不同秧龄和氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻株型的影响

吕腾飞， 周伟，2， 孙永健， 朱懿， 严奉君， 杨志远， 马均*

(1.四川农业大学水稻研究所/农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室，成都 611130；2.四川农业大学农学院，成都 611130)

不同秧龄和氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻株型的影响

吕腾飞1， 周伟1，2， 孙永健1， 朱懿1， 严奉君1， 杨志远1， 马均1*

(1.四川农业大学水稻研究所/农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室，成都 611130；2.四川农业大学农学院，成都 611130)

为探究秧龄和氮肥运筹对杂交稻一些主要株型因子的影响，以四川主推杂交籼稻品种F优498为材料，采用2因子裂区设计，主区为35、50和65 d 3种移栽秧龄，副区为占总施氮量0%、20%、40%和60%的4种穗肥比例运筹.结果表明：随着秧龄的延长，齐穗期水稻叶面积指数(leaf area index，LAI)不断降低，且65 d秧龄的平均LAI显著低于35 d和50 d秧龄，但由于65 d秧龄上3叶的叶片长而宽，其高效叶面积率显著高于35 d和50 d秧龄；随穗肥比例的加大，50 d和65 d秧龄齐穗期水稻LAI则呈先增后降的趋势，穗肥比例40%时叶面积最大；随着秧龄的延长，上3叶的长、宽和夹角整体表现为变大趋势，比叶质量则是65 d>35 d>50 d秧龄，且65 d秧龄的剑叶、倒2叶长及上3叶夹角显著高于35 d和50 d秧龄，倒3叶长和上3叶宽也显著高于35 d秧龄；在65 d秧龄下，随着穗肥比例的加大，剑叶夹角明显增大，倒2叶和倒3叶夹角也呈先增后减的趋势(以40%最大).上3叶的长度、宽度、厚度及夹角均与总粒数、实粒数和单穗质量呈正相关关系；而且延长秧龄，减少基蘖肥施用比例，株高显著降低.秧龄对水稻株型的影响与穗肥运筹密切相关，延长秧龄和加大穗肥施用比例可以提高F优498的耐肥和抗倒伏能力，而且在长秧龄下重施穗肥还可使其具有较优群体质量和较强光合生产能力，但是上部叶片过大且披散，势必对下层叶片造成遮光，降低水稻群体的光合效率，使长秧龄水稻产量难以进一步提高.

杂交稻; 长秧龄; 穗肥; 叶面积; 株型

Summary Transplanting seedling age is an important factor that may greatly affect the population quality and grain yield formation of rice. Related researches have showed that by extending the transplanting seedling ages, the tillering growth rate would slowed down; the growth duration would get shorted; peak seedling stage would occur in advance; leaf area index (LAI) at full heading stage, the numbers of effective panicle per plant and grains per panicle would decreased, resulting in obvious reduction of grain yield. Due to the special landscape of the hilly area in China, the old transplanting seedling age still exist in those areas. The rice plant type is closely associated with the formation, growth and development of panicle, thus a good individual plant is essentially important for improving the quality of the population. Besides, nitrogen and its management are also important factors affecting the growth and grain yield formation of rice.

To investigate the effect of seeding ages and nitrogen managements on some plant type characteristics of hybrid rice, F you 498 was used as test material in this experiment. Split plot was conducted with transplanting seedling ages (35 d, 50 d and 65 d) as main plot and nitrogen application strategy (0% panicle fertilizer, 20% panicle fertilizer, 40% panicle fertilizer and 60% panicle fertilizer) as sub-plot. The aims were to provide the theoretical and practical data for improving the grain yield of old transplanting seedling age in hilly areas.

