从避讳字看《广韵》版本

郭洪义

(西南大学 汉语言文献研究所，重庆 400715)



从避讳字看《广韵》版本

郭洪义

(西南大学 汉语言文献研究所，重庆 400715)

张氏泽存堂本《广韵》应是南宋宁宗年间的递修本，而学界向来误认为是高宗年间的浙刊本。周祖谟用来参校的傅氏双鉴楼藏宋刻本《广韵》实当为南宋高宗绍兴年间的浙刊本，而非北宋本。对张氏泽存堂本《广韵》版本问题的探讨，可纠正历来对张氏校改《广韵》的误会。通过阐释《广韵》避讳字采取缺笔避讳方式的原因，为韵书的避讳研究提供一定参考。

避讳字；《广韵》；特点；版本；成因

避讳是中国古代一种独特的文化现象，从先秦到清代，避讳制度已达三千年之久①，反映了人们对君长的敬畏心理。其体现在口头上是改音避讳，体现在书面上是改字避讳、空字避讳或缺笔避讳，往往在当时产生的文献上打上时代的烙印，这为文献学、文化学、历史学等领域的相关研究提供了一定的线索和依据。本文试图从避讳字这一时代印记出发，来探究《广韵》避讳字的特点及版本问题。通过对张氏泽存堂本《广韵》版本问题的深入探讨，亦可纠正学界历来对于张氏校改《广韵》的一些误会。

一、《广韵》避讳字

(一)使用版本

本文以中华书局版《广韵校本》(周祖谟先生校本)为调查对象。该书以张士俊泽存堂本为底本，据傅氏双鉴楼及日本金泽文库所藏宋刻本、涵芬楼所藏景宋写本等版本精校，以正张刻之误，为目前《广韵》诸版本中最可靠、校勘最精确者。

(二)《广韵》避讳字表

本文对《广韵》避讳字穷尽调查，现列表如下： 该表按《广韵》中反映的帝王世系排列名讳，未避的帝王名讳则省去，至于个别帝王本应避讳却未避讳者，将在下文讨论。避讳字图片直接剪切自《广韵》原书，以保持字形原貌。

朝代帝王名讳 避讳字 宋代宋始祖赵玄朗宋太祖祖父赵敬宋太祖父赵弘殷宋太祖赵匡胤宋太宗赵炅宋真宗赵恒宋仁宗赵祯宋钦宗赵桓宋高宗赵构清代清圣祖玄烨

二、《广韵》避讳字特点

(一)避讳字采用缺笔避讳方式

(二)以帝王名讳用字为构件或声符构成的字亦缺笔避讳

(三)避讳字的同音字或以该同音字为构件的字亦避讳

《广韵》中的避讳字，除了帝王名讳字及以此为构件的字以外，与帝王名讳同音或以该同音字为构件的字亦要避讳，这深刻反映出宋代避讳的严格程度简直到了无以复加的地步。如因宋太祖赵匡胤祖父名“敬”，不仅“敬”字要避，而且与“敬”同音的“竟”字及以之为构件的字亦要避讳，如“”、“”、“”、“”、“”、“”、“”等均缺笔。又如宋仁宗名“禎”，与之同音或音近及以之为构件的字如“”、“”、“”、“”、“”、“”、“”、“”、“”、“”等亦缺笔。

