基于文化融合理论的国际工程项目跨文化风险三维应对模型设计

胡一君,周　健,舒　欢

(河海大学商学院,江苏 南京　211100)

基于文化融合理论的国际工程项目跨文化风险三维应对模型设计

胡一君,周健,舒欢

(河海大学商学院,江苏 南京211100)

摘要：在分析项目与企业文化融合区别的基础上,从人员层级、工作环节以及项目实施阶段3个维度出发,剖析国际工程项目跨文化融合的可能路径,并且基于跨文化融合过程分析构建基于三维文化融合的跨文化风险应对模型。以巴基斯坦高摩赞水利水电工程项目为例,对其工程实践过程中遭遇的跨文化风险进行实证研究,并给出具体的应对措施。

关键词：国际工程项目;跨文化风险;应对模型;文化融合理论

国际经济合作伴随着文化的交流与碰撞,尤其在通信网络高度发达的今天,国际文化交流的频率正在以人们无法想象的速率递增。异质文化间的交流势必会产生由于文化差异导致的文化载体双方之间的矛盾和冲突,这一点在国际工程项目的实施过程中表现得尤为显著。

由于文化差异导致的跨文化风险影响深远,如果不对跨文化风险加以预防和控制,会对工程项目的顺利实施产生影响,严重的会导致项目失败。因此,对国际工程项目遭遇的跨文化风险进行研究,寻求应对之法很有必要。

目前学术界已有的科研成果多集中在企业跨国经营、合并中跨文化风险的应对,对于国际工程项目实施过程中遭遇的跨文化风险应对尚未有系统的研究成果。本文通过构建系统性的跨文化风险应对模型,以期为中国承包商在海外工程项目承包过程中增强跨文化风险的有效管理、提升工程项目实施绩效提供有益的借鉴。

1跨文化风险应对的演进发展

1986年,Adler等[1-2]从跨文化管理的宏观层面出发,基于文化差异的分析,给出了异质文化间相互协调的方法,来解决文化差异导致的跨文化冲突，其主要途径为:超越、妥协以及融合。赵曙明[3]从对不同文化进行整合的风险应对思路出发,针对6个具体方面提出了应对措施。俞文钊等[4]提出整合同化策略,即通过将不同价值观整合为相同的价值观,达到强化跨文化风险管理的目的。唐炎钊等[5]提出了包括跨文化培训和沟通在内的几种跨文化风险应对策略。方正勇等[6]提出在跨文化风险管理过程中,可以通过培训以及人才本土化实现跨文化的有效管理。陈弘[7]就其所研究的跨文化风险的不同方面,提出了包括文化整合等在内的一系列应对措施。刘光敏[8]从管理体制和团队建设两方面提出了跨文化风险的管理策略:在管理体制上,构建统一文化,整合统一价值观,从而明确了文化冲突的解决途径;在团队建设上,采取分项目阶段进行管理人员角色转换管理策略,以建立高效管理团队。刘俊颖等[9]针对国际工程联营体在实践过程中可能遭遇的跨文化风险构建了一套文化-绩效仿真模型。吴丹[10]从沟通、种族优越感以及管理3个维度分析了跨文化风险,并提出文化认同、人员水平提升等风险控制措施。王雪青等[11]对文化冲突解决模式进行了研究,建立了一套跨文化整合模型以应对文化差异导致的跨文化冲突。

2文化融合理论及跨文化风险应对框架

2.1　文化融合以及文化融合理论

a. 文化融合:即两种不同源的文化间在相互作用的过程,最终达到相互融合的和谐状态。不同源的文化是指这两种文化间的特性、表现形式均不同。

b. 文化融合理论:即通过分析文化适应的过程,采用文化融合思想,将两种文化适应的过程向统一化的路径发展,通过心理以及行为的双重融合,达到促进跨文化适应以及解决文化冲突的目的[12]。文化融合是两种文化间相互适应的一条路径,而文化融合理论则是在其基础上发展而成的一种学说。

