陕西省蚊科区系调查*

韩雪玲 刘增加 史锋庆 张亚萍 胡淑芳

(1.中国人民解放军第三医院，陕西宝鸡 721004； 2.兰州军区疾病预防控制中心，兰州 730020)

陕西省位于我国黄河中游，北部跨黄土高原中部，在东经105°29′～111°15′，北纬31°42′～39°35′之间；北接内蒙古，西临宁夏、甘肃，南接川、渝、鄂，东与山西、河南为邻。地势南北高，中间底，自北而南分为陕北高原、关中平原、秦巴山地三个自然区，具有典型的塬、梁、峁等地形。气候处亚热带湿润季风气候区，自北向南分属温带半干旱季风气候、暖温带半干旱半湿润季风气候，陕北冬冷、夏热，冬春干燥，秋夏多雨；陕南雨量充沛，温暖湿润等特点。该省由于地理生态环境特殊，生物类群也具有相应的特征，其中双翅目蚊科种类比较复杂，在一些地区已形成危害，受到人们的关注与研究(石淑珍等，1989；佘建军等，2008；张宝芳等，2009； 刘增加，2011；刘增加等，2013；韩雪玲等，2012，2014)。为了解陕西省双翅目蚊科昆虫的本底，掌握其危害习性，采取积极有效的防治措施，2010年3月至2014年11月间，作者深入陕西省不同地理区域对蚊虫开展了调查研究，现将结果报告如下。

1 材料与方法

1.1 选点

依据调查所需，自北向南选择塞北风沙草滩、陕北黄土高原、关中盆地、秦岭山地、汉水盆地和大巴山区等6个地形区的榆林市、绥德县、延安市、岐山县、长安区、临潼县、华县、潼关县，太白县、眉县、渭南市、华阴市、凤县、略阳县、留坝县、佛坪县、镇安县、柞水县、西乡县等30余个点作为面上调查采集，陕北黄土高原、关中盆地和汉水盆地的延安、宝鸡、西安、安康和汉中等5个点作为固定调查采集。

1.2 材料

生物解剖显微镜、诱蚊器、电动吸蚊器、诱蚊帐、采集网等由兰州军区疾病预防控制中心虫媒病与媒介生物防治研究所提供；其余毒瓶、白瓷盘、标本瓶、干湿温度计、氯仿、乙醇、解剖器材等均由中国人民解放军第三医院提供。

1.3 方法

人帐诱法：选择庭院、牛棚、猪舍旁、稻田边和林间等蚊虫成虫活动场所，设置3顶蚊帐(牛棚和猪舍旁设1顶蚊帐)，每帐间距约50 m，略呈三角形排列，每年3月上旬至11月下旬不定时在各类场所做一天(天气不好顺延)4次观察采集，分别在日出前1 h、日出后4 h、日落前4 h和日落后1 h各人帐诱蚊一次，每次15 min。辅助网捕法将蚊分检计数，制成标本，初步分类和妥善保存(刘增加等，2007)。然后将标本带回实验室，在生物解剖显微镜下进行分类鉴定(陆宝麟等，1997，1997，2003)。

2 结果

2.1 种类与分布

在陕西省各地理区域的蚊虫调查中，获得大批标本，经整理鉴定，为2亚科6属39种，并结合前人文献报告本次没有采集到的林氏按蚊日本亚种、缘纹伊蚊、白黑伊蚊、金叶伊蚊、美腹伊蚊、惊骇库蚊、大叶脉毛蚊、日本脉毛蚊和类按直脚蚊等9种，共计陕西省蚊科2亚科7属48种，种类与地理分布及孳生场所(刘增加等，2013)见表1。

表1 陕西省蚊科种类与地理分布Tab.1 Culicidae species and their geographic patterns in Shaanxi Province