(四)极少部分字未避讳是刻工的疏漏

三、《广韵》避讳字反映的版本问题

由《广韵》避讳字表可知，《广韵》主要避宋、清两朝帝王名讳，由此可以推断：该《广韵》宋代进行过初刻，清代又进行了重刻。

(一)关于《广韵》避讳字中出现的帝王名讳避与不避的问题

该版本《广韵》宋代帝王避讳到仁宗赵祯，仁宗以下帝王名讳不避，如哲宗赵煦之“煦”仍作“煦”；英宗赵曙之“曙”仍作“曙”，徽宗赵佶之“佶”仍作“佶”；而到钦宗赵桓、高宗赵构又开始避讳，《广韵》于真宗景德四年(1007)完成校定，并于真宗大中祥符元年(1008)改名为《大宋重修广韵》，真宗大中祥符六年(1013)成书刊行，自然真宗及其以前的帝王名讳要避。但是，为什么真宗后之仁宗亦避，间隔了几个宋代皇帝名讳不避，而到了钦宗赵桓、高宗赵构又开始避讳了呢？根据讳避当朝及其宗祖皇帝名讳的原则，今之常见的张氏泽存堂本《广韵》其版本应是南宋宁宗年间的递修本，而学界向来误认为是高宗年间的浙刊本。张氏泽存堂本《广韵》所用刻本应是南宋宁宗年间的递修本，这从刻工姓名可以得到证明。根据余迺永先生《泽存堂本〈广韵〉之版本问题》一文的相关研究，现列出高宗本、宁宗本及孝宗之巾箱本《广韵》版心下栏所志刻工姓名：

“高宗本刻工姓名：徐吴、余永、余竑、徐杲、徐颜、王珍、丁珪、陈锡、包正、孙勉、朱琰、阮于、徐茂、徐具、徐高、毛谅、吴亮、顾忠、许明、梁济、陈询、徐政、陈明仲、姚臻等。

宁宗本刻工姓名：何昇、何澄、方至、方坚、宋琚、赵中、曹荣、吴椿、吴志、吴益、王玩、王恭、王宝、陆选、余敏、张荣、高异、刘昭、李倍、李倚、颜彦、金滋、秦显、秦晖、陈晃、陈寿、朱玩、沈思忠、沈思恭、匋、实甫、胜之等。

孝宗时巾箱本刻工姓名：沈亨、李宪、余竑、虞正、虞道坚、卓受、五二、徐颜、李寔、文等”[1]。

既然为宋宁宗年间的刻本，那为什么高宗之后的孝宗赵眘、光宗赵惇及宁宗自己名讳也未避呢？这主要跟宁宗年间使用的刻版有关。由于宁宗年间重刻《广韵》时乃是直接覆刻高宗年间的旧版，所以包括宁宗在内的三个帝王名讳亦未能进入避讳之列(正如上文所述，也与南宋避讳不太严格有一定关系)。朴现圭、朴贞玉两位先生亦持有跟笔者一样的观点。两位先生在《广韵版本考》一书中曾云：“本椠(指宁宗递修本)覆刻高宗间版，而未加阙新庙讳，故眘、惇、扩字皆未避。”[2]

至于宋仁宗赵祯名讳避讳的问题，可能是北宋仁宗年间对真宗所颁行的《广韵》又进行过刊刻，其名讳当然要避。清人顾沄便持这种观点：“今致宋讳阙笔字有玄、敬、胤、祯等字，而英宗以下诸讳皆不缺笔，洵为仁宗时己丑可居。”顾氏根据避讳之法，将其所见《广韵》版本定为是北宋仁宗黄祐元年槧。查相关文献记载，顾氏所见《广韵》版本其实就是张氏泽存堂本，他未看到后面的宋钦宗赵桓之“桓”、宋高宗赵构之“构”字亦避讳，观点虽不完全正确，但是顾氏的这种猜测认为北宋仁宗年间还存在一个《广韵》的本子是可能的，只是后来北宋时期刊刻的《广韵》都已亡佚而没有保存下来，后人无从得见罢了。

最后，还有一个问题需要交代。周祖谟《广韵校勘记》所指称的傅氏双鉴楼所藏北宋本《广韵》亦当指南宋宁宗递修本，而非学界向来认为的北宋本。周氏校例并误记为平、上、去三卷。“泽存堂本《广韵》谓清康熙四十三年甲申吴郡张士俊重刊之宋本《广韵》。此书之底本，据其首载潘耒序，乃常熟毛扆(毛晋之子)汲古阁藏大宋本及潘耒钞崑山徐元文含经堂藏宋本。因毛本原缺一帙，故潘氏畀其钞本以供张刻捕足。今存汲古阁旧藏宋本，除上举巾箱本，尚有为明代文征明所藏，历经毛晋父子、季振宜父子，陆费墀，张岱等后流散于书肆者一种。”[1]而“流散于书肆者”的这种本子的《广韵》后由傅增湘搜求所得，即傅氏双鉴楼所藏刻本。而此刻本《广韵》遇宋太祖之祖(敬、竟)、始祖(玄朗)、宋太祖之父(弘、殷)、太祖(匡胤)、太宗(炅)、仁宗(祯)、南宋高宗(构)等帝王名讳皆缺笔避讳，又所版心所存留的刻工姓名互见绍兴年间所刻古籍②，故应当为南宋高宗绍兴年间刻本无疑。