The results showed that the LAI at full heading stage decreased with the extension of seedling age, and the average LAI of 65 d seedling age was significantly lower than 35 d and 50 d, but due to the larger and wider of top 3 leaves of 65 d seedling age, its high effective leaf area ratio was significantly larger than that 35 d and 50 d. With the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application ratio at panicle differentiation stage, the LAI of 50 d and 65 d seedling age at full heading stage increased first and then decreased, and the LAI reached its maximum when the panicle fertilizer ratio was 40%. With the extension of seedling age, the length, width and angle of top 3 leaves increased gradually, and the specific leaf mass of 65 d seedling age was the largest, followed by 35 d and 50 d; the length of the 1st and 2nd leaves from top and the angle of top 3 leaves of 65 d seedling age were significantly higher than those of 35 d and 50 d, and its length of the 3rd leaf from top and the width of top 3 leaves were also higher than 35 d. The length, width, thickness and angle of top 3 leaves were positively correlated with the number of spikelets, filled grains and grain mass per panicle; and either extending the seedling age or decreasing base-tiller fertilizer ratio could reduce the plant height significantly. The effect of transplanting seedling ages on plant type of hybrid rice was closely related with earing fertilizer managements, and extending the transplanting seedling age or increasing the panicle fertilizer ratio could improve fertilizer tolerance and lodging resistance of F you 498, and applying more earing fertilizer under long seedling age could make rice have better population quality and strong photosynthetic capacity, while too large and loosely top leaves would reduce transmittance and photosynthetic efficiency of rice population, and making the yield of long seedling age hard to improve further.

It is concluded that long seedling age of rice has large and thick leaves, and applying 40% total nitrogen fertilizer at panicle differentiation stage will be beneficial to expand leaf areas and increase the number of spikelets per panicle. But the oversize of upper leaves can lead to leaf drooping, lower leaves shading, thus will reduce the photosynthetic efficiency of rice groups after flowering, and decrease the setting percentage and 1 000-grain mass, causing production reduction. In addition, the extension of the transplanting seedling age and the reduction of the base-tiller nitrogen fertilizer application ratio can obviously reduce the plant height, improve the ability of resistance to lodging and improve plant type.

秧龄是影响移栽水稻群体构建和产量形成的重要因素[1]，确定适宜移栽秧龄是水稻生产中必须解决的关键问题之一.近年来，虽然水稻机械化种植不断推进，但在不少丘陵山区，由于稻田灌溉无保障，田块分散且面积小，机耕道缺乏使插秧机转移困难[2]，实现机插秧难度仍然很大，且由于这些地区灌溉条件差、茬口迟、天气等[3]原因，大秧龄移栽仍是丘陵山区水稻生产的主要形式.水稻株型好坏与单穗形成、产量高低及品质优劣有着密切联系.程式华等[4]研究认为，水稻高产的前提是具有高质量的群体，而良好的个体株型是提高群体质量的必备条件.相关研究表明：延长移栽秧龄，栽后分蘖增长速度渐缓，增长时间缩短，高峰苗期提前[5]，齐穗期叶面积指数下降[6]，单位面积有效穗数减少，每穗总粒数和实粒数降低，导致水稻产量明显降低[7-8].氮素是影响水稻产量形成最敏感的元素[9]，同时又是调控株型的有效手段[10].曾勇军[11]的研究表明，基蘖肥与穗肥比例按早稻7∶3，晚稻大穗型品种6∶4，小穗型品种7∶3，最宜塑造高产株型.前人对水稻株型已做了大量的研究，但有关不同秧龄与氮肥运筹对水稻株型的影响还鲜有报道.为此，本文以四川主推杂交籼稻品种F优498为试验材料，设置不同移栽秧龄和氮肥运筹方式，研究齐穗期水稻株型特征，旨在为提高丘陵地区长秧龄水稻产量和制定合理栽培措施提供理论和实践依据.

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地点及供试品种

试验于2013年在四川省成都市温江区四川农业大学水稻研究所试验农场进行.前茬作物为大蒜，试验田耕层土壤质地为砂壤土，含有机质79.97 g/kg、全氮1.64 g/kg、速效氮175.45 mg/kg、速效钾72.18 mg/kg、速效磷83.29 mg/kg.供试材料为四川省近年水稻主推品种之一的中籼迟熟杂交稻组合F优498(正季播种，全生育期145 d左右，主茎叶数17叶，耐肥性中等).