2.2　国际工程项目文化融合与企业文化融合的区别

企业为了追求在目标国家或者地区长期的发展,会积极了解目标国家的文化背景、宗教以及风俗习惯,在人员招募过程中会考虑雇员工作的长久稳定性,而这正好给了文化融合一个非常合适的培育土壤。虽然在企业中,人员的流动性还是存在的,但是就长期来看,其流动性相比国际工程项目而言要小得多,以形象化的描述就是一次大融合和无数次的小融合。所谓大融合是指跨国公司在目标国刚成立分公司的时候由于人员的配置、组织架构、工作管理都是第一次,在这个过程中需要进行一次大的文化融合,在雇员相对稳定后,公司内部已经有一套属于自己的文化模式,包括价值观念、工作氛围等,后续只需要对人员流动后的新成员进行培训,使其适应该文化模式即可。

国际工程项目大多是一次性的项目,其文化融合的培育周期相对于企业而言要短得多,项目成员的构成也多为一次性的,且雇员的流动性相比较企业要大得多。以巴基斯坦高摩赞工程项目为例,当地雇员存在工资够花就行的心态,每到工资结算后就会有大批雇员请长假甚至离职,这都给文化融合带来了难度。但是从跨文化风险管理的角度考虑,无论是项目的实际需求,还是承包商企业的长远发展,文化融合都是其进军不同国际工程承包市场必须经历的过程。在这个过程中,需要考虑短周期进行文化融合的合适路径以及面对项目成员高流动性问题下的多次融合方案。

2.3　基于文化融合理论的跨文化风险的应对框架

基于文化融合理论的跨文化风险应对框架如图1所示。从图1可以看出,基于文化融合理论的跨文化风险应对框架具有以下几个特点:

图1　基于文化融合理论的跨文化风险应对框架

a. 以国际工程项目绩效目标为导向。国际工程项目是文化融合理论服务的具体对象,从国际工程项目绩效出发,可以使得文化融合工作更具有目标性,绩效的提升可以作为文化融合进程的考核依据之一,始终以工程项目绩效的提升为目标,从而避免文化融合工作的被动和盲目。

b. 动态性。跨文化风险在国际工程项目中无处不在,贯穿了项目实施整体,无论从不同阶段的角度还是同一阶段的不同时间节点,跨文化风险都在不停变动,文化融合的过程因而具有动态性。在文化融合的过程中需要信息的不断反馈和总结,从而不断进行文化融合各个维度工作的调整和优化,以实现最优管理。

c. 三维文化融合路径。已有文化融合理论的相关研究多以文化承载体——人为研究对象。从宏观层面研究文化融合过程,包括个人对不同文化背景下人行为的理解,双方文化共生到最终文化融合,对实践的指导意义不强。从图1可以看出,本文的研究对象是国际工程项目的实施过程,结合施工过程中包括人员、流程、组织在内的工作流程管理,将文化融合的路径从人员层级、工作环节以及实施阶段3个维度展开,最终实现国际工程项目实施阶段跨文化风险管理的创新。

3国际工程项目跨文化融合过程

国际工程项目跨文化融合可以分解为接触、适应、学习以及完善几个过程。接触过程为文化融合提供了前提条件以及融合媒介,融合的基础就是文化间的相互接触;适应过程是文化融合的起步阶段,该过程中主要是文化之间初步认可;学习过程是在适应过程的基础上开展的,在该过程中异质文化载体双方相互学习,增进了解;完善过程是基于双方对文化的学习基础上进行的,异质文化之间相互融合,形成新文化,即完成了融合过程。

3.1　人员层级维度

人员层级维度属于文化融合的微观层面,员工层面若能顺利融合,跨文化管理的问题就能得到很好的解决,国际工程项目的绩效也会得到提升。人员层级维度文化融合应从两方面展开,根据不同的对象群体分为项目管理层人员文化融合以及普通项目成员文化融合。