(二)学界历来对于张氏校改《广韵》存在一定误解

历来学界都认为张氏泽存堂本《广韵》是经张氏勘照其他版本《广韵》点窜过的本子。如周祖谟《广韵校勘记》序言评“张氏刻书，颇好点窜”，并引杨守敬《日本记书志》云：“原本(指宁宗初刻本)谬误不少，张氏校改朴尘之功不可没。然亦有本不误而以为误者，有显然讹误而未校出者，有宜存而径改者”以证成其说；且谓“宋本面目，惟有凭藉黎刻所附校札，始得窥其大略。”其实，张氏并非自己点窜校改《广韵》，张氏泽存堂本《广韵》乃直接源自南宋宁宗年间的递修本，而宁宗递修本是对宁宗初刻本(其初刻本又以高宗年间刻本为底本)的修订，较之宁宗初刻本及高宗绍兴年间刻本，其误字自然要少得多。换句话说，张氏所刊《广韵》本身是宁宗递修本，宁宗递修本是对宁宗初刻本的校订。因此，张氏泽存堂本《广韵》当中的部分字(较之他本不误者)并非完全由张氏径自校改。学界对于张氏校改《广韵》的认识应当得到适当纠正。

(三)关于清刻本中的避讳字问题

四、《广韵》避讳字成因探讨

中国古代主要避讳方式有四，而《广韵》独采用缺笔避讳的方式。原因主要有两方面：

(一)这是由字书的性质决定的

《广韵》不仅是科举考试时诗歌创作用韵标准的工具书，同时又是一部按韵编排的同音字典。作为奉勅编纂的官书，《广韵》编成后由真宗皇帝颁行天下，与《大广益会玉篇》一起形成了韵书与字书并行的局面。作为国家语音规范教材，用音、用字都要做到尽量规范。与此同时，《广韵》阐释字音、字形、字义，客观上又是一部同音字典，具备其他字书的性质和功用。字书的性质决定它必须交代字形，而缺笔避讳的方式最大限度地保留了字形，保留了字形的区别性特征；如果采用改音、空字、改字等避讳方式，就会造成字形使用混乱、文字形音义不对称的情况，这不符合国家语音规范教材的要求。采用缺笔避讳的方式，则最大限度地保持了字形原貌，尽量做到了文字形、音、义的统一，从而有效解决了国家级规范教材与避讳之间的矛盾，求得了新的平衡。这正是《广韵》避讳字采用缺笔避讳的形式的最根本原因。

(二)缺笔避讳符合人类记忆联想规律

较之其他避讳方式，缺笔避讳是一种最经济有效的避讳方式，符合人类记忆联想的规律。翻开任何一本书籍，人们首先感知到的是字形，接着才是音义。采用缺笔避讳的方式，最大限度地保持了字形的原貌。即使是缺一笔，人们通过联系和类推的心理作用也可快速复原字形的原貌，这符合人类记忆联想的规律。如果采用改字、改音或空字等方式，都会在字形和字音、字义之间设置障碍，完全不如缺笔避讳来得那么直接，这不符合人们识字、认字的规律，更不便于人们联想记忆。字书里的缺笔避讳是字书的社会功用和“为尊者讳”的社会文化心理共同作用的结果。

