王 薇,李 丹,黄雪兰,杨 絮,徐景俊,郑春梅,曹 霞
·全科医生技能发展·
实时三维超声心动图对急性心肌梗死经皮冠状动脉介入治疗前后左心室功能变化的评价
王 薇,李 丹,黄雪兰,杨 絮,徐景俊,郑春梅,曹 霞
目的 探讨应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)评价急性心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)前后左心室局部功能变化的应用价值。方法 选取2012年12月—2013年12月佳木斯大学附属第一医院接受PCI的急性心肌梗死患者46例为病例组,其中下后壁心肌梗死组27例,下壁心肌梗死组19例;另选择同时期体检中心体检健康者30例为对照组,对照组于体检时,病例组于PCI前、PCI后1、4、12周分别做RT-3DE检查,记录左心室各节段舒张末期容积(rEDV)及左心室各节段收缩末期容积(rESV),并计算出各节段射血分数(rEF)。结果 对照组RT-3DE左心室各节段容积-时间曲线规整有序,病例组患者PCI前RT-3DE左心室各节段容积-时间曲线杂乱无序。对照组与下后壁心肌梗死组PCI前及PCI后1周下壁基底段、下壁中间段、下壁心尖段、后壁基底段、后壁中间段rEF比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组与下后壁心肌梗死组PCI后4周下壁中间段、后壁中间段rEF比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。下后壁心肌梗死组患者PCI前、PCI后1周、PCI后4周及PCI后12周下壁基底段、下壁中间段、下壁心尖段、后壁基底段、后壁中间段rEF比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);其中PCI后1周后壁中间段rEF较PCI前升高(P<0.05);PCI后4周及PCI后12周下壁基底段、下壁中间段、下壁心尖段、后壁基底段、后壁中间段rEF较PCI前及PCI后1周升高(P<0.05);PCI后12周下壁中间段、后壁中间段rEF较PCI后4周升高(P<0.05)。对照组与下壁心肌梗死组PCI前、PCI后1周及PCI后4周下壁基底段、下壁中间段、下壁心尖段rEF比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。下壁心肌梗死组患者PCI前、PCI后1周、PCI后4周及PCI后12周下壁基底段、下壁中间段、下壁心尖段rEF比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);其中PCI后4周及PCI后12周下壁基底段、下壁心尖段rEF较PCI前及PCI后1周升高(P<0.05);PCI后12周下壁中间段rEF较PCI前及PCI后1周升高(P<0.05)。结论 RT-3DE可较准确反映急性心肌梗死患者PCI前后左心室局部收缩功能的变化,可作为评价PCI疗效的有效方法。
心肌梗死;血管成形术,气囊,冠状动脉;超声心动描记术,三维;左心室
王薇,李丹,黄雪兰,等.实时三维超声心动图对急性心肌梗死经皮冠状动脉介入治疗前后左心室功能变化的评价[J].中国全科医学,2015,18(27):3371-3375.[www.chinagp.net]
Wang W,Li D,Huang XL,et al.Change of left ventricular function in patients with acute myocardial infarction before and after PCI by RT-3DE [J].Chinese General Practice,2015,18(27):3371-3375.