1.2 试验设计

试验采用2因子裂区设计，主区为秧龄，副区为氮肥运筹.设3个秧龄：35 d、50 d和65 d，分别记为T1、T2和T3；总施氮量为180 kg/hm2，设4种氮肥运筹方式：基蘖肥∶穗肥=10∶0、8∶2、6∶4和4∶6，分别记为N1、N2、N3和N4.随机排列，重复3次，共36个小区，小区面积为3 m×5 m=15 m2，小区间以田埂分隔，并用塑料薄膜包埋，单排单灌，以防肥水串灌.育秧方式为旱育秧，播种密度为13 g/m2，按试验设计秧龄移栽，移栽密度33.3 cm×16.7 cm，每穴单株.试验中氮肥基肥∶蘖肥=7∶3，基肥在移栽前1天施用，蘖肥在移栽后7 d施用；穗肥分2次(5∶5)施用，即促花肥在第一苞分化期施用(倒4叶)，保花肥在花粉细胞减数分裂期稍前施用(倒2叶).磷钾肥按照w(N)∶w(P2O5)∶w(K2O)=2∶1∶2的比例施用.磷肥(P2O5)90 kg/hm2作为基肥一次性施入，钾肥(K2O)180 kg/hm2，按基肥∶穗肥=7∶3的比例施用.分蘖期浅水勤灌，达到够苗数的80%时自然断水，落干晒田，反复多次晒田至田中裂小口.孕穗、抽穗期间歇灌水，收获前7 d断水.其他田间管理按水稻高产栽培方式进行.

1.3 测定项目与方法

1.3.1 群体叶面积 在齐穗期每小区分别取样3株，用叶面积仪测定上3叶和下部叶片绿叶面积.

1.3.2 株型 始穗期每小区随机选取30穴长势、株高、穗大小一致且无病虫害的植株标记其茎蘖，于齐穗期选取10株长势基本一致的标记茎蘖，测定其株高，穗长，剑叶、倒2叶和倒3叶叶片长宽、叶开角(与主茎间的夹角)及各叶叶枕距地面的高度.

1.3.3 产量及产量构成因子 成熟时每小区取样3株考察总粒数、实粒数、空粒数、结实率、千粒质量等.除去小区四周边行，按实收穴数计产.

1.4 数据处理

试验数据采用Microsoft Excel 2007进行汇总，并用DPS 7.05软件进行方差和相关性分析.

2 结果与分析

2.1 齐穗期叶面积指数

从表1可见，秧龄、氮肥运筹及其二者的交互作用对齐穗期叶面积指数(leaf area index，LAI)、上3叶LAI、上3叶叶面积率的影响均达到极显著水平.在同一氮肥运筹措施下，齐穗期的LAI随着秧龄的增大而变小，且35 d和50 d秧龄的平均LAI显著高于65 d秧龄.在同一秧龄处理下，不同氮肥运筹对齐穗期LAI的影响并不一致：在35 d秧龄处理下，随着穗肥用量的增加，LAI呈降低趋势，且无穗肥处理显著高于20%和40%穗肥处理，后二者显著高于60%穗肥处理；在50 d和65 d秧龄下，LAI均表现为40%穗肥处理显著高于0%和20%，后二者显著高于60%穗肥处理.

水稻上3叶是水稻抽穗后主要的光合器官和籽粒灌浆所需的同化产物的主要来源，又称为高效叶面积[12].从表1可知，随着移栽秧龄的增大，上3叶LAI略有降低，而高效叶面积率(上3叶叶面积率)呈增大趋势.从氮肥运筹来看，在35 d和50 d秧龄处理下，随着穗肥比例的增加，上3叶LAI显著或极显著降低，在65 d秧龄下40%穗肥处理显著高于其他处理；而高效叶面积率在35 d和65 d秧龄下均表现为20%>0%>60%>40%穗肥处理，且在35 d秧龄处理下各氮肥运筹间差异显著，65 d时20%处理显著高于其他处理，在50 d秧龄下则表现为0%>20%>60%>40%穗肥处理，且0%和20%穗肥处理显著高于60%，后者也显著高于40%处理.