从研究的角度看，文献中的避讳现象有其优缺点。从直接的感知方面说，它给古籍的阅读和整理设置了许多文字上的障碍，如果不通过深入的文献调查做文献复原工作，往往会造成读者认识上的干扰乃至错误，不利于文献的整理和研究。据焦培民先生统计，唐朝修《南史》，为避唐太宗李世民讳，将《宋书》、《南齐书》、《梁书》及《陈书》中“左民”改为“左户”者达50例之多。《南史》还将《宋书》、《齐书》、《梁书》、《陈书》中的“左民郎中”写作“左户郎中”，“左民侍郎”写作“左户侍郎”；“左民令史”也写作“左户令史”等[3]，这给后人造成了很多认识上的混乱。

同时，避讳客观上也反映了古籍的版本，是标示版本的忠实标志，为古籍版本的鉴定提供了一定的线索和依据。“避国讳对古籍版本的鉴定有重要作用。熟记宋、明、清帝王的名号及其避讳字，对鉴定版本的年代有很大的帮助”[4]。张氏泽存堂本《广韵》的辨别就是明证。其他如宋刊辽僧行筠《龙龛手镜》，为避宋太祖赵匡胤祖父赵敬讳而改作《龙龛手鉴》。避讳字还可为辨伪学提供一定的线索和依据，这里不再详述。

总之，避讳作为中国古代文献的一种独特形式，已成为中国古代文化中一种特殊的组成部分。研究中国古籍中的避讳字，能够为古籍版本的鉴别提供一定的线索和依据，并有利于探究中国古代社会的避讳心理。

注释：

①关于避讳，历史悠久。总体来说，避讳大概始于周，秦汉渐成定制，入隋以后讳禁渐严，唐代更加盛行，宋代发展至顶峰。元明讳禁有所放宽，清代又日趋严格。目前关于避讳的最早古籍记载出自《尚书》。《尚书·金滕》：“惟尔元孙某，遘厉虐疾。若尔三王，是有丕子之责于天，以旦代某之身。”《尚书》孔安国传：“元孙武王，某名，臣讳君，故曰某。”《金滕》篇为今文《尚书》中的一篇，非后世假讬，应无疑义。

②见《阿部隆一遗稿》第一卷所附“宋元版刻工名表”。日本东京，汲古书院一九九三年版。

[1]余迺永.泽存堂本《广韵》之版本问题[J].语言研究，1999(2)：154.

[2]朴现圭，朴贞玉.《广韵》版本考[M].台北：学海出版社，1986：22.

[3]刘学文.略论唐人修史讳书及其不良影响[J].兰台世界，2010(3)：63.

[4]赵雅丽. 避讳在古籍版本鉴定中的作用[J].语文学刊，2006(8)：129.

[责任编辑 李夕菲]

The Vicissitude of Jiangmen’s Arcade Buildings along the Chang Di (Causeway) Street

(by ZHANG Chao)

Abstract: The arcade buildings at the Chang Di Street in Jiangmen were constructed in the beginning of the twentieth Century and were a successful example of urban construction. They were constructed, developed and protected along with China’s political and economic changes. Researching the rise and decline of these structures in Jiangmen and understanding their relationship with similar structures in other areas are of realistic significance to the protection and development of historical streets in contemporary Jiangmen region.

Key words: Jiangmen; the Republic of China; arcade buildings; development

An Exploration of the Subsidiary Purposes of the Kaiping Diaolou Towers

(by YE Juan)

Abstract: It is well known that warding off bandits, protecting against floods, and dwelling are the three major and special functions of the Kaiping diaolou towers. An organization and re-examination of the survey data on 1833 existing towers reveals that Kaiping diaolou towers also served as venues for education, banking, treasury, pawnshops, remittances transfer, hospital and ancestral worship. Classifying and summarizing the non-mainstream purposes of Kaiping diaolou towers can provide a new foothold for further exploring the value and significance of Kaiping diaolou towers.

Key words: Kaiping diaolou; subsidiary; purposes

Liang Qichao’s Sublation and Evaluation of Wang Yangming’s Study of the Mind

(by ZHANG Ji-guang)

Abstract: Liang Qichao revered Wang Yangming’s study of the mind and from the antithesis between Wang’s theory and that of Zhu Xi’s made accurate analysis and evaluation of the two important propositions of Wang Yangming: acquiring conscience and the unity of knowledge and action. Liang believed Wang Yangming’s study of the mind is a good remedy for the times. The purpose of his exaltation of Wang Yangming was to arouse people’s morale and vitality, and courage and conscience to seek social progress. Liang Qichao evaluated Wang Yangming from a holistic and historical perspective.