续表1
Tab.lContinued

属名Genera种名Species地理分布Geographical distribution孳生场所Breed sites洋县、宁陕县、石泉县、汉阴县、镇安县、柞水县、洛南县、商州区、汉中市、西乡县、安康市、旬阳县、商南县、山阳县Xi'an City, Baoji City, Qishan County, Lintong County, Hua County, Tongguan County, Taibai County, Mei Coun-ty, Zhouzhi County, Hu County, Lantian County, Weinan City, Huayin County Feng County, Lueyang County, Liuba County, Foping County, Ningqiang County, Mian County County, Chenggu County, Yang County, Ningshan Coun-ty, Shiquan County, Hanyin County, Zhen'an County, Zhashui County, Luonan County, Shangzhou District, Hanzhong City, Xi Countyg County, Ankang City, Xun-yang County, Shangnan County, Shanyang Countycans and other containers of water at the cylinder(2)仁川伊蚊Ae. chemulpoensisYamada, 1921西安市、宝鸡市、汉中市、安康市Xi'an City, Baoji City, Hanzhong City, Ankang City树洞、缸罐积水处Tree holes, catchments (3)背点伊蚊Ae. dorsalis Meigen, 1830西安市、宝鸡市、榆林市、绥德县、延安市、汉中市、安康市Xi'an City, Baoji City, Yulin City, Suide County, Yan'an City, Hanzhong City, Ankang City石穴Caves(4)棘刺伊蚊Ae. elsiae Barraud, 1923西安市、汉中市、留坝县Xi'an City, Hanzhong City, Liuba County 洼地积水、水坑、水塘、浅潭、果园、湖边、麦地、菜地、泉洞Depressions water, puddles, ponds, shallow lake, orchard, lake, vegetable, spring hole(5)黄背伊蚊Ae. flavidorsalis Luhet Lee, 1975榆林市、绥德县Yulin City, Suide County石凹、树洞 Concave, tree holes(6) 缘纹伊蚊 Ae. galloisi Yamada, 1921黄龙县、黄陵县、宜川县Huanglong County, Huangling County, Yichuan County 石穴、清水坑Caves, pit(7) 羽鸟伊蚊(双棘伊蚊)Ae. hatorii Yamada, 1921西安市、宝鸡市、岐山县、华县、潼关县、太白县、眉县、周至县、户县、蓝田县、渭南市、华阴市、凤县、略阳县、留坝县、佛坪县、宁强县、勉县、城固县、洋县、宁陕县、石泉县、汉阴县、镇安县、柞水县、洛南县、商洛市、汉中市、西乡县、安康市、旬阳县、商南县、山阳县Xi'an City, Baoji City, Qishan County, Hua County, Tongguan County, Taibai County, Mei County, Zhouzhi County, Hu County, Lantian County, Weinan City, Huay-in City, Feng County, Lueyang County, Liuba County, Fo-ping County, Ningqiang County, Mian County, Chenggu County, Yang County, Ningshan County, Shiquan County, Hanyin County, Zhen'an County, Zhashui County, Luonan County, ShangLuo City, Hanzhon City, Xixiang County, Ankang City, Xunyang County, Shangnan County, Shan-yang County石穴、容器积水Caves, containers water(8)日本伊蚊Ae. japonicusTheobald, 1901汉中市、留坝县、佛坪县、宁陕县Hanzhong, Liuba County, Foping County, Ningshan Coun-ty 容器积水、溪旁石穴Container water, creek caves (9)朝鲜伊蚊Ae. koreicus Edwards, 1917西安市、宝鸡市、岐山县、长安区、临潼县、华县、潼关县,太白县、眉县、周至县、户县、蓝田县、渭南市、华阴市、凤县、略阳县、留坝县、佛坪县、宁强县、勉县、城固县、洋县、宁陕县、石泉县、汉阴县、镇安县、柞水县、洛南县、商州区、汉中市、西乡县、安康市、旬阳县、商南县、山阳县Xi'an, Baoji, Qishan County, Chang'an District, Lintong County, Hua County, Tongguan County, Taibai County, Mei County, Zhouzhi County, Hu County, Lantian Coun-ty, Weinan City, Huayin, Feng County, Lueyang County, Liuba County, Foping County, Ningqiang County, County Mian, Chenggu County, Yang County, Ningshan County, Shiquan County, Hanyin County, Zhashui County, Luonan County, Shangzhou 洼地积水、林间草地积水,夜栖Depressions water, ponding in the forest, roosting County