表1　巴基斯坦高摩赞工程风险管理现状调查问卷

对于项目管理层人员,为使其融合度得到提升:①应了解对方的文化,分析双方文化间的差异,以及该差异可能带来的影响,在思想层面上引起足够的重视;②尊重文化差异,管理层人员需要了解在与项目参与各方以及一线劳务工人的沟通交流过程中注意的方式方法,在实际相处过程中避免产生矛盾;③中方管理人员的决策方式多为集体讨论的形式,缺乏个人的主动性,而外方管理人员则习惯个人做出决定,所以在聘请国外管理人员时,需要注意不同文化背景管理人员的决策习惯,取长补短,增加决策的有效性;④来自不同文化背景的管理层人员在管理过程中的理念因各自价值观的不同也存在差异,在实践过程中应注重养成共同价值观,而共同价值观主要包括经济利益基础以及社会效益观,管理层人员应在明确各方诉求的基础上进行差异化管理。

对于普通项目成员,其文化的融合度主要受思想、语言以及行为三方面的影响。①思想观念层面员工应避免强烈的民族优越感,在实际工作过程中注意尊重对方的文化,同时,要通过宣传、动员、培训等手段让外方员工了解中方的思想观念、文化背景,双方相互作用,从而达到思想观念层面的融合。②语言障碍层面应提前了解目标国的官方及常用语言等,对中方员工进行语言培训,从承包商的角度而言,需要使己方的员工不存在日常语言交流层面的问题;另一方面,目标国项目参与成员在工作过程中可以通过一些形式让他们了解中文,达到彼此沟通顺畅的目的。③行为方式层面需要员工之间增进相互了解,在入职之初进行性格、行为方式的调查统计,在相互了解的基础上,相互适应,协调各自的行为。

人员层级维度的文化融合过程见图2(a)。

3.2　工作环节维度

工作环节维度的文化融合分析应从单工作环节及多工作环节搭接方面展开。

从单个工作环节角度来看,由于不同文化背景的员工对待项目的态度、积极性及责任感都不同,国际工程项目承包商在进行单个工作环节任务的安排与布置时,应通过不断的调查、访谈、总结,及时了解员工对目前单个工作环节任务的完工效率和压力感,从项目按时完工的角度,综合考虑总的任务量,合理进行单个工作环节任务安排。同时需要建立一套弹性的激励约束机制,无论是一线的作业层人员还是中高层管理人员,合理的激励机制有助于项目绩效的顺利实现。对于作业层人员,可以适当提升奖励薪酬、激励制度；对于中高层管理人员,可以充分予以工作权限,实现其个人价值。

图2　国际工程项目文化融合过程分析

从多工作环节搭接的角度来看,不同文化背景的员工有其独特的宗教、风俗习惯,以巴基斯坦高摩赞工程项目为例,当地雇佣员工每日有5次祈祷时间,穆斯林斋月和穆斯林节日期间,当地雇员出勤率和效率均下降,对施工进度产生了影响。国际工程项目承包商在进行员工班组工作搭接安排过程中,需要将这些因素考虑在内,合理进行排班和人员调动。同时,不同工作之间的搭接涉及员工之间的对接,员工需要对自身工作做好总结并对今后的工作做好交流和沟通,中外双方成员形成良好的工作习惯,促进文化融合工作的开展。

工作环节维度的文化融合过程见图2(b)。

3.3　实施阶段维度

国际工程项目实施阶段维度的对象是项目组,在该维度中,文化融合需要考虑几方面的因素:项目文化的养成、工作氛围的营造、制度文化的落实以及文化融合的动态检验。

项目文化的养成涉及组织管理的有效性。从项目层面进行文化融合,需要综合不同文化背景成员的文化特性,取长补短,形成一套该项目特有的文化模式,而该文化模式一定是积极的、于项目绩效实现有利的,其养成需要通过培训、宣传等手段为众成员熟知并以此为自身的文化特性。

工作氛围的营造需要项目各成员的积极参与,同时也需要企业给项目成员学习和培训的机会,使员工在该项目工作中充满成就感。同时应宣传中方家的文化思想,以茶话会、联谊会等形式增强项目成员的归属感。另外从员工的角度来看,员工间相互鼓励、互相扶持的特质也能增强来自不同文化背景项目成员的归属感。