急性心肌梗死病情凶险、致死率高、复发率高,给家庭和社会造成巨大的精神和经济负担。经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)是目前治疗急性心肌梗死的主要方法之一[1],但对其术后评价的研究少见。急性心肌梗死超声心动图主要改变是左心室室壁节段性运动异常,因此局部运动功能是超声评价心肌梗死患者预后的重要指标[2]。二维超声心动图多采用双平面simpson 法,通过假设心脏的几何形态估测心功能,而实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)不依赖几何假设,可以获得左心室的真实形状,对各节段室壁运动的评估结果更加准确[3-4]。本研究探讨应用RT-3DE评价急性心肌梗死患者PCI前后左心室局部功能变化的应用价值,现报道如下。
1.1 临床资料 选取2012年12月—2013年12月佳木斯大学附属第一医院接受PCI的急性心肌梗死患者46例为病例组,其中下后壁心肌梗死组27例,男15例、女12例,年龄20~65岁;下壁心肌梗死组19例,男12例、女7例,年龄36~68岁。病例组入选标准:患者具有心前区疼痛等症状,心尖区第一心音减弱等体征,心肌梗死心电图表现,放射性核素检查、超声心动图显示室壁运动异常,实验室检查心肌酶等指标改变诊断为急性心肌梗死[5],超声心动图可清晰显示左心室心内膜边缘;排除标准:采集图像不满意或临床诊断及治疗资料不全者。另选择同时期体检中心体检健康者30例为对照组,其中男15例,女15例;年龄20~65岁。对照组入选标准:经检查除外心肌梗死、先天性心脏病等器质性病变及慢性阻塞性肺疾病、肾衰竭、高血压等影响心脏前后负荷及功能病变者;排除标准:采集图像不满意者。受试者均知情同意。
1.2 仪器与方法
1.2.1 仪器 荷兰飞利浦公司IE33型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,配有二维S5-1探头,三维X5-1探头,探头频率为3.0~5.0 MHz。配有QLAB分析软件程序(3D Advanced),可对三维数据库进行定量分析。
1.2.2 方法 对照组于体检时,病例组于PCI前、PCI后1、4、12周行RT-3DE检查,记录左心室各节段舒张末期容积(rEDV)及左心室各节段收缩末期容积(rESV),并计算出各节段射血分数(rEF)。
1.2.3 图像采集和分析 嘱受试者左侧卧位,连接心电导联,使用容积探头放于心尖部,显示完整的心尖四腔切面图像,同时清晰显示左心室内膜图像,然后嘱受试者屏气,启动全容积功能键,采集4个心动周期的动态三维图像。启动QLAB分析软件程序(3D Advanced),调整图像中显示的3个相垂直切面,使心内膜显示尽可能清晰,分别在收缩末期及舒张末期标注5个取样点,系统将自动分析描绘左心室形态,得出容积-时间曲线并显示rEDV、rESV。rEF=(rEDV-rESV)/rEDV×100%。
1.2.4 随访 病例组患者于PCI前、PCI后1、4、12周进行门诊随访,记录主要不良心脏事件(包括死亡、急性心肌梗死),复查RT-3DE、心电图、血脂等。
图1 对照组体检时RT-3DE左心室各节段容积-时间曲线
Figure 1 RT-3DE volume-time curves in each segment of left ventribular of the control group
图2 病例组患者PCI前RT-3DE左心室各节段容积-时间曲线
2.1 对照组体检时及病例组患者PCI前RT-3DE左心室各节段容积-时间曲线 对照组体检时左心室各节段容积-时间曲线规整有序、波峰波谷清晰明显、峰值高度较一致,达到最大及最小容积的时间点较一致(见图1);病例组患者PCI前左心室各节段容积-时间曲线杂乱无序,曲线平直,起伏不一致,峰值减低且达到最大及最小容积的时间点差异较大(见图2)。
2.2 对照组与下后壁心肌梗死组PCI前后各节段rEF比较 对照组与下后壁心肌梗死组PCI前及PCI后1周下壁基底段、下壁中间段、下壁心尖段、后壁基底段、后壁中间段rEF比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组与下后壁心肌梗死组PCI后4周下壁中间段、后壁中间段rEF比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。下后壁心肌梗死组患者PCI前、PCI后1周、PCI后4周及PCI后12周下壁基底段、下壁中间段、下壁心尖段、后壁基底段、后壁中间段rEF比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);其中PCI后1周后壁中间段rEF较PCI前升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);PCI后4周及PCI后12周下壁基底段、下壁中间段、下壁心尖段、后壁基底段、后壁中间段rEF较PCI前及PCI后1周升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);PCI后12周下壁中间段、后壁中间段rEF较PCI后4周升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,见表1)。