续表1
Tab.lContinued

属名Genera种名Species地理分布Geographical distribution孳生场所Breed sitesDistrict, Hanzhong, Xixiang County, Ankang, Xunyang County, Shangnan County, Shanyang County(10)白黑伊蚊Ae. leucomelas Meigen, 1804延安市、黄龙县、宜川县、黄陵县Yan'an, Huanglong County, Yichuan County, Huangling County石穴、容器积水Caves, containers(11)乳点伊蚊Ae. macfarlanei Edwards, 1914汉中市、安康市Hanzhong, Ankang 积水坑Plash (12)长柄伊蚊Ae. mercurator Dyar, 1920延安市Yan'an树洞、竹筒积水Tree holes and bamboo (13)东瀛伊蚊Ae. nipponicus Lacasse et Yamaguti, 1948留坝县、佛坪县、宁陕县Liuba County, Foping County, Ningshan County树洞Tree holes (14)金叶伊蚊Ae. oreophilus Edwards, 1916黄陵县、黄龙县、宜川县Huangling County, Huanglong County, Yichuan County 积水坑、石穴、树洞Plash, caves, tree holes (15)美腹伊蚊Ae. pulchriventer Giles, 1901汉中市Hanzhong City稻田、水塘、水坑、洼地积水、沼泽河流、渠旁积水坑Paddy fields, ponds, puddles, de-pressions water, swamp river, canal beside the water pit(16)刺扰伊蚊Ae. vexans Meigen, 1830西安市、汉中市、延安市Xi'an City, Hanzhong City, Yan'an City石窝积水Water in the stone nests(17) 云南伊蚊Ae. yunnanensis Gaschen, 1934汉中市、安康市Hanzhong City, Ankang City污水坑Sumps阿蚊属Armigeres Theobald, 1901(1) 骚扰阿蚊Ar. subalbatus Coquillett, 1898西安市、宝鸡市、岐山县、华县、潼关县,太白县、眉县、周至县、户县、蓝田县、渭南市、华阴市、凤县、略阳县、留坝县、佛坪县、宁强县、勉县、城固县、洋县、宁陕县、石泉县、汉阴县、镇安县、柞水县、洛南县、商州区、汉中市、西乡县、安康市、旬阳县、商南县、山阳县Xi'an City, Baoji City, Qishan County, Hua County , Tongguan County, Taibai County, Mei County, Zhouzhi County, Hu Coun-ty, Lantian County, Weinan City, Huayin City, Feng County, Lueyang County, Liuba County, Foping County, Ningqiang County, Mian County, Chenggu County, Yang County, Nings-han County, Shiquan County, Hanyin County, Zhen'an County, Zhashui County, Luonan County, ShangzhouDistrict, Hanzhong City, Xi Countyg County, An kang City, Xunyang County, Shangnan County, Shanyang County稻田、水沟、水塘、河槽、山积溪水Rice fields, ditches, ponds, river channel, mountain streams库蚊属Culex Linnae-us, 1758(1) 二带喙库蚊Cx. bitaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901西安市、宝鸡市、汉中市、榆林市、安康市、延安市Xi'an City, Baoji City, Hanzhong City, Yulin City, Ankang City, Yan'an City污水坑Sumps(2)褐尾库蚊Cx. fuscanus Wiedemann, 1820西安市、宝鸡市、岐山县、华县、潼关县,太白县、眉县、周至县、户县、蓝田县、渭南市、华阴市、凤县、略阳县、留坝县、佛坪县、宁强县、勉县、城固县、洋县、宁陕县、石泉县、汉阴县、镇安县、柞水县、洛南县、商州区、汉中市、西乡县、安康市、旬阳县、商南县、山阳县Xi'an City, Baoji City, Qishan County, Hua County, Tongguan County, Taibai County, Mei County, Zhouzhi County, Hu County, Lantian County, Weinan City, Huay-in City, Feng County, Lueyang County, Liuba County, Fo-ping County, Ningqiang County, Mian County, Chenggu County, Yang County, Ningshan County, Shiquan County, Hanyin County, Zhen'an County, Zhashui County, Luonan County, Shangzhou District, Hanzhong City, Xixiang County, Ankang City, Xunyang County, Shangnan Coun-ty, Shanyang County水坑、浅潭、容器积水、树洞Puddle, shallow lake, water con-tainers, tree holes(3)贪食库蚊Cx. halifaxia Theobald, 1903西安市、宝鸡市、岐山县、华县、潼关县、太白县、眉县、周至县、户县、蓝田县、渭南市、华阴市、凤县、略阳县、留坝县、佛坪县、宁强县、勉县、城固县、洋县、宁陕县、石泉县、汉阴县、镇安县、柞水县、洛南县、商州区、汉中水坑、容器积水、浅潭、树洞Puddle, shallow lake, water con-tainers, tree holes