制度文化的落实需要承包商完善国际工程项目管理体系,落实具体责任到个人,实行奖罚分明的激励制度,对工作安排、人事调动实行标准化管理,形成制度性文件。制度是标准化管理的载体,同样,制度文化是项目跨文化管理的重要载体,制度化有助于提升管理的有效性。

对国际工程项目而言,动态检验是文化融合工作的核心内容。文化融合的动态性特征意味着在国际工程项目实施阶段的每一个时间点其文化融合状态都不一样,需要及时了解融合的进程以及项目成员的反映,并及时做出反馈,然后进行调整,这样循环往复的过程即为文化融合的动态检验。

项目实施阶段的文化融合过程见图2(c)。

4基于三维文化融合的跨文化风险应对模型建立

从国际工程项目跨文化融合的不同层次出发,将国际工程项目跨文化风险问题的解决路径划分为人员层级维度、工作环节维度以及项目实施阶段维度。通过分析这3个维度跨文化融合的不同路径,可以发现他们之间并不完全独立,三者之间相互关联,基于此,本文建立基于三维文化融合的跨文化风险应对模型,见图3。

图3　基于三维文化融合的跨文化风险应对模型

基于三维文化融合的跨文化风险应对模型的建立有助于多方案选择。从图3可见,人员层级、项目实施阶段以及工作环节3个维度构成一个三维空间,其中A11代表管理层决策方式调整、单工作环节合理安排以及项目文化的形成之间的公共部分。在制定单因素影响下文化融合路径方案时,可以选择好几种方案,通常选择既能满足管理层决策方式调整,也能满足单工作环节合理安排并有助于项目文化形成的方案,从而降低文化融合工作的显性和隐性成本。

5实证分析

5.1　项目跨文化风险识别

巴基斯坦高摩赞水利水电枢纽工程项目背景见文献[13],巴基斯坦的文化环境背景见文献[14]。本研究依托《中水七局国际工程风险识别与应对策略研究》课题,通过调查问卷的形式,将问卷发送给项目驻地的管理人员,以了解项目当地跨文化风险的相关情况。跨文化风险识别维度见文献[15],调查问卷见表1。

从表1可以看到,巴基斯坦高摩赞项目在实施过程中面临着本族文化主义风险、沟通风险、价值观念差异风险以及宗教与风俗习惯风险。

5.2　项目跨文化风险应对策略

5.2.1人员层级维度

针对管理层,主要从决策方式的调整、管理理念的提升以及管理方式的变通角度开展,主要应对措施包括管理人员的选拔聘任以及培训。选拔聘任是指在项目进驻目标国之初对管理人员的选拔需要制定一定的标准,综合考虑管理人员对巴基斯坦宗教、风俗习惯的排斥性,对乌尔都语以及英语的掌握程度,类似国际工程的管理经验以及人脉关系等指标。培训主要是对巴基斯坦的穆斯林文化,包括宗教、语言、风俗习惯以及相关的沟通方式等进行培训,使管理人员在项目管理过程中做到心中有数,在尊重对方文化的基础上进行决策并采取合适的管理方式。

针对普通员工,主要从人员思想观念融合、行为方式融合以及语言沟通融合等方面展开,具体措施包括人才本土化、国内员工的选拔以及开展相关培训。人才本土化是指对于律师、会计、翻译以及部分劳工可以聘请高摩赞当地的,通过当地人熟悉当地业务的特性提升项目的绩效。国内员工的选拔培训主要是指对普通员工采用类似管理人员选拔的标准,对员工进行巴基斯坦穆斯林文化的相关培训,使其在思想层面上对双方文化差异引起足够重视,培训模式分为集体培训及实践培训。其中实践培训也称为新人帮扶,实行导师制度,同时,需要对高摩赞当地的雇员强化制度约束,争取管理主动权。

