“因体读文”，是学生打开英语阅读之门的钥匙

【摘要】培养初中学生英语阅读能力是英语教学的重要任务与目标。但从一线教学实践来看，初中三年下来，很多学生的英语阅读能力并没有得到多大的提高。究其原因，很重要的一点是对几种常见的文体概念、特点模糊，没有学会通过抓住文体特点这把钥匙来打开阅读理解的大门，面对不同文体阅读，采用一成不变的笼统的阅读方法，忽视了不同文体的表达方式和语言特点，其结果是阅读抓不着要领，一知半解，由此学生的阅读能力可想而知。笔者通过长期的教学实践，总结出“因体读文”是快速获取文章信息和准确理解作者观点、态度和写作意图的关键，“因体读文”，是学生打开英语阅读之门的钥匙，是培养初中学生英语良好的阅读习惯，提升阅读能力的重要途径

【关键词】阅读教学 因体读文 读法研究

《义务教育英语课程标准》（2011年版）明确指出，“能识别不同文体的特征，能读懂供7-9年级学生阅读的简单读物和报刊、杂志，克服生词障碍，理解大意”。 显然，课标也十分重视通过不同文体的不同特点，来引导学生阅读不同文本，培养学生的阅读能力。基于这点认识，本文在教学实践中，抓住初中英语阅读理解文章中常见的三种文体：记叙文、说明文和应用文的特点，因体读文。针对各种文体的文章特点，研究学生相应的阅读方法、阅读方式和思维习惯，探讨“因体读文”的阅读策略，最终达到提升学生阅读能力的目标。

一、记叙文的文体式阅读策略

在记叙文这种文体中，作者往往是先交代整个事件的主要人物、事件发生的地点和结果，然后记述事件所发生的过程，最后记述事件对主人公的影响或人们对它的评价。

作者写人记事，抒情状物必定有其特定的目的，即文章的中心思想：或抒发某种情感，或阐述某种观点，然后利用某种顺序，交代事情的起因、经过、结果。我们在阅读时要抓住相应的文体要素和相关的重要细节去理解文章内容，去领会作者的意图，例如：

I worked for a short time as a cashier（出纳员） at a restaurant a few months ago. I also helped to clean up the tables when it was very busy. One night， just before Christmas， I found a large black wallet on the floor near one of the tables. I guessed I should check it to find out who was the owner， but I was very busy at the time. And I imagined that if there was something valuable in the wallet， the owner would be back.

An hour later， a man came up to the counter and asked if anyone had found a wallet. I asked him to describe the lost wallet， and after he described it exactly， I give him the wallet. He expressed his thanks when I handed it to him. He asked me if I had opened it， and when I told him “no”. At once he opened it and showed that it had nearly$800 in cash（现金）. He took out a twenty-dollar bill and handed it to me and I was amazed at this. “A reward（酬劳） for your honesty.” He said and then turned and walked away.

Thinking about it later， I began wondering whether I would have been honest if I had known what was in the wallet！ I thought that if I had no way to find the owner and no one returned to get it， I might keep it. But it also came into my mind that I actually saved someones Christmas plans by finding and returning the wallet. The good feeling it gave me was worth more than anything could buy.

解析：故事采用顺叙的叙事方法，主要情节发展如下：One night， just before Christmas， I found a large black wallet / but I was very busy all the time， and I had no time to check it / An hour later， a man came up to the counter to find his wallet / He took out a twenty-dollar bill and handed it to me as a reward（酬勞） for my honesty. /The good feeling it gave me was worth more than anything could buy.

作者用第一人稱讲述自己亲身经历的这段故事，让人觉得亲切可信，同时也增强了文章的感染力。作者说自己通过这段故事学会了The good feeling it gave me was worth more than anything could buy.

我们在阅读时要抓住记叙文的文体要素和相关的重要细节去理解文章内容，例如：

57.Why didnt the author open and check the wallet？

A .Because he wanted to own the wallet.

B .Because he was too worried to open it.

C .Because his boss got the wallet.

D. Because he was very busy all the time..，

注意到第一段but I was very busy at the time. And I imagined that if there was something valuable in the wallet， the owner would be back. 这个细节。可知选D

我们在阅读记叙文时要从重要细节去理解文章内容，去领会作者的意图，例如

60.The passage is mainly about .