续表1
Tab.lContinued

属名Genera种名Species地理分布Geographical distribution孳生场所Breed sites市、西乡县、安康市、旬阳县、商南县、山阳县Xi'an City, Baoji City, Qishan County, Hua County , Tongguan County, Taibai County, Mei County, Zhouzhi County, Hu County, Lantian County, Weinan City, Huay-in City, Feng County, Lueyang County, Liuba County, Fo-ping County, Ningqiang County, Mian County, Chenggu County, Yang County, Ningshan County, Shiquan County, Hanyin County, Zhenan County, Zhashui County, Luonan County, Shangzhou District, Hanzhong City, Xixiang County, Ankang City, Xunyang County, Shangnan Coun-ty, Shanyang County(4)林氏库蚊Cx. hayashii Yama-da, 1917宝鸡市、汉中市、留坝县Baoji City, Hanzhong City, Liuba County水塘、水坑、泉坑Pond, puddle, spring pits(5)棕盾库蚊Cx. jacksoni Ed-wards, 1934宝鸡市、汉中市、安康市Baoji City, Hanzhong City, Ankang City污水坑、污水沟Sumps, gutter(6) 马来库蚊Cx. malayi Leices-ter, 1908西安市Xi'an City山沟水潭Ravine pool (7)拟态库蚊Cx. mimeticus Noe, 1899西安市、宝鸡市、岐山县、华县、潼关县、太白县、眉县、周至县、户县、蓝田县、渭南市、华阴市、凤县、略阳县、留坝县、佛坪县、宁强县、勉县、城固县、洋县、宁陕县、石泉县、汉阴县、镇安县、柞水县、洛南县、商州区、汉中市、西乡县、安康市、旬阳县、商南县、山阳县Xi'an City, Baoji City, Qishan County, Hua County , Tongguan County, Taibai County, Mei County, Zhouzhi County, Hu County, Lantian County, Weinan, Huayin, Feng County, Lueyang County, Liuba County, Foping County, Ningqiang County, Mian County, Chenggu Coun-ty, Yang County, Ningshan County, Shiquan County, Ha-nyin County, Zhen'an County, Zhashui County, Luonan County, Shangzhou District, Hanzhong, Xixiang County, Ankang, Xunyang County, Shangnan County, Shanyang County水井、河槽、山沟水潭、稻田Wells, river channel, ravine pool, rice fields(8) 小拟态库蚊Cx. mimulus Ed-wards, 1915宝鸡市、汉中市、延安市、安康市Baoji City, Hanzhong City, Yan'an City, Ankang City沼泽、污水坑、洼地积水、稻田、水塘、苇塘、稻田、积水坑、草甸、水凹Marsh, sumps, depressions wa-ter, rice fields, ponds, reed pond, paddy, water pit, mead-ow, water recess(9)凶小库蚊Cx. modestus Fical-bi, 1889西安市、宝鸡市、岐山县、华县、潼关县、太白县、眉县、周至县、户县、蓝田县、渭南市、华阴市、 凤县、略阳县、留坝县、佛坪县、宁强县、勉县、城固县、洋县、宁陕县、石泉县、汉阴县、镇安县、柞水县、洛南县、商州区、汉中市、西乡县、安康市、旬阳县、商南县、山阳县Xi'an City, Baoji City, Qishan County, Hua County , Tong-guan County, Taibai County, Mei County, Zhouzhi County, Hu County, Lantian County, Weinan City, Huayin City, Feng County, Lueyang County, Liuba County, Foping County, Ningqiang County, Mian County, Chenggu County, Yang County, Ningshan County, Shiquan County, Hanyin County, Zhen'an County, Zhashui County, Luonan County, Shangzhou District, Hanzhong City, Xixiang County, Ankang City, Xun-yang County, Shangnan County, Shanyang County容器积水、清水坑Water containers, water pit(10)白胸库蚊Cx. pallidothorax Theobald, 1905汉中市、留坝县、佛坪县、宁陕县、柞水县Hanzhong City, Liuba County, Foping County, Ningshan County, Zhashui County水井、瓷缸、污水坑、沼泽、沤肥坑Well, porcelain jar, sump, swamps, wet compost pits