5.2.2工作环节维度

工作环节维度的应对措施主要包括工作进度、工作搭接的合理安排、工作环节冲突承诺书签订以及工作环节的激励机制设计。

工作进度、工作搭接的合理安排是指在了解巴基斯坦穆斯林宗教文化的基础上合理安排员工的作息和休假。从调查问卷反馈的信息来看,穆斯林每日5次的祷告时间严重影响项目进度,故此在员工排班的时候应考虑在内。工作环节冲突承诺书签订是指在员工进驻项目之前,对员工即将参与的工作环节职责、隶属关系以及惩罚条款进行交底,以保证工程项目的顺利进行。工作环节激励机制的设计是针对工作环节绩效进行固定周期的考评,其中工作环节绩效突出的员工,无论是管理层还是普通员工都给予适当的激励,形式主要包括补贴、奖金、改善工作条件以及给予长期合作承诺等。

5.2.3项目实施阶段维度

项目实施阶段维度的应对措施主要是指项目组层面相关跨文化风险应对措施的制定,包括组织内部建立有效交流的沟通网络、工作氛围的养成、制度文化的落实以及文化融合的动态检验。

从项目组的角度着手,建立多形式的交流网络,包括正式会议、非正式的聚会、联谊活动等,向巴基斯坦高摩赞当地人民宣传我国项目参与者的友好意愿,加快当地员工与国内员工之间的积极融合,消除彼此隔阂。工作氛围的养成主要是指在员工中形成一种积极的工作态度,可以采用标杆式管理和差异化匹配的方式进行。标杆式管理是在高摩赞项目中将当地员工中表现优秀者立为标杆进行奖励,并让其负责带动其他态度消极的员工；差异化匹配是指项目组成员按照巴基斯坦的穆斯林文化行事,增强高摩赞当地雇员的归属感。制度文化的落实是指完善项目组人员的管理机制以及奖惩机制,将项目管理提升到制度管理层面,使得项目组成员的工作更加规范,职责划分更加明确,从而对项目绩效的达成起到积极的作用。文化融合的动态检验就是对巴基斯坦高摩赞工程项目组的文化融合进行周期性成果反馈,并针对性地进行下一步融合工作的开展。

6结语

在分析项目与企业文化融合区别的基础上,就国际工程项目文化融合的特点构建了国际工程项目跨文化风险的三维应对模型,从人员层级、工作环节以及项目实施阶段3个维度出发,总结了国际工程项目跨文化融合的可能路径。(