2.2 上部叶片的长度、宽度和厚度

从表2可见，除氮肥运筹对齐穗期剑叶长的影响不显著外，秧龄、氮肥运筹及其二者的交互作用对上3叶叶长和叶宽均有显著或极显著影响.就秧龄而言，65 d秧龄的剑叶和倒2叶叶长显著高于35 d和50 d秧龄，而35 d和50 d秧龄间差异不显著；倒3叶长为50 d和65 d秧龄显著高于35 d，而50 d和65 d秧龄间无显著差异.上3叶叶宽均为65 d秧龄最大，50 d次之，35 d最小，且65 d和50 d秧龄的上3叶宽度显著高于35 d秧龄，而65 d和50 d秧龄间差异不显著.就氮肥运筹而言，其对剑叶长度无显著影响；随穗肥比例的增大，倒2叶和倒3叶长度呈下降趋势，且均是穗肥比例0%和20%显著高于40%，后者又显著高于60%处理.上3叶宽与倒2、3叶长的变化规律基本一致，且在35 d和50 d秧龄处理下表现最为明显.

表1 齐穗期叶面积指数和比叶质量

T1：35 d秧龄；T2：50 d秧龄；T3：65 d秧龄；N1：基蘖肥∶穗肥=10∶0；N2：基蘖肥∶穗肥=8∶2；N3：基蘖肥∶穗肥=6∶4；N4：基蘖肥∶穗肥=4∶6.T×N:秧龄和氮肥运筹的交互作用.同列数据后的不同大写和小写字母分别表示在P<0.01和P<0.05水平差异有统计学意义(n=4或n=3)；*和**分别表示在P<0.05和P<0.01水平差异有统计学意义.

(T1-T3): Transplanting seedling age of 35 days, 50 days and 65 days respectively; (N1-N4): The proportions of base and spike fertilizer are 10∶0, 8∶2, 6∶4 and 4∶6 respectively. T×N shows the interaction of transplanting seedling ages and nitrogen treatments. The values within a column followed by different capital and lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.01 and 0.05 probability levels,n=4 orn=3. * Significant at the 0.05 probability level; ** Significant at the 0.01 probability level.

从比叶质量(表1)来看，整株叶片的比叶质量在齐穗期整体表现为35 d和65 d秧龄显著大于50 d，而前二者间差异不显著；就氮肥运筹而言，随穗肥比例的增大，比叶质量也呈增大趋势，且穗肥比例60%处理显著高于其他穗肥处理，并且其在各秧龄处理下均为最高.

表2 齐穗期上3叶叶片大小和张角

T1：35 d秧龄；T2：50 d秧龄；T3：65 d秧龄；N1：基蘖肥∶穗肥=10∶0；N2：基蘖肥∶穗肥=8∶2；N3：基蘖肥∶穗肥=6∶4；N4：基蘖肥∶穗肥=4∶6.T×N:秧龄和氮肥运筹的交互作用.同列数据后的不同大写和小写字母分别表示在P<0.01和P<0.05水平差异有统计学意义(n=4或n=3)；*和**分别表示在P<0.05和P<0.01水平差异有统计学意义.

(T1-T3): Transplanting seedling age of 35 days, 50 days and 65 days respectively; (N1-N4): The proportions of base and spike fertilizer are 10∶0, 8∶2, 6∶4 and 4∶6 respectively. T×N shows the interaction of transplanting seedling ages and nitrogen treatments. The values within a column followed by different capital and lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.01 and 0.05 probability levels,n=4 orn=3. * Significant at the 0.05 probability level; ** Significant at the 0.01 probability level.

通过对齐穗期水稻上3叶叶片大小及厚度与穗部性状的相关分析(表3)发现，上3叶长度、宽度、叶面积均与总粒数、实粒数和单穗质量呈正相关，而与有效穗数、结实率、千粒质量和产量呈负相关.其中，剑叶的长度、宽度和叶面积与总粒数、实粒数、结实率和千粒质量的相关系数均达到显著或极显著水平；倒2叶长度和叶面积与总粒数、结实率和千粒质量的相关性也都达到了极显著水平，倒2叶宽度与总粒数和千粒质量也有显著的相关关系；倒3叶叶长、叶宽和叶面积与有效穗数和产量均呈显著负相关，其叶长还与总粒数、实粒数和千粒质量呈显著相关关系.比叶质量与有效穗数、总粒数、实粒数、单穗质量和产量都呈一定的正相关关系.说明增加上3叶叶片的大小和厚度有利于提高穗粒数、实粒数和单穗质量，且适当增加叶片厚度和倒2叶长度、减小倒3叶长度和宽度有利于提高水稻产量.