续表1
Tab.lContinued

属名Genera种名Species地理分布Geographical distribution孳生场所Breed sites(11)淡色库蚊Cx. pipiens pallens Coquillett, 1898广布全省Widespread whole province稻田、沼泽Paddy fieldss, swamps(12) 致倦库蚊Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatusSay, 1823西安市、宝鸡市、岐山县、华县、潼关县、太白县、眉县、周至县、户县、蓝田县、渭南市、华阴市、 凤县、略阳县、留坝县、佛坪县、宁强县、勉县、城固县、洋县、宁陕县、石泉县、汉阴县、镇安县、柞水县、洛南县、商州区、汉中市、西乡县、安康市、旬阳县、商南县、山阳县Xi'an City, Baoji City, Qishan County, Hua County , Tongguan County, Taibai County, Mei County, Zhouzhi County, Hu County, Lantian County, Weinan City, Huay-in City, Feng County, Lueyang County, Liuba County, Fo-ping County, Ningqiang County, Mian County, Chenggu County, County Yang, Ningshan County, Shiquan County, Hanyin County, Zhen'an County, Zhashui County, Luonan County, Shangzhou District, Hanzhong City, Xixiang County, Ankang, Xunyang County, Shangnan County, Sh-anyang County稻田、池塘Paddy fields, ponds(13)伪杂鳞库蚊Cx. pseudovishnui Colless, 1957西安市、宝鸡市、岐山县、临潼县、华县、潼关县、太白县、眉县、周至县、户县、蓝田县、渭南市、华阴市、凤县、略阳县、留坝县、佛坪县、宁强县、勉县、城固县、洋县、宁陕县、石泉县、汉阴县、镇安县、柞水县、洛南县、商州区、汉中市、西乡县、安康市、旬阳县、商南县、山阳县Xi'an City, Baoji City, Qishan County, Lingtong County, Hua County , Tongguan County, Taibai County, Mei County, Zhouzhi County, Hu County, Lantian County, Weinan City, Huayin City, Feng County, Lueyang County, Liuba County, Foping County, Ningqiang County, Mian County, Chenggu County, Yang County, Ningshan Coun-ty, Shiquan County, Hanyin County, Zhen'an County, Zhashui County, Luonan County, Shangzhou District, Hanzhong City, Xixiang County, Ankang City, Xunyang County, Shangnan County, Shanyang County水坑Puddle(14)中华库蚊Cx. sinensis Theobald, 1903宝鸡市、汉中市、安康市Baoji City, Hanzhong City, Ankang City水井、池塘、污水坑、屎坑、稻田、河槽、沼泽、洼地积水Wells, ponds, sumps, feces pit, rice fields, river channel, swamps, lowland water(15)惊骇库蚊Cx. territansWalker, 1856留坝县、佛坪县、宁陕县、镇安县、柞水县Liuba County, Foping County, Ningshan County, Zhen'an County, Zhashui County稻田、沼泽、池塘、污水坑、水沟、水坑、沼泽的浅水凹、污水坑、灌溉沟内的积水坑Paddy, shallow concave marsh, ponds, sumps, ditches, puddles, swamps, sumps, irrigation ditch water inside the pit(16)三带喙库蚊Cx. tritaeniorhyn-chus Giles, 1901广布于全省Widespread whole province稻田、沼泽、池塘、污水坑Paddy fields, marshes, ponds, sumps(17)迷走库蚊Cx. vagans Wiedemann, 1828广布于全省Widespread whole province水沟、水坑、水井,野栖Ditches, puddles, well, wild hab-itat(18) 白霜库蚊Cx. whitmorei Giles, 1904汉中市、安康市Hanzhong City, Ankang City泉水坑Spring water pit脉毛蚊属Culiseta Felt, 1904(1) 黑须脉毛蚊Cx. bergrothi Ed-wards, 1921延安市Yan'an City池塘、稻田、工程积水、水坑Ponds, rice fields, project water, puddles