Key words: Liang Qichao; Wang Yangming; the study of the mind; acquiring conscience; the unity of knowledge and action

On the Development of Liang Qichao’s National Ideology

(by WANG Ping-xiu)

Abstract: Liang Qichao’s national thought underwent a gradual process of development. It budded before 1902, flourished in the period from 1903 to 1907 and took shape in 1922. In order to fight against imperialist and save the nation, Liang Qichao gradually formed his systematic concept of “nation” based on his understanding of the western “nation” concept.

Key words: Liang Qichao; nation; national ideology; formation

Bell-ringing Speaker:Yi Xueqing in the Period of Guangdong Provincial Assembly in the Late Qing Era

(by ZHAO Jian)

Abstract: Yi Xueqing was the only Speaker of Guangdong Provincial Assembly of the late Qing era. He was elected to the position mainly because of his credentials and record of service, political attitude and inclinations, and his interpersonal connections. Yi devoted himself to his duties and was especially concerned with proposals on gambling prohibition, boundary settlement and family craft businesses which were closely related to local politics and people’s livelihood. Yi’s efforts at Guangdong Provincial Assembly were typical of the traditional gentry’s attempts to adapt to the changing society and a reflection of the hard exploration made by intellectuals in an age of transformation.

Key words: Yi Xueqing; Guangdong Provincial Assembly; local autonomy; Speaker

Friendships between Vietnam’s Envoy Dang Huy Tru and Chinese in the Qing Dynasty and Other Matters

(by LI Biao-fu)

Abstract：During the reign of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty, Dang Huy Tru, as a Vietnamese envoy, came to China twice and stayed in Guangzhou for almost three years, during which time he compiled his poems and essays and friends’reply poems and essays into a book entitled Dong Nan Jin Mei Lu which he then published. The book shows that he had wide exchanges with Chinese scholars, businesspeople, Buddhist monks and others in Guangzhou. In addition, Dang also married a Chinese woman and had a child, purchased and published books. An exploration of Dang Huy Tru’s experiences in China can afford us more concrete understanding of the close connections between Guangdong and Vietnam in the Qing dynasty.

Key words: Dang Huy Tru; Dong Nan Jin Mei Lu; Guangzhou; Chinese

A Study of Kang Guangren and China’s First Women’s Academy

(by LIU Fang-wei)

Abstract: The founding of China’s first women’s academy ushered in China’s women’s education in modern times. As one of the “Six Gentlemen of the Hundred Days’ Reform”, Kang occupied an important place in the founding of the academy but his contributions were ignored by later generations. Kang not only advocated female education and participated in the preparation and founding of the school, but also made use of social media to publicize the school. His efforts enhanced its reputation, promoted the development of women education and accelerated the process of women’s liberation in modern times.

Key words: Kang Guangren; China’s Women’s Academy

A Review of the Research on Chen Xun

(by ZHOU Chun-yan)

Abstract: Since the turn of the century, academic study of Chen Xun has mainly focused on his social circle, the ideological content and artistic style of his ci and his theory on the creation of ci, all of which fall within the scope of traditional research. The argument that his ci got Zhu Zumou’s appreciation due to Li Xuefang’s recommendation is questionable. As regards his place in the field of ci in late Qing Dynasty, systematic assessment is lacking and more concern and research is needed on the part of scholars.

