英语作文范文中的动词搭配错误例析

2015-09-10 07:22顾祖良
考试周刊 2015年2期
关键词:错误英语

顾祖良

摘 要: 最近几年出版了众多英语作文范文书籍,对提高学生的英语写作水平起到一定作用。然而,在一些作文范文书中,存在许多词汇和语法错误,尤其是动词搭配错误,这些错误很有可能会误导读者。针对这些错误,找出其原因,并给出正确的动词搭配用法。

关键词: 英语 作文范文 动词搭配 错误

Nattinger(1992)认为,语言表达的流利程度不取决于学习者大脑中储存了多少生成语法规则,而取决于词汇组块储存的多少,是词汇搭配使人们流利地表达自我。朱永生等学者同样提到了搭配在写作教学中的作用,“对于学外语的人来说,掌握目的语中的足够词汇无疑是相当困难而又十分重要的,但同样困难、同样重要的是掌握好这些词汇的正确用法,掌握好目的语中词项与词项的搭配习惯、理解它们的文化内涵。单个的词项好比是砖瓦,好比是机器的零部件,了解如何才能将砖瓦砌成房屋、如何才能将零部件组装成机器,方能真正达到学外语的目的”(朱永生,郑立信,苗兴伟,2001)。由此可见,在英语写作中,选词和搭配非常重要。然而,在《2014淘金英语专业8级写作范文背诵100篇》(王兴扬主审,伍乐其主编,世界音像电子出版社2013年4月第2版,以下简称100篇),《全真试卷·六级》(陈幼平主编,上海交通大学出版社,2012年,2014年重印(以下简称六级),以及《淘金式优化冲刺CET-4新题型预测》(潘晓燕主编,世图音像电子出版社,2013年9月,以下简称新题型预测)等书中,所给的英语作文范文,存在一些错误,其中动词搭配错误尤为突出。本文举一些实例,纠正错误,供读者参考,也跟原作者进行商榷。

一、动词pride的搭配用法

在《100篇》p.18上,有以下一句:

He prides himself in the fact that he does not have to work hard to be better than others and gives up learning completely.

笔者认为,原句中“prides himself in”的搭配用法有误。“pride oneself on sth/doing sth.”是固定搭配,其中的介词要用on。例如:

1.She prided herself on her ability to speak eight languages/on knowing eight languages.她对自己会说八种语言感到得意。

2.She had always prided herself on her appearance.她总是对自己的外貌感到得意。

3.He prides himself on remaining calm in an emergency.他在紧急关头十分镇静,为此感到骄傲。

当pride作名词用时,可用于“take (a) pride in sth./doing sth.”的词组中,这时,介词要用in,而不用on。例如:

1.I take(a)pride in my work.我为自己的工作感到骄傲。

2.We take great pride in offering the best service in town.我们以能够提供全城最好的服务而自豪。

从上述实例中,我们可以看出,pride既可作动词用,又可作名词用,但是各自所用的介词是不同的。因此,原句宜改为:He prides himself on the fact that he does not have to work hard to be better than others and gives up learning completely.也可改为:He takes(a)pride in the fact that he does not have to work hard to be better than others and gives up learning completely.

二、动词contribute的搭配用法

在《100篇》p.68上,有以下一句:

I believe that the three R principles can contribute a lot to reach the eco-friendly destination.

笔者认为原句中的动词“contribute”用法有误。“contribute to”作“有助于,促成;是……的部分原因”解,其中的to是介词,后面跟sth.或doing sth.,不跟to do sth.。例如:

1.Plenty of fresh air contributes to good health.充足的新鲜空气有益于身体健康。

2.The driver’s carelessness contributed to the accident. 司机的粗心大意是造成这场事故的原因之一。

3.Can robots contribute to preventing environmental deterioration?机器人能有助于阻止环境的恶化吗?

4.As is known to us,good learning habits contribute to improving?learning efficiency.众所周知,好的学习习惯有助于提高学习效率。

从上述实例中,我们可以看出,“contribute to”词组中的“to”是介词,不是不定式符号。因此,原句宜改为:I believe that the three R principles can contribute a lot to reaching the eco-friendly destination.也可改为:I believe that the three R principles can help a lot to reach the eco-friendly destination.(把contribute 改为help,其后可跟(to)do sth.)

三、动词see的搭配用法

在《100篇》p.84和p.86上,分别有以下一句:

As far as I see it,the resentment towards the rich results from the widening gap between the rich and the poor and also the impression that“rich guys usually get their way”.

As far as I see it,there are two main advantages—environmentally-friendly and healthy.

笔者认为,以上两句中的动词“see”用法有误,“as far as I see it”不符合英语的表达习惯。在要表达“在我看来,依我看来,依我之见,就我所知”时,英语中,我们既可说“as far as I can see”,又可说“as I see it”。前者没用it,后者不可缺少it,二者不可混用。例如:

1.That’s the problem as far as I can see.在我看来,那就是问题所在。

2.As far as I can see,at least four different weapons were used.依我之见,至少使用过四种不同的武器。

3.As I see it,there are two alternatives.We can either stay with your parents or rent a place.在我看来,有两种选择。我们可以跟你父母住也可以租房住。

4.As I see it(=according to my view of the situation),the blame lies with the driver.依我看,这责任在司机。

从以上实例中,不难看出,英语中无“as far as I see it”的搭配用法。因此,原句宜改为:1. As far as I can see,the resentment towards the rich results from the widening gap between the rich and the poor and also the impression that“rich guys usually get their way”.2. As far as I can see,there are two main advantages—environmentally-friendly and healthy.也可改为:1. As I see it,the resentment towards the rich results from the widening gap between the rich and the poor and also the impression that“rich guys usually get their way”. 2.As I see it,there are two main advantages—environmentally-friendly and healthy.