表3 上3叶叶片特征与穗部性状及单穗质量的相关关系

*表示相关性显著(P<0.05);**表示相关性极显著(P<0.01).

Single asterisk (*) and double asterisks (**) indicate significant and highly significant correlations at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively.

2.3 上3叶叶片与主茎的夹角

从表2可见，除倒2叶夹角外，秧龄、氮肥运筹及其二者的交互作用对上3叶与主茎的夹角均有显著或极显著影响.随着移栽秧龄的延长，上3叶与主茎的夹角也呈增大趋势，除35 d与50 d之间的剑叶夹角差异不显著外，其余相互间均有显著差异，尤其是在65 d秧龄下上3叶叶角大幅度增加.氮肥运筹对35 d和50 d秧龄的剑叶与主茎夹角无显著影响，而在65 d秧龄下随着穗肥比例的增加，剑叶与主茎夹角明显变大，且60%穗肥比例显著大于40%与20%处理，后二者也显著高于无穗肥处理.氮肥运筹对倒2叶夹角的影响表现为在35 d秧龄下，20%最大，0%最小，且二者与另2个处理均有显著差异；在50 d秧龄下仍是20%最大，且显著大于40%，其余无显著差异；在65 d秧龄下则是40%显著高于60%处理，后者显著高于另2个处理.氮肥运筹对倒3叶夹角的影响表现为在35 d和50 d秧龄下均是0%最大，60%最小，且二者均有极显著差异；在65 d秧龄下40%处理最大，0%次之，60%仍最小，且前二者显著大于后者.

从齐穗期水稻上3叶叶片夹角与穗部性状的相关分析(表3)可以看出，上3叶与主茎的夹角与穗粒数、实粒数呈显著或极显著正相关；与结实率和千粒质量呈极显著负相关；剑叶、倒2叶与主茎的夹角与单穗质量和产量也有一定的正相关关系，倒3叶与主茎的夹角只与单穗质量呈正相关，而与产量呈一定的负相关关系.

2.4 水稻上3叶叶片的空间分布

秧龄、氮肥运筹及其二者的交互作用对株高、上3叶叶位和相对叶位、剑叶—倒2叶的叶枕距及倒2叶—倒3叶的叶枕距均有显著或极显著影响(表4).随着秧龄的延长，株高极显著降低，上3叶叶位和相对叶位也呈降低趋势，且35 d和50 d秧龄的上3叶叶位、剑叶和倒2叶的相对叶位显著高于65 d，35 d秧龄的倒3叶相对叶位则显著高于另2个时期；秧龄对叶枕距的影响整体表现为剑叶—倒2叶35 d>50 d>65 d处理，且35 d的叶枕距显著高于65 d，其他差异不显著；倒2叶—倒3叶则是50 d>35 d>65 d处理，且50 d的叶枕距显著高于35 d和65 d.随着穗肥比例增加，株高、上3叶叶位和相对叶位均有降低趋势，且0%显著高于20%和40%，后二者显著高于60%.氮肥运筹对叶枕距的影响整体表现为剑叶—倒2叶在60%穗肥处理下显著高于其他处理，倒2叶—倒3叶则表现相反.

表4 上3叶叶片的空间分布

T1：35 d秧龄；T2：50 d秧龄；T3：65 d秧龄；N1：基蘖肥∶穗肥=10∶0；N2：基蘖肥∶穗肥=8∶2；N3：基蘖肥∶穗肥=6∶4；N4：基蘖肥∶穗肥=4∶6.T×N:秧龄和氮肥运筹的交互作用.同列数据后的不同大写和小写字母分别表示在P<0.01和P<0.05水平差异有统计学意义(n=4或n=3)；*和**分别表示在P<0.05和P<0.01水平差异有统计学意义.