Key words: Lingnan; Chen Xun; Haixiao Ci; Haixiao Shuo Ci; theory of ci

On “Extraordinary” Beauty in Ancient Chinese Poetry Criticism

(by CHEN Yu-qiang)

Abstract: Viewed from the perspective of ancient Chinese poetry criticism, encountering extraordinary things and producing extraordinary beauty from unexpected things are the main means of generating extraordinary beauty. The former focuses on the cause of poetry creation and is the development of literary theory of sensuous sense; the latter focuses on poetry creation techniques and is an extension of the theory of general transformation. Extraordinary poetic beauty can also be divided into two levels: literal extraordinariness and implicative extraordinariness. The latter is higher than the former and has developed into one of Chinese people’s aesthetic tastes since the Wei and Jin Dynasties and hence has been accepted by poets of later generations. Of course, poetic implicative beauty is not limited to “extraordinariness” and poets do not blindly go after “extraordinariness”. Poetic beauty pursues intrinsic implicative beauty in a dynamic balance between extraordinariness and uprightness, between extraordinariness and normality, between extraordinariness and stableness, between extraordinariness and rationality and between extraordinariness and naturalness.

Key words: “extraordinariness”; ancient poetic criticism; aesthetics; generation

On the Subjectivity Theory for the Argumentative Essays of the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties

(by YANG Zhao-lei)

Abstract: Writers of argumentative essays in the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties were distributed throughout the whole of the gentry, with their different statuses, backgrounds, character, talent and learning aptitudes. Their psychological characteristics were mainly characterized by independent personality, aggressive temperament, open-mindedness and divergent thinking. They crystallized their wisdom of life, rational thinking and artistic talent into unrivaled works of deliberate thoughts.

Key words: Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties; argumentative essays; types of subject; psychological characteristics

Discourse Space of the Obscure

(by YU Qin)

Abstract: Since the 1980s, there has been a wave of migrant workers in China’s southeastern coastal areas, which in turn spawned a wave of“labor literature” and a large number periodicals publishing “labor literature”. As one of the most important publications in the tide of labor literature, “Jiangmen Literature” stands out for its being easy-to-read, its popularity and inclusiveness. A study of its features and characteristics can cast a glimpse into the Chinese literary periodicals’achievements, and gains and losses in the “labor literature” wave.

Key words:“labour literature”; popularity; being easy-to-read; inclusiveness; “Jiangmen Literature”

A Study of Political Participation of Chinese Canadian Women

(by WU Ting)

Abstracts: The political participation of the Chinese Canadian women provides an important perspective to studying Chinese Canadians’ adaptation to and integration into the local communities. The increasing number of Chinese Canadian women resulting from changes of immigration policy has laid the foundation for their political participation. Since the 1980s, especially in the new century, Chinese Canadian women’s political participation awareness has gradually risen and an insignificantly increasing number of women have been elected to public offices, which is the result of a combination of internal and external forces. The quality enrichment of Chinese Canadian women pushes them to go outside the home and the optimized policy environment of Canada pulls them into politics. However, the weak political power base of Chinese Canadians and the social discriminating atmosphere are still restricting Chinese Canadian women from playing a large role.

Key words: Canada; immigration policies; Chinese Canadian women; political participation

On Coping Strategies for Local Governments on Low-carbon Industrial Structure and Adjustment

(by SHAO Yan-fei ,WANG Xiao-bin)

Abstract: Low-carbon economy is a new economic form of lower energy consumption and emissions. The adjustment of the industrial structure can help reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. Developing low-carbon economy is an important measure for Jiangmen to break through the bottleneck of insufficient resources and optimize its industrial structure. The Jiangmen government should take the initiative to upgrade the traditional industries using low-carbon technology, accelerate the process of upgrading its secondary industry, vigorously develop the tertiary industry and strengthen the development of low-carbon industrial clusters.

Key words: local governments; industrial structure; low-carbon

Effect of Optimization of Decision-making Rules on Citizens’Effective Participation under the Premise of Democratic Centralism

(by SU Ai)

Abstract：The practice and exploration of citizens’participation as an important method of reforming government governance has achieved increasingly results both at home and abroad. Exploring the issue of optimization of collective decision-making rules under the premise of democratic centralism, analyzing effective ways for citizens to participate in public affairs, expounding the meaning of citizen’s effective participation and building a voting model and constraining conditions for citizens to participate effectively are conducive to the theory building for the optimization of collective decision-making rules under the premise of democratic centralism.