2.3 对照组与下壁心肌梗死组PCI前后各节段rEF比较 对照组与下壁心肌梗死组PCI前、PCI后1周及PCI后4周下壁基底段、下壁中间段、下壁心尖段rEF比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。下壁心肌梗死组患者PCI前、PCI后1周、PCI后4周及PCI后12周下壁基底段、下壁中间段、下壁心尖段rEF比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);其中PCI后4周及PCI后12周下壁基底段、下壁心尖段rEF较PCI前及PCI后1周升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);PCI后12周下壁中间段rEF较PCI前及PCI后1周升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,见表2)。
急性心肌梗死是目前心血管疾病主要的死亡原因之一,危险性极大。PCI是目前较为常用的改善血管阻塞状态的手段。能够在短时间内使变窄、堵塞的冠状动脉部分或完全再通,改善心肌的血流灌注,进而从根本上解决冠状动脉血供不畅给心肌带来的功能障碍,改善心功能[6-7]。PCI 后,早期对心功能尤其是局部收缩功能的准确评价,对指导治疗该类疾病、观察治疗效果和判断预后具有重要的临床指导意义。本研究主要通过数据对比分析探讨急性心肌梗死患者PCI前后RT-3DE对心功能情况的反映能力。
近年来,随着超声技术的不断发展,在心功能测定方面也出现了许多新技术、新方法,如M型、辛普森法、二维斑点追踪技术等[8],以上方法均基于二维方法。二维方法基于对心脏的几何形态假设[9],在心脏正常时测量结果较为准确。而由于心脏具有复杂的三维结构,一旦心脏发生变形,测量值与真实值之间会出现较大偏差。且以上方法无法在同一周期内显示所有心肌节段,结果会因心率等因素影响出现误差[10]。因此,二维方法在检测心功能方面的应用受到了限制。RT-3DE是近年来开展并迅猛发展的一项新技术,与传统的二维超声心动图相比,不依赖几何形态假设,能实时获取左心室空间立体结构[11-12],从而获得左心室整体及局部的心腔容积变化,提高超声诊断对左心室整体及节段性收缩功能评价的准确性,特别适用于左心室室壁节段性运动异常的心肌缺血患者。大量国内外动物实验和临床研究肯定了RT-3DE在评估左心室整体及局部收缩功能方面的作用[13-16]。心脏磁共振成像是目前公认的测量心脏功能的影像学金指标,研究证实,RT-3DE与心脏磁共振成像等技术的检测结果一致性较高[17-18]。
本研究结果显示,病例组患者病变节段心肌缺血缺氧,心肌细胞变性坏死,导致该节段心肌运动异常,容积-时间曲线收缩期容积增加,且曲线收缩达峰值时间与正常节段不一致,因此病例组容积-时间曲线杂乱。PCI是冠状动脉血运重建的主要方法之一,是改善心肌血流灌注的重要手段。PCI后4周与PCI前比较,心肌缺血的程度得到了改善,左心室各节段心肌的功能有一定程度的恢复;PCI后12周心功能进一步增高,与对照组比较无差异。PCI前、PCI后4周、PCI后12周各节段心室局部心功能呈增加趋势,可能由于PCI使心肌血管重建,改善了心肌缺血缺氧状态,但有部分心肌细胞处于冬眠或顿抑状态,因此在恢复血液供应后,心功能需要一定时间恢复,PCI后1周时左心室各节段局部心功能无明显改善,可能与此有关。且部分细胞的水肿、出血等也会导致PCI后1周时左心室各节段局部心功能无明显升高。以上结果表明,RT-3DE能够客观评价急性心肌梗死患者左心室收缩功能方面的变化,与文献报道一致[19],且PCI可以改善冠状动脉血流状态,改善心肌供血,对急性心肌梗死心功能的恢复疗效显著,与文献报道一致[20]。
表1 对照组与下后壁心肌梗死组PCI前后各节段rEF比较(±s)
注:PCI=经皮冠状动脉介入治疗;与PCI前比较,aP<0.05;与PCI后1周比较,bP<0.05;与PCI后4周比较,cP<0.05;-为无此项
表2 对照组与下壁心肌梗死组PCI前后各节段rEF比较(±s)
注:与PCI前比较,aP<0.05;与PCI后1周比较,bP<0.05;-为无此项
RT-3DE可以更真实、准确、无创地评估心室局部心功能。但目前阶段该技术尚存在不足之处,RT-3DE三维容积扇角为60°,小于传统二维超声的90°,因此心腔增大患者部分心肌可能被遗漏,造成误差,且对三维图像质量要求高、相关参考数据不足等也是未来需要改进及努力的方向。
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修回日期:2015-05-27)
(本文编辑:陈素芳)
Change of Left Ventricular Function in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Before and After PCI by RT-3DE
WANGWei,LIDan,HUANGXue-lan,etal.