续表1
Tab.lContinued

属名Genera种名Species地理分布Geographical distribution孳生场所Breed sites(2) 大叶脉毛蚊Cu. megaloba Luh, Chao et Xu, 1974黄龙县、宜川县、黄陵县Huanglong County, Yichuan County, Huangling County水坑Puddle(3) 银带脉毛蚊Cx. niveitaeniata Theobald, 1907西安市、宝鸡市、汉中市、安康市、榆林市、黄龙县、宜川县、黄陵县Xi'an City, Baoji City, Hanzhong City, Ankang City, Yulin City, Huanglong County, Yichuan County, Huangling County池塘、沼泽、稻田Ponds, marshes, rice fields(4)日本脉毛蚊Cx. nipponica LaCasse et Yamagu-ti, 1950黄龙县、宜川县、黄陵县Huanglong County, Yichuan County, Huangling County树洞、竹筒Tree holes, bamboo曼蚊属 Mansonia Blanchard, 1901(1) 常型曼蚊Ma. uniformis Theobald, 1901西安市、宝鸡市、榆林市Xi'an City, Baoji City, Yulin City池塘、沼泽、稻田Ponds, marshes, rice fields直脚蚊属Orthopodomy-ia Theobald, 1904(1)类按直脚蚊Or. anopheloides Giles, 1903汉中市 Hanzhong City树洞、竹筒Tree holes, bamboo

3 讨论

陕西省仅知按蚊属5种，其中中华按蚊不仅是传播疟疾的重要媒介，而且也是传播流行性乙型脑炎的主要媒介，也可能充当马来丝虫病的传播媒介；帕氏按蚊在1953年从西安的样本中培养分离出乙型脑炎病毒(刘增加等，2013)，也在实验中能感染疟原虫(陆宝麟等，1997)；伊蚊属18种，其中白纹伊蚊是登革热的主要传播媒介；库蚊在陕西省已知18种，其中淡色库蚊和三带喙库蚊除吸血骚扰外，是传播流行性乙型脑炎的重要媒介。因此，调查研究疾病的媒介蚊虫具有实际指导意义。

本次调查和结合前人文献资料，共计陕西省蚊科7属48种，其中按蚊属Anopheles5种；伊蚊属Aedes18种，阿蚊属Armigeres1种，库蚊属Culex18种，脉毛蚊属Culiseta4种，曼蚊属Mansonia1种和直脚蚊属Orthopodomyia1种。从种类的构成言，伊蚊属和库蚊属种类数最多，各占已知种类的37.50%；按蚊属和脉毛蚊属次之，分别占10.42%和8.33%；阿蚊、曼蚊和直脚蚊等3属种类数最少，共占已知种类的6.25%。说明伊蚊和库蚊是防控的重中之重，按蚊种类虽然不多，但多数能传播疾病，在防控上不可轻视。

陕西省部分地区蚊虫活动的规律，关中平原蚊虫在4～11月活动，7～8月达全年活动最高峰。库蚊夜间活动，黎明和傍晚形成2个活动高峰，傍晚达全天活动最高峰；伊蚊白天活动，8：00和16：00形成2个活动高峰，16：00达全天活动最高峰。建议根据蚊虫活动时域有针对性地作好防治工作。