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Water resource carrying capacity in coastal areas of Jiangsu Province：Example of Yancheng City/REN Li, et al (State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Abstract:The regional water resource carrying capacity is of great importance to the eco-environmental construction and socio-economic development. In the light of the principles for establishment of evaluation system of water resource carrying capacity, 3 sub-systems of water resources, socio-economy and eco-environment are listed for the development of Yancheng City. A fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model for water resource carrying capacity is established, and it is applied in Yancheng City. The results indicate that the development and utilization of water resources in Yancheng City has reached a considerable scale under the existing economic and technological conditions. The potential of water resources is relatively small, and the contradiction between water supply and demand is obvious. Some measures are proposed to improve the water resource carrying capacity. The correlation analysis and grey system theory are employed to systematically study the quantitative relationship between industrial structure and water consumption. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) Under the constraint of water resources, the development of the secondary industry should be actively and steadily promoted, and the heavy industry structure with high water consumption based on energy industries should be eliminated and optimized. (2) The tertiary industry should be vigorously developed. (3) The adjustment of agricultural structure and the restriction or suitable reduction of the development scale of the primary industry are the direction of the coordinated development of industrial structure and water resources in Shanxi Province. The index system for security standard evaluation of water sources and the grading standards are established by selecting 9 indexes from 3 aspects of water security, water quality security and management security. Due to the shortage of the best projection direction PP model in practical application, a new bionic swarm intelligence algorithm, social spiders optimization (SSO) algorithm, is used to search the optimal projection direction PP model, and an evaluation model of SSO-PP is proposed. The SSO algorithm is verified by using 5 high-dimension complex functions and is compared with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The SSO-PP model is applied in the evaluation standards of an example. The results show that the SSO algorithm has better convergence precision and global optimization ability. The accuracy of PP evaluation model can be effectively improved by using the SSO algorithm to select the best projection direction of the PP model. The evaluation of Mudi River water source is “basically standard” and “standard” in 2010 and 2015 and “ideal” in 2020 and 2030. Taking the water ecosystem in Jiangsu Province for an example, the accounting method for the gross ecological product (GEP) is investigated. It is found that the GEP of water ecosystem in Jiangsu Province is 568.888 billion RMB Yuan in 2013, with 170.499 billion RMB Yuan more than that accounted by the GDP. It is concluded that the accounting system of GEP can evaluate the function and contribution of ecosystem and it can be regarded as an important index for the construction of ecological civilization. There is still no standard GEP accounting system in China, and the data missing and imperfection of pricing method lead to inaccuracies and lack of persuasion. The supervision and research of ecological products and service should be strengthened, and the pricing method for function of each index should be improved so as to establish an integrated GEP accounting system. Based on the relevant economic data from 1981 to 2013, the dynamic relationship between the total power of agricultural machinery and exports of agricultural products in China is studied from the perspective of empirical analysis by using the method of vector autoregression model (VAR model). The results show that there exists mutual causality between the level of agricultural technology and exports of agricultural products in China, and it is suitable to establish VAR model. The analysis of impulse response and the analysis of variance show that the level of agricultural technology has a positive long-term effect on exports of agricultural products in China. Finally, some suggestions are put forward. By establishing ten risk evaluation indices for an international BOT hydropower project, the weight of each index is quantitatively determined by using the entropy method. Based on the TOPSIS method, the positive and negative degrees of association from each project to the ideal solution are investigated and integrated. Thus a decision model of grey correlation method based on the entropy and TOPSIS is established to evaluate the investment risk of the international BOT hydropower project. Five typical international BOT projects are selected to make empirical analysis. The results show that the risks of international BOT hydropower projects can be analyzed by the proposed method effectively and objectively. The geological disaster risk, land acquisition risk, construction risk and economy and contract risk of international BOT hydropower projects have larger weights, while the government credit risk and infrastructure project risk have less effect owing to the relatively backward areas. Finally, the investment risks of five projects are analyzed and sorted by using the grey correlation decision model. According to the development status and problems in marine economy around the world, it is put forward that the policies and laws for supporting the development of marine economy in China are scarce, and there exist irrational structure of financial market and severe imbalance of financing structure. A regression analysis is performed by choosing the data from 11 provinces in China in 13 years in order to validate the positive effect of finance on marine economy and effect differences of various financial patterns. The results show that the finance and marine economy are correlated, but the effect is feeble on the whole, mainly relying on the bank deposit. Some measures are proposed for developing the marine finance: (1) establishment of multiple-financial institution system, improvement of policies and financing channels; (2) coordination of the regional development of marine finance; (3) increase of insurance industry in financial support for marine economy. On the basis of VFM theoretical analysis, the VFM evaluation systems in different countries are compared through correlation researches. According to the characteristics of the water projects, the VFM evaluation process of