DepartmentofPhysicalDiagnosis,theFirstAffiliatedHospitalofJiamusiUniversity,Jiamusi154002,China
Objective To investigate the application value of RT-3DE in the evaluation of the local function changes in the left ventricle of patients with acute myocardial infarction before and after percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI).Methods Enrolled 46 patients with acute myocardial infartion who received PCI in the First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University from December 2012 to December 2013 as the case group.The subjects who had myocardial infarction in the inferior posterior wall were assigned into inferior posterior wall group(n=27),and the subjects who had myocardial infarction in the inferior wall were assigned into the inferior wall group(n=19).Another 30 healthy people who received physical examination in the same hospital during the same period were enrolled as the control group.The control group received RT-3DE during physical examination,and the case group received RT-3DE before PCI and at week 1,week 4 and week 12 after PCI,then rEDV and rESV of each segment of the left ventricular were recorded and the rEF of each segment was calculated.Results The RT-3DE volume-time curves were regular and ordered in each segment of left ventricular in the control group and were irregular and disordered in the case group.The control group and the inferior posterior wall group were significantly different (P<0.05) in the rEF of inferior basal segment,inferior middle segment,inferior vertex segment,posterior basal segment and posterior middle segment before PCI and at week 1 after PCI.The control group and the inferior posterior wall group were significantly different (P<0.05) in the rEF of inferior middle segment and posterior middle segment at week 4 after PCI.Before PCI and at week 1,4,12 after PCI were significantly different (P<0.05) in the rEF of inferior basal segment,inferior middle segment,inferior vertex segment,posterior basal segment and posterior middle segment in the inferior posterior wall group;the inferior posterior wall group had higher (P<0.05) rEF in posterior middle segment at week 1 after PCI than that before PCI;the inferior posterior wall group had higher (P<0.05) rEF in inferior basal segment,inferior middle segment,inferior vertex segment,posterior basal segment and posterior middle segment at week 4 and week 12 after PCI than that before PCI and at week 1 after PCI;the inferior posterior wall group had higher (P<0.05) rEF in inferior middle segment and posterior middle segment at week 12 after PCI than that at week 4 after PCI.The control group and the inferior wall group were significantly different (P<0.05) in the rEF of inferior basal segment,inferior middle segment and inferior vertex segment before PCI and at week 1 and week 4 after PCI.Before PCI and at week 1,4,12 after PCI were significantly different (P<0.05) in the rEF of inferior basal segment,inferior middle segment and inferior vertex segment in the inferior wall group;the inferior wall group had higher (P<0.05) rEF in inferior basal segment and inferior vertex segment at week 4 and week 12 after PCI than that before PCI and at week 1 after PCI;the inferior wall group had higher (P<0.05) rEF in inferior middle segment at week 12 after PCI than that before PCI and at week 1 after PCI.Conclusion RT-3DE can accurately reflect the changes of local systolic function of left ventricular after PCI and can be used as an effective method of evaluating the curative effect of PCI.
Myocardial infarction;Angioplasty,balloon,coronary artery;Echocardiography,three-dimensional:Left vetricular
黑龙江省自然科学基金面上项目(D201246)
154002黑龙江省佳木斯市,佳木斯大学附属第一医院物理诊断科(王薇,李丹,黄雪兰,徐景俊,郑春梅,曹霞),CT室(杨絮)
郑春梅,154002黑龙江省佳木斯市,佳木斯大学附属第一医院物理诊断科;E-mail:zhengcm6001@163.com
曹霞,154002黑龙江省佳木斯市,佳木斯大学附属第一医院物理诊断科;E-mail:cx59133@163.com
R 542.22
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2015.27.024
2015-03-13;