Key words: democratic centralism; effective participation; rules

Five New Realms of Xi Jinping’s Outlook on Youth

(by HU Hong-bin)

Abstract: Xi Jinping attaches great importance to the youth work, and in his practice, has given a new definition to the nature and place of youth, put forward new requirements for their education and cultivation, raised new expectations for their growth and development, given new guarantees for the building of youth organizations, and set new standards for the selection and use of youth talent. Summarizing Xi’s new ideas and new judgments on youth is of extremely important theoretical and practical significance.

Key words: Xi Jinping; youth; youth education; youth growth; youth organizations; youth talent

On Wang Bi’s New Methods of Studying Metaphysics

(by LIU Ji-dong)

Abstract: Wang Bi united Confucianism and Taoism to form a new metaphysical thought system, which was achieved by annotating Laotzu. Wang Bi adopted various methods to annotate Laotzu, including intuitive thinking, definition and analysis, but his main method was “holding a unifying them to control all and using less to accomplish more”, which was also adopted by Wang Bi in annotating The Book of Changes and The Analects. The simultaneous use of numerous methods with “holding a unifying them to control all and using less to accomplish more”as the main one was Wang Bi’s approach to metaphysics.

Key words: Wang Bi; new methods for studying metaphysics; “holding a unifying them to control all and using less to accomplish more”

An Exploration of Seven Issues in the New Text Laotzu

(by PANG Guang-hua)

Abstract: A new text research on the pronunciation of seven words in the new text Laotzu reveals that Guanzi and Warring States can be used to collate Laotzu. In the new text of Laotzu,“营” could be interpreted as“魂”, “学”and “教”were often confused,“华”could be interpreted as outward appearance, the character“物” in“有物混成”referred to vigor, the character“民”in “民不畏死”could be used interchangeably with "愍", and“袭明”meant“重明”.

Key words: Laotzu; ying (营); xue (学);jiao (教) ; min (愍); xi (袭)

Editions of Guang Yun Viewed from Characters Avoided as Taboos

(by GUO Hong-yi)

Abstract: The Zhang Shi Ze Cun Tang edition of Guang Yun is the modificatory edition in the Ning Zong period of the Southern Song Dynasty, often mistaken for the edition of the Gao Zong reign period. The edition used by Zhou Zu-mo to proof-read Fu Shi Shuang Jian Lou edition of Guang Yun was actually an edition produced in Zhejiang during the Shaoxing reign period of the Gao Zong Emperor, and not a Northern Song Dynasty edition. An in-depth exploration of the edition issue of the Zhang Shi Ze Cun Tang edition of Guang Yun can correct the misunderstanding of the edition proof-read and corrected by Zhang Shi. Finally, explaining the reason of using characters with reduced strokes for taboo avoiding by Guang Yun can provide reference to the research on naming taboos included in rhyming dictionaries in general.

Key words: characters avoided as taboos; Guang Yun; characteristics; editions; causes

1009-1513(2015)02-0092-03

SStatus, Problems, and Countermeasures: Overseas Chinese Charity Donations to Education in Wuyi(by WANG Ji-yuan ,JI Xiao-hong)Abstract: Charity donations made to education has promoted the development of education in Wuyi region. Surveys by questionnaires, field visits and data statistics reveal that at present, charity donations to education have been made mostly in a single and traditional way and have been influenced by multiple factors, including donors’ personal factors, the not so sound soft environment of national-level policies and laws, and the defective mechanisms of recipient institutions. The basic legal system regulating overseas Chinese educational donations should be improved, a college charitable education endowment strategy should be adopted, the management mode for educational donations should be innovated and the transparency of the use of donations should be enhanced so as to cultivate a philanthropic cohort among Wuyi’s overseas compatriots and promote educational donations by overseas Chinese.

educational donations; rights of overseas Chinese; legislation

2015-01-23

本文系教育部中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金资助项目(批准号：swu1409255)的阶段性成果。

郭洪义(1985-)，男，河北保定人，博士研究生，主要从事古汉语词汇和碑刻语言文字研究。

H028；H113.4

A

1009-1513(2015)02-0088-04