public-private partnership (PPP) projects in China is analyzed. From the perspective of both qualitative and quantitative analysis, the VFM evaluation methods for water projects under PPP model are studied, and it may provide basis for the establishment and improvement of the VFM decision-making evaluation system of water projects under PPP model. Based on information asymmetry and multiple identities of government in PPP public service projects, the possible collusion between government regulators and the project company is discussed considering different stages of the project implementation process. Under the premise of making reasonable assumptions on the behavior between government department and private capital in a water supply project, a game model among government department in charge, regulatory body and the project company is established. The main factors for the collusion are analyzed. Some precautions are proposed, including establishment of multi-stakeholder regulatory bodies and creation of competitive mechanism in procurement phase of social capital. Based on the investment into Xiluodu Hydropower Plant and the data of economy development in Yongshan County of Yunnan Province, the effects of hydropower construction on regional GDP, social consumption and residential income are investigated by using the Granger causal relation test. The results show that the construction and investment of Xiluodu Hydropower Plant have significant promotion on the increase of GDP, retail sales of social consumption products and disposable income of urban residents in Yongshan County but insignificant function on the increase of income per capita of rural residents. The local government should strengthen transfer payment intensity and promote the construction of infrastructural facility in rural areas and the urbanization process taking advantage of hydropower development so as to benefit more people. On the basis of analyzing the differences between project integration and enterprise integration, a framework model to deal with the cross-cultural risk of international projects is proposed. From three dimensions of staff level, work area and project team, the possible cross-cultural integration paths of international engineering projects are analyzed, and a three-dimensional cross-cultural risk response model is established. Finally, based on the Comal Zam project in Pakistan, the preceding cross-cultural risk is studied, and some specific response measures are put forward. Based on Nam Lik 1-2 Hydropower Station in Laos, the political, economic, policy and institutional characteristics of overseas projects at various stages of project initiation, reliability analysis, negotiation, approval, financing construction and operation are analyzed. Some measures are put forward as follows: risk prediction and mitigation should be highlighted in overseas investment projects, favorable policies should be fully used, satisfactory relationship with government and cooperative partners should be established and good brand should be constructed. Accordingly, it may provide useful reference for planning, financing, construction and operation of overseas investment projects. According to its actual situations, the raw water cost of Dazhangxi River Water Diversion Project in Fujian Province is calculated from three aspects of water resource cost, environmental engineering cost and opportunity cost. On the one hand, it can reflect the real raw water cost, on the other hand, the ecological compensation of the water source area is considered. It is conducive to the construction of ecological protection of water resource environment so as to fully mobilize the people in the water source areas to participate in the environmental protection. The benign operation of Dazhangxi River Water Diversion Project is ensured. It may provide a reference for calculation of raw water cost of other water diversion projects. In view of the higher water price of seawater desalination entering into urban water supply, the internal and external factors affecting the water-pricing of seawater desalination are studied. The water cost, reasonable profit and social acceptance are comprehensively analyzed. The pricing schemes for seawater desalination are investigated considering two dimensions of reasonable income of seawater desalination plants and acceptance level of users. Some price strategies and suggestions are put forward, including scientific use of cost control measures, further reduction of seawater desalination cost, establishment of smooth sales channel of seawater desalination products, improvement of water resource price formation mechanism and formulation of subsidy policies of seawater desalination. Based on the investigation of water utilization of public service in Beijing, the composition and water utilization structure of public service are analyzed to determine important part of water utilization. Some water-saving measures are proposed to improve public water use efficiency. The expectant achievement of the measures is measured. The main objective is contributing to further development in reducing public water use. The budget of basic construction projects of water conservancy is an important part of the department budget and the annual expenditure plan prepared for the completion of the basic construction projects of water conservancy. Under the background of new “Budget law of the People's Republic of China” and three-year medium-term fiscal planning management issued by China’s Ministry of Finance, the important role and characteristics of budget preparation of water conservancy construction projects in the new period are analyzed combined with the characteristics of water conservancy construction projects, that is, long period, various procedures and difficult technology, and the existing problems and countermeasures are put forward in order to provide some reference for the practices of budget preparation of basic construction projects of water conservancy. Under the support of later supporting policy of reservoir resettlement, the training programs of large and medium-sized reservoir resettlement have achieved a lot of results after several years of development. However, there exist many problems, such as enforcement of organization, active participation of resettlement and effectiveness of training. The role perspective provides a new exploration path to solve the above problems. On the basis of fully respecting the willing of the reservoir resettlement, the following measures are put forward: determination of role of the county level resettlement organization, change of thought and patterns of resettlement training, introduction of market competition mechanism, combination of product development projects of later supporting and promotion of resettlement village party branches and village committees.