(T1-T3): Transplanting seedling age of 35 days, 50 days and 65 days respectively; (N1-N4): The proportions of base and spike fertilizer are 10∶0, 8∶2, 6∶4 and 4∶6 respectively. T×N shows the interaction of transplanting seedling ages and nitrogen treatments. The values within a column followed by different capital and lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.01 and 0.05 probability levels,n=4 orn=3. * Significant at the 0.05 probability level; ** Significant at the 0.01 probability level.

3 讨论

3.1 不同秧龄和氮肥运筹对齐穗期水稻光合叶面积的影响

叶片是水稻进行光合作用的主要场所，叶面积大小和单位叶面积的光合效率是决定光合作用的关键因素[12].苏祖芳等[13]研究表明，水稻群体在适宜的叶面积指数范围内，随着叶面积指数的增加，光合速率和光能利用率都增加.吴汉平等[14]研究认为，从4叶龄到8叶龄移栽，水稻齐穗期和成熟期LAI呈先增后降的抛物线趋势；高军等[6]研究表明，分蘖盛期后，随着秧龄的延长，各时期LAI不断降低.本试验结果表明，随着秧龄的延长，齐穗期水稻LAI不断降低，且65 d秧龄的平均LAI显著小于35 d和50 d秧龄，这可能是由于延长移栽秧龄，大田分蘖时间短所致；LAI的降低，导致群体的总光合能力减弱，品种的高产特性得不到发挥.但是由于65 d秧龄上3叶的叶片长而宽，所以其高效叶面积率显著高于35 d和50 d.前人研究表明，高效叶面积率与群体后期光合生产力及产量呈显著正相关，是衡量群体发展合理与否的重要指标[15-16].本试验结果表明，上3叶叶长、叶宽、比叶质量虽与结实率、千粒质量呈比较显著的负相关,但却显著提高了单穗颖花量和结实粒数，最终使单穗质量显著提高.因此，高效叶面积率的显著提高表明在旱育稀植技术下，长秧龄水稻后期仍具有较优的群体质量和较强的光合生产能力.

氮肥是影响水稻生长发育和产量形成的主要因素之一[17].已有研究认为，适量增加穗肥比例，有利于扩展叶面积，增大高效叶面积率[18-19]；齐穗期LAI和高效叶面积率随着穗肥比例的加大逐渐增大，且LAI下降速率随穗肥的增加而减缓[20-22].本研究结果表明，穗肥运筹对叶面积的影响与移栽秧龄关系密切，随穗肥比例的加大，在35 d秧龄下群体LAI不断降低，50 d和65 d秧龄则呈先增后降的趋势，原因可能是在较短秧龄下，加大基蘖肥施用比例促进了本田分蘖早生快发，形成了较多的分蘖数.而长秧龄水稻栽后分蘖增长速度渐缓，增长时间缩短，主要依靠秧田分蘖和大田前期分蘖形成有效穗，基蘖肥比例过大，导致后期无效分蘖数增加、优势分蘖所占比例下降，高光效叶面积率低，不利于抽穗后非结构碳水化合物贮备，抽穗后有效茎蘖的个体变小，结实率低，每穗实粒数少；穗肥比例过大，造成前期营养不足，不利于源和库的协调发展.因此，在长秧龄下，40%的穗肥施用比例最有利于扩展叶面积，并协调好源库关系.

