指导学生英语阅读理解

许秀萍

【中图分类号】G633.4 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-3089（2015）04-0137-02

根据《普通高中英语课程标准》及《2014年福建省高考英语考试说明》对考生阅读理解能力的要求，考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：根据上下文克服生词困难，推断生词的词义，能通过文章中的线索进行推理、判断，大家都知道，英语单词大部分是一词多义，其含义随不同的语境会有所不同，所以这就要求学生在理解文章的基础上，能根据上下文正确理解灵活多变的词义。而我们的部分学生，在阅读文章时，还没有完全养成良好的英语阅读习惯，遇到一些生词时，边阅读边查字典，或心理恐惧，不知所措，这些因素都制约着他们对文章的理解以及答题的速度。而这种不使用词典而通过阅读上下文来推断生词、句子、文章含义的能力，是一个合格的读者所必须具备的能力，因此也是阅读测试中经常检测的一种能力。鉴于此，教师有必要在课堂上帮助他们掌握常用猜测词义的解题方法，提高他们的阅读速度。我将在下列步骤指导学生如何在阅读过程中进行词义猜测。

一、让学生对阅读理解题中的猜测词义的提问方式有所了解，从而引发他们对猜测题的解题方法的思考。

词义猜测题常用的提问方式有：

1）The word “…” probably means /refers to/ could be replaced by____

2）The word “…” is most likely to mean____

3）What do you think the expression “…”stands for？

4）The underlined word “…”means____

二、向学生具体介绍常用的八种做猜测词义的解题方法，让他们熟悉这些方法，并且能够活学活用。

1）定义法

For example： I can message someone ， that is， I can leave a message for them on their phone.

The old herdsman， who looked after sheep， earned about 54 Yuan a month last year.

2）对比法： 表示对比的词有but、while、however、otherwise等。

Unlike his gregarious sister， Li lei is a shy person， who does not like to go to parties， or to make new friends.

During the class， the child was quiet but afterwards， she became boisterous.

3）上下文：

Communication is a vital factor of all interpersonal relationship and especially that of a team. Team members must be able to articulate their feelings， express plans and goals， share ideas and see each others opinions.

4）构词法：英语单词大多是由词根、前缀、后缀所组成。在词根前或后加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。

Mini？鄄、 super？鄄、 re？鄄、 micro？鄄、 mis？鄄、 im？鄄、 un？鄄、 in？鄄

Non？鄄、 ？鄄able、 ？鄄less、 ？鄄wards、dis？鄄、ir？鄄、il？鄄、post？鄄

Eg： homeless、rebuild、microbus、dislike、incorrect、impolite、illegal、irregular、unfinished、postwar、superman

All of the students like history， but the girl dislikes it.

5）因果法：从原因推测结果，从结果推测原因。

His mother was very angry. All of her ice cream and frozen foods melted because of the biggest power failure.

Owing to her long hair， she had her hair trimmed a bit.

6）相似法：利用同义词、近义词或词组猜测词义。

She answered quickly .But after she considered the problem more carefully ， she regretted having made such a hasty decision.

Though many people think raw meat a delicacy， I seldom eat any meat that is uncooked.

7）例舉法：利用文中的举例猜测词义。

Zoologists are studying how birds such as terns migrate.

The boy often goes to the zoo because he likes such creatures as monkeys and pandas.

8）普通常识：根据普通常识和生活经验来猜测词义。

In order not to make his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him， the doctor usually gives an anesthesia to make the patient unconscious when he performs an operation on a patient.

三、學生通过下列的个人、同桌或同班的体验、讨论、探究，下水试温，进一步巩固猜测词义题的解题方法，提高灵活运用的能力。

1）The room was so immense that it would be impossible to see all the things in one day.

因果法，immense means big.

2）A linguist is a person who studies the science of language.

定义法，a linguist means a person who studies the science of language.

3）A mans position among the black？鄄tent people depends on his ancestors， relatives and fellow tribesmen. If they are honored， he is also honored. If they are disgraced， he too is disgraced. Therefore one carefully guards the honor of his family， his lineage， and his tribe.

The word “disgrace” means _____in this text.

A、honor B、endanger C、proud D、shame

相似法：利用同义词、近义词或词组猜测词义。Disgrace means shame.

4）The progress was ____，but in the end the three star runner and Mark crossed the finish line together to the enthusiastic cries of their teachers and classmates.

A、slow B、great C、boring D、relaxing

上、下文，根据下文的but，虽然过程很慢，但是最后他们三人跟马克一起冲过了终点线。

5）People thank each other everywhere in England ，all the time .When people buy something in a shop ，the customer and the retail assistant in most cases thank each other twice or more. In Germany ，it would be exceptional to hear more than one thank-you in such a conversation. British students thank their lecturers when leaving the room. English employers thank their employees for doing their jobs， as opposed to Germans， who would normally think that paying their workers money is already enough.

What can we learn about customers and retail assistants in Germany？

A、Its always a retail assistant who says thank-you.

B、A customer never says thank-you to each other.

C、They always say thank-you to each other.

D、They may say thank-you only once.

对比法，在英国，顾客和店员会不止一次地相互感谢，而在德国则很少听到人们说谢谢超过一次，由此判断选D项。

6） Here is The Pines， whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food ， such as Caribou， wild boar， and reindeer with surprising sauces.

According to the passage，“The pines ”is a____

A、place in which you can see many mobile homes

B、mountain where you can get a good view of the valley

C、town which happens to be near the Banff National Park

D、restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food

根据常识知道，其后的“whose cook has developed a…”，答案是D

四、总结

教师通过归纳点评，再现方法，加深印象。这节课讲了高中英语猜测词义的8种方法：定义法、构词法、相似法、对比法、上下文、普通常识、因果法和例举法。提醒学生在做词义猜测题时不要脱离语境。有些常用词在特定的上、下文中，具有特殊的词义，要分析语境，不要孤立思考。如果离开特定的语言环境来理解生词意义，必然会理解错误。学生只要灵活运用，学会融会贯通，必能熟能生巧。