A. one night before Christmas B. a twenty-dollar bill

C. someones Christmas plans D. a story about honest

很多学生在做类似题时只会看到问题的表面，选A或C.要引导学生抓住细节领会作者的意图，再注意到这个句子“A reward（酬劳） for your honesty.” He said and then turned and walked away. But it also came into my mind that I actually saved someones Christmas plans by finding and returning the wallet. The good feeling it gave me was worth more than anything could buy. 可知选D

二、说明文的文体式阅读策略

说明文这种文体特点，是以介绍事物的特征为主。作者往往也是按照一定的顺序，运用不同的说明方法，对事物的特点从不同的角度对其进行介绍，或解释其外形、功能、性质、或阐释其某种成因、原理、规律、本质等内在联系。 有时还会在文末交代结果或发出希望号召、提议等。

而初中英语尤其是初三英语对说明文的考查通常为史地、科普或文化类的文章，文章多使用解释性、定义性、说明性的句子，因此阅读说明文的关键是：要抓住事物的特点，弄清文章的写作顺序和段落结构层次，分析作者在介绍事物中运用的说明方法及其作用，获取信息，把握文意，理解文本。例如：

Shirt that is a mobile phone

Clothes can make phone calls， play music， dial your friends number， keep you warm during cold weather， and operate your computer.

This is not a fantasy. A British company， called electro textiles， has created an amazing range of clothes—clothes that have a mind of their own！ Scientists， working for the company， have invented a kind of fabric（布料）that can be mixed with flexible（柔韧的）electronic materials to create intelligent（智能的）clothing. The result is electronic garments（电子衣）.

The electro textiles team has also created the worlds first cloth keyboard. This keyboard can be sewn into your trousers or skirt. To use this device， you will have to sit down and tap on your lap！ These “laptap” devices are all set to take over laptop computers！

Another useful garment is the shirt-cum（附带）mobile phone. This handy invention enables drivers to chat comfortably with others at the wheel！ Other popular electronic wears include the denim（牛仔衣）jacket with flexible earphones sewn into the hoop（兜帽）and the electronic ski jacket with a built-in heater. The ski jacket is also programmed to send signals to a satellite. This technology is known as global positioning system and can be used to track lost skiers and wandering kids.

作者簡介：徐曦（1971.11），女，福建省平潭一中一级教师

Having completed the cloth keyboard， scientists have already started to work on a new project—a necktie that can be used as a computer mouse. What is the next？ Do you have any ideas？

解析：这篇文章说明electronic garments（电子衣），抓住了它的五个功能，工作原理就抓住了它的本质特点，第3、4自然段是理解的重点，这种新型的电子衣有五种功能：一、带键盘 二、打电话 三、播放音乐 四、保温 五、全球定位功能。了解了这个电子衣的功能、原理就读懂了这篇文章，再来做下面的题：

68.How many kinds of electronic garments has the electro textiles team created？

A.three B.four C.five D.six

解析：根据文章第3、4两段，再依据文章第一句开头：“Clothes can make phone calls play music，dial your friends number，keep you warm during cold weather and operate your computer.可知答案为D。

70.It can be inferred that the writers attitude towards the company is .

A.doubtful B.optimistic（乐观的） C.negative（消极的） D.casual（随便的）

解析：从文章的最后一个自然段Having completed the cloth keyboard， scientists have already started to work on a new project—a necktie that can be used as a computer mouse. What is the next？ Do you have any ideas？可知答案是B.

三、应用文的文体式阅读策略

对于应用文，不同于一般普通的文章。应用文措辞简洁明了、直截了当。应用文是一种使用范围比较广泛的文体，像广告、书信、工具或玩具说明书、公司party的宣传海报，简明新闻等都属于应用文。它们的目的是为了向读者传输信息。在阅读这类文章中主要是注意细节信息，一定要找到题干在文章中的信息源，再把原文信息与选项进行比较。做题时，根据所提问问题可以采用寻读，跳读的方法，可以先读试题，了解考点后，快速从文中捕捉信息。

读应用文的关键是：抓信息、抓作者的写作意图和目的，例如：

Where can you see a giraffe or an elephant without taking a trip to Africa？ At a zoo， of course. Zoos give people a chance to see animals from all over the world. But the following zoos offer more than just a chance to see animals.

Singapore Zoo

At Singapore Zoo， you can enjoy breakfast while a family of orangutans（猩猩）sits nearby One night， just before Christmas， I found a large and enjoys theirs. A zookeeper tells you about each member of the family. You can also learn how the zoo cares for its animals.

The Philadelphia Zoo

The Philadelphia Zoo in New York City has about 4000 animals and it works to save wild animals. If you want to sleep with animals， you can visit the zoo. And children of 1 to 11 years old can have a great birthday party at the zoo.Families are allowed to make camp on the zoo grounds and meet some amazing animals.

Taronga Zoo

Taronga zoo in Sydney ，Australia， offers special animal visits. Visitors can see a koala close， feed a giraffe and so on. Taronga Zoo also offers a “Keeper for a Day” activity for anyone over 18 years old. People help collect food for animals， do some cleaning and learn about animal care. They can have a good understanding of a zookeepers job.