3.2 不同秧龄和氮肥运筹对齐穗期水稻上部叶片形态和空间分布的影响

叶片形态是影响株型的主要因素，冠层叶片大小是理想株型的关键因素.早在1973年松岛省三[23]就提出了理想株型稻的上3叶应以短、宽、厚和直立为宜；之后随着高产杂交稻品种的不断推出和产量的不断提高，认为高产株型的上3叶要长、挺、直且较厚[24-25].本试验结果表明，随着移栽秧龄的延长，上3叶的长、宽和夹角整体表现为变大趋势，比叶质量则是65 d>35 d>50 d，且65 d秧龄剑叶、倒2叶长及上部3叶夹角显著高于35 d和50 d，倒3叶长和上3叶宽也显著高于35 d.这说明65 d秧龄处理不仅上3叶面积增大，而且叶片较厚，而上3叶的长度、宽度与厚度均与总粒数、实粒数和单穗质量呈一定的正相关，所以上3叶的增大有利于单穗质量的提高.穗肥运筹对65 d秧龄的上3叶长、宽影响不大，但是随着穗肥比例的加大，剑叶夹角明显增大，倒2叶和倒3叶夹角也呈先增后减的趋势(40%最大)，虽然上3叶夹角与总粒数、实粒数和单穗质量也呈一定的正相关，但上部叶片过长、过宽将会导致叶片披垂(表2)，势必对下层叶片造成遮光，降低了水稻花后群体的光合效率，从而使结实率和千粒质量有所降低，这可能就是长秧龄水稻难以进一步提高产量的重要原因之一.说明在增加上3叶的同时必须注重其叶片的直立性.

株高及水稻叶片的空间配置对产量有重大影响.已有研究[3,26-27]认为，株高在一定范围内与产量呈正比.袁隆平[28]认为杂交籼稻的理想株高在1 m左右，张利华等[29]认为株高1～1.1 m最好；万靓军[30]研究认为，上3叶的相对高度与产量也呈正相关.本试验结果表明，随着秧龄的延长，株高呈显著降低趋势，这与杨东等[31]的研究结果一致，且65 d秧龄的平均株高为119.99 cm，比50 d秧龄降低2.11 cm，比35 d秧龄降低4.96 cm；且随着基蘖肥比例的减少，株高也呈降低趋势，这与万靓军[30]的研究结果一致；上3叶的相对高度与株高的规律表现一致.但是株高偏高，产量反而会不断下降[32]；适当降低株高，不仅可提高水稻耐肥、抗倒伏能力，而且可提升收获指数，从而提高单产[33]；这说明大秧龄移栽和轻施基蘖肥有利于提高F优498的抗倒伏能力，改善株型.

4 结论

长秧龄水稻叶片大而厚，配合施用40%穗肥比例最有利于其扩展叶面积，增加单穗颖花量，但上部叶片过长、过宽将会导致叶片披垂，势必对下层叶片造成遮光，降低水稻花后群体的光合效率，从而使结实率和千粒质量有所降低，这可能是长秧龄水稻产量难以进一步提高的重要原因之一.说明生产中在增加上3叶的同时必须注重其叶片的直立性，同时可结合旱育稀植技术，培育带蘖壮秧，移栽时带蘖数5～6个，穴插双苗，通过增加有效穗数来弥补结实率和千粒质量的不足，或许可进一步提高长秧龄水稻产量.另外，延长移栽秧龄和减少基蘖肥施用比例可明显降低株高，提高抗倒伏能力，改善株型.总之，生产上长秧龄水稻(秧龄50～65 d)的最佳N肥运筹方案应为基蘖肥比例40%～60%，穗肥施用比例为40%～60%，更有利于产量的提高.

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Effects of different transplanting seedling ages and nitrogen managements on plant type ofindicahybrid rice. Journal of Zhejiang University (Agric. & Life Sci.), 2015,41(2):169-178

Lü Tengfei1, Zhou Wei1，2, Sun Yongjian1, Zhu Yi1, Yan Fengjun1, Yang Zhiyuan1, Ma Jun1*

(1.KeyLaboratoryofCropPhysiology,Ecology,andCultivationinSouthwestChina,MinistryofAgriculture/RiceResearchInstitute,SichuanAgriculturalUniversity,Chengdu611130,China; 2.CollegeofAgronomy,SichuanAgriculturalUniversity,Chengdu611130,China)

hybrid rice; long seedling age; earing fertilizer; leaf area; plant type

国家“十二五”科技支撑计划项目(2011BAd16B05；2012BAd04B13；2013BAd07B13)；四川省育种攻关专项(2011NZ0098-15).

联系方式：吕腾飞，E-mail：1018914967@qq.com

2014-05-12；接受日期(Accepted)：2014-09-22；网络出版日期(Published online)：2015-03-20

S 511

A

*通信作者(Corresponding author)：马均，E-mail：majunp2002@163.com

URL:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/33.1247.S.20150320.1916.004.html