Key words:water resource carrying capacity; fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method; index system; Yancheng City water resources; industrial structure; correlation analysis; Shanxi Province water source standard evaluation; index system; grading standard; SSO algorithm; projection pursuit; parameter optimization GEP; accounting system; water ecosystem; Jiangsu Province total power of agricultural machinery; export of agricultural product; vector autoregression model; impulse response; analysis of variance international BOT project; entropy method; grey correlation decision model; hydropower investment; hydropower project; risk assessment marine economy; marine finance; panel data; regression analysis PPP model; value for money; government procurement; decision evaluation; water project game theory; PPP model; water supply project; collusion; precaution hydropower development; economic development; Xiluodu Hydropower Plant; Yongshan County international engineering project; cross-cultural risk; response model; cultural integration theory overseas market; project investment; Nam Lik 1-2 Hydropower Station diversion project; raw water cost; opportunity cost; ecological compensation seawater desalination; urban water supply; influence factor; water-pricing strategy water for public service; potential of water saving; water utilization structure; Beijing City water conservancy; basic construction; budget preparation role perspective; reservoir resettlement; training

Industrial structure under constraint of water resources in Shanxi Province/YANG Lixia, et al (Shanxi Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Taiyuan 030002, China)

Application of SSO-PP model in security standard evaluation of water sources/CUI Dongwen, et al (Wenshan Water Bureau of Yunnan Province, Wenshan 663000, China)

Practice of gross ecological product (GEP) accounting：Example of water ecosystem in Jiangsu Province/WANG Baoqian, et al (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

Dynamic relationship between total power of agricultural machinery and exports of agricultural products in China ：Analysis based on VAR model/LIU Shuangqin (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

Risk assessment of international BOT hydropower investment based on entropy method and grey correlation analysis/WU Yepeng, et al (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

Effect of finance on marine economy/JING Lu, et al (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of World Water Valley and Water Ecological Civilization, Nanjing 211100, China; Institute of Industrial Economics of Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

VFM decision evaluation of water projects under public-private partnership model/ZHONG Yun, et al (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of World Water Valley and Water ecological civilization, Nanjing 211100, China)

Collusion of PPP public service projects based on game theory：Example of water supply projects/LEI Zhen, et al (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

Empirical study on effect of hydropower construction on development of regional economy：Example of Xiluodu Hydropower Plant in Yongshan County of Yunnan Province/ZHOU Ruimeng, et al (School of Humanities and Social Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China)

Three-dimensional response model for cross-cultural risk of international engineering projects based on cultural integration theory/HU Yijun, et al (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

Analysis of overseas investment projects based on Nam Lik 1-2 Hydropower Station in Laos/ZHANG Kun, et al (China Three Gorges Corporation, Beijing 100038, China)

Calculation of raw water cost of Dazhangxi River Water Diversion Project in Fujian Province/MA Jun, et al (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Post Doctoral Laboratory of Theoretical Economics,Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093；Synchronous Innovation Center of Jiangsu Coastal Development and Protection, Nanjing 210098)

Pricing strategy of seawater desalination entering into urban water supply/XING Shuying, et al (Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, SOA, Tianjin 300192, China)

Water utilization structure and potential of water saving of Beijing’s public service/CHE Jianming, et al (Beijing Water-saving Management Center, Beijing 100142, China)

Thinking of strengthening budget preparation of basic construction projects of water conservancy in the new period/LIU Jianshu, et al (Bureau of Huaihe Project Construction & Management, Huaihe River Water Resources Commission, Bengbu 233001, China)

Training of large and medium-sized reservoir resettlement under role perspective/DU Xiuli, et al (Liangji Canal Management Office of Jining City, Jining 272000, China)

(收稿日期：2015-04-18编辑：胡新宇)

中图分类号：F407.9

文献标识码：A

文章编号：1003-9511(2015)05-0048-05

DOI：10.3880/j.issn.1003-9511.2015.05.011

作者简介：胡一君(1991—),女,江苏无锡人,硕士研究生,主要从事企业管理、项目管理研究。E-mail:silence_chou@hotmail.com

基金项目：国家自然科学基金重点项目(70831002);江苏省自然科学基金(BK20130847)