大范围的流行病学研究,以确立一个正常的估值。

5 小结

NLR有其自身的优势。首先,生理条件和血液标本的体外处理可能对白细胞及其亚型的细胞计数的影响超过NLR,例如运动和儿茶酚胺可增加中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞计数[54,55],但对NLR比值的影响程度较低。其次也是最重要的,NLR是两个不同但互补的免疫路径,高NLR反映了两个相反的免疫途径;因此它比任何单一参数更具有预测作用。NLR亦存在可能影响调查人员使用的两个缺陷。第一个缺陷是循环中的中性粒细胞寿命(约7 h)及其细胞计数稳定期较短[56],由此提出一个问题:我们应该如何使用NLR(例如入院NLR值、24 h NLR值或NLR最大值),我们相信这种不可靠性更多是针对中性粒细胞计数而非NLR。第二个缺陷是NLR分界值在评分系统的应用。由于以前的研究采用不同的NLR分界点,阻碍对照研究和Meta分析,因此,需要一个大型多中心的前瞻性研究对NLR的分界值进行划分,以满足临床应用,而不是采用NLR区间的均等分组,使NLR在预测评分中可以具体化。

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Research progress of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis; Neutrophil; Lymphocyte; Inflammation

国家自然科学基金面上项目(项目编号:81170307)

430060 湖北省武汉市,武汉大学人民医院心血管内科,武汉大学心血管病研究所,心血管病湖北重点实验室

蒋学俊,E-mail:xjjiang@whu.edu.cn

10.3969/j.issn.1672-5301.2016.05.003

R541.4

A

1672-5301(2016)05-0392-05

2016-12-18)

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