四、动词justify的搭配用法

在《100篇》p.169上,有以下一句:

In conclusion,universities are justified to bond with enterprises and accept their financial support.

笔者认为,原句中的动词“justify”用法有误。根据英语的表达习惯,“be justified”后一般不跟“to do sth.”,而要用“in doing sth.”或“in sth.”,“be justified in doing sth./sth.”是固定搭配用法。例如:

1.She felt fully justified in asking for a refund.她觉得有充足的理由要求退款。

2.I think I’m completely justified in asking for her resignation.我认为,我要求她辞职是完全合理的。

3.Is he justified in his criticisms?他的批评有道理吗?

4.Charwell had been perfectly justified in his action.查威尔的行为已证明是完全正当的。

从上述实例中,我们可以看出,“be justified”后不可跟“to do sth.”。因此,原句宜改为:In conclusion,universities are justified in bonding with enterprises and accepting their financial support.

五、动词result的搭配用法

在《100篇》p.212上,有以下一句:

In my opinion,the upsurge is resulted from two-fold factors.

笔者认为,原句中的动词“result”用法有误。根据英语的表达习惯,“result from”和“result in”都用主动式,不可用被动式。例如:

1.The damage resulted from the fire.这损失由火灾所致。

2.His lameness resulted from an accident.一次事故造成了他的跛足。

3.Sickness often results from eating too much.过量进食常会导致疾病。

4.The game resulted in a win for our side.比赛结果为我方获胜。

从上述实例中,我们可以看出,动词词组“result from”不可用于被动式。因此,原句宜改为:In my opinion,the upsurge results from two-fold factors.也可改为:In my opinion,two-fold factors result in the upsurge.

六、动词reward的搭配用法

在《六级》2013年12月大学英语六级考试真题(第三套)作文高分范文中,有以下一句:

During his lifetime which symbolizes the triumph of the human spirit,Nelson Mandela was rewarded the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize.

笔者认为,原句中的动词“reward”用法有误。在英语中,动词“reward”和“award”在用法上是有区分的。

动词“reward”作“报答;奖励”解,常用于“reward sb.for(doing)sth.”和“reward sb.with sth.”的句型中,前者“with”后跟的名称是具体名称,表示所奖励的物品等,后者“for”所跟的成分表示奖励的原因。有时,二者可合用,即“reward sb.with…for(doing)sth.”。例如:

1.She started singing to the baby and was rewarded with a smile.她开始给孩子唱歌,孩子则报以微笑。

2.They rewarded him(for his great help)with a gift of money.他们奖给他一笔钱(以酬谢他鼎力帮助。

3.They rewarded the boy with£5 for bringing back the lost dog.他们因男孩带回那条走失的狗奖给他5英镑。

动词“award”作“授予;给予”解,可用在“award sb.sth.”和“award sth.to sb.”的句型中,其中的名称为奖品或荣誉称号等。例如:

1.They awarded him a medal.他们授予他一枚奖章。

2.I was awarded the Nobel Prize.我获得了诺贝尔奖。

3.The prize was awarded to me for excellence in French.我因法语成绩优异而获奖。

4.The degree of B.A.was awarded to him.他被授予文学学士学位。

从上述实例中,我们可以看出,动词“reward”和“award”的不同用法。因此,原句宜改为:During his lifetime which symbolizes the triumph of the human spirit,Nelson Mandela was awarded the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize.

七、动词arouse的搭配用法

在《新题型预测》“Should Rewards for Doing A Good Deed be Promoted?”的作文范文里,有以下一句:

However,in recent years there has aroused a heated debated as to whether people should be rewarded for doing a good deed.

笔者认为,原句中动词“arouse”用法有误。在由“There”开头的句子中,其后的动词不能用及物动词,往往用不及物动词,如come,remain,lie,stand,arise及exist,等等。主语退居后面,目的是突出主语的意义分量。例如:

1.There comes a point where you give up.现在该你认输了。

2.There remains the problem of finance.财政问题仍然存在。

3.There lies a large field of rice in front of our village.在我们的村庄前面有一大片稻田。

4.There stands a high monument in the middle of the square.广场中央矗立着一座高大的纪念碑。

5.There arises a certain insincerity in our philosophic discussions.在我们哲学的讨论里发生了一种不诚实的情况。

6.There always exists a force of attraction between two bodies.两个物体之间永远存在着吸引力。

从上述实例中,我们可以看出,动词“arouse”是及物动词,作“激起;引起”解,不能用于“There+动词(不及物动词)+主语(名称主语)”的句型中。

因此,原句宜改为:However,in recent years there has arisen a heated debate as to whether people should be rewarded for doing a good deed.动词arise作“发生;产生;出现”解,是不及物动词,可用于上述特定句型中。

英语范文中出现的上述动词搭配错误,笔者认为有必要提出来同原作者商榷,希望原作者注意到这些错误,在图书再版时给予纠正。只有这样,读者才能受益,提高英语写作能力。

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[5]Della Summers.Longman Dictionary of English Language & Culture(English-Chinese)[M].北京:商务印书馆,2005.

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