论提升高中学生的英语语言逻辑能力
——以2014年浙江省高考英语试题为例

2015-02-14 19:17朱熙渊
英语教师 2015年6期
关键词:纽带显性语篇

朱熙渊

考试与评价

论提升高中学生的英语语言逻辑能力
——以2014年浙江省高考英语试题为例

朱熙渊

语言逻辑关系在语言测试中发挥着重要作用。本文从语法逻辑、语境逻辑和语篇逻辑三个方面对2014年浙江省高考英语试题中所体现的语言逻辑关系做出分析,探讨如何在教学实践中重视语法和词汇纽带,注重写作前审题,从而培养学生的语法、语境和语篇逻辑能力。

英语语言;英语高考;逻辑能力

一、 引言

语言的一个重要特征是语言的意义单位根据一定的逻辑关系由小到大进行排列组合,从小的意义单位扩展到大的意义单位(胡壮麟1989)。单位与单位(从属单位与独立单位)之间的连接是以逻辑系统为基础的。语言逻辑关系是语言知识存在和语言知识使用所遵循的序列形式。学生通过语言逻辑关系使其所学语言知识在英语测试中发挥重要作用。分析语言逻辑关系有利于学生的综合语言运用能力的提升。

《普通高中英语课程标准》规定,高中英语课程的总目标是“培养和提高学生的综合语言运用能力(教育部2003)”。与之相适应,高考英语试题的主要目的是测试学生的综合语言运用能力,主要通过听力测试、单项填空、完形填空、阅读理解、英语写作等题型来考查。若忽视试题中语言逻辑关系,往往就会造成对试题内容理解和判断方面的偏差(史清泉2014)。本文以2014年浙江省高考英语试题为例,从语法逻辑、语境逻辑和语篇逻辑三个方面对试题中所体现的语言逻辑关系做出分析,并指出教师在教学过程中应该重视学生语言逻辑能力的培养。

二、 高考英语试题中的语言逻辑关系

在2014年浙江省高考英语试题中,语言逻辑关系在各个题型中都有体现。语法逻辑关系主要体现在单项填空测试题型中,语境逻辑关系主要体现于单项填空、完形填空、阅读理解等测试题型中,而语篇逻辑关系是分析阅读理解、阅读表达的重要方式和方法,也是考生在英语写作中所依赖的信息表达的重要手段。

(一)语法逻辑关系的运用与分析

语法逻辑关系主要指的是语言单位之间的语法限定关系。其主要表现形式是语法规则,即在语言运用过程中总结出来的对句子成分之间关系的限定或法则。语法逻辑关系的确定以语境逻辑关系推导为基础。

2014年浙江省高考英语试题分析:

例1:Sofia looked around at all the faces:she had the impression that she____most of the guests before.

A.has seenB.had seen

C.sawD.would see

语法规则限定了动词的时态范畴。动词在现在完成时、过去完成时、一般过去时、过去将来时中表示不同的时间特性。根据语法规则,过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成的动作。它表示动词发生的时间是“过去的过去”。Sofia looked around at all the faces:she had the impression的时间设定为一般过去时,而see所表示的动作发生在设定的动词过去时态(looked)之前,因此语法规则限定动词see的时态为过去完成时。该小题正确选项为B。

例2:An average of just 18.75 cm of rain fell last year,making____the driest year since California became a state in 1850.

A.each B.it C.this D.one

each是不定代词,侧重表示在两个或两个人或物中的“每个”;this是指示代词,常用以指近处的人或物;one指代前文提及的单数可数名词;而it作为比较特殊的代词,可代物,也可代从句或动词不定式成为形式主语或形式宾语。这些语法规则限定该小题正确选项为B。

例3:They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigations,or they____ to our help.

A.would have comeB.could comeC.have comeD.had come

在表示与过去事实不符的非真实条件句中,从句用过去完成时,在主句中用“would/should/could/might+-ed分词”。该句中的They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigations表明句子的时间背景为过去,由or(否则)推断出“否则他们回来帮助我们”。所以该小题正确选项为A。

(二)语境逻辑关系的运用与分析

语境逻辑关系是指语言的显性内容与语言的隐性内容在上下文或语境条件下的逻辑关系(熊学亮1996)。语境逻辑关系是通过对语言的显性内容进行逻辑推导得出该逻辑关系所指的隐藏意义,因此语境逻辑关系是一种推导关系。

2014年浙江省高考英语试题分析:

例4:Cathy had quit her job when her son was born____she could stay home and raise her family.

A.now thatB.as ifC.only ifD.so that

根据此句的显性的内容,我们可以推导出Cathy辞职是为了在家照顾小孩,因此该小题的正确选项为D。

例5:How could you____such a fantastic job when you have been out of work for months?

A.turn offB.turn inC.turn downD.turn to

根据此句的“How could you...”推导出说话者要表达的是惊讶的语气,turn down这里表示“拒绝”,“失业多月居然拒绝如此好的工作”,因此该小题的正确选项为C。

例6:—I’d like a wake-up call at 7:00 a.m.,please!

—OK,______.

A.help yourself

B.you’ll certainly make it

C.just do what you like

D.I’ll make sure you get one.

根据显性语句的内容I’d like a wake-up call,我们可以推导出该句子是在请求宾馆的叫早服务,所以该小题的正确选项为D。

2014年浙江省高考英语试题完形填空第一、二段分析:

I had worried myself sick over Simon’s mother coming to see me.I was a new_2__1,and I gave an honest account of the students’work.In Simon’s case,the grades were awfully low.He couldn’t read his own handwriting._2__2he was a bright student. He discussed adult subjects with nearly adult comprehension.His work in no way reflected his_2__3.

So when Simon’s mother entered the room,my palms(手掌心)were sweating.I was completely _2__4for her kisses on both my cheeks.“I came to thank you”she said,surprising me beyond speech._____25me,Simon had become a different person.He talked of how he_____26me,he had begun to make friends,and for the first time in his twelve years,he had_____27spent an afternoon at a friend’s house.She wanted to tell me how grateful she was for the_2__8I had nurtured(培养)in her son.She kissed me again and left.

21.A.cleanerB.reporter C.monitorD.teacher

22.A.OrB.And C.ButD.So

23.A.courageB.abilities C.feelingsD.dream

24.A.desperateB.responsible C.unpreparedD.unsuitable

25.A.Because ofB.In spite of C.Apart fromD.As for criticized

27.A.graduallyB.constantly C.recentlyD.obviously

28.A.self-respect B.self-doubt C.self-pityD.self-defense

完形填空中的语篇发展是根据语言的显性信息与隐性信息的相互作用推进的。根据显性信息推导出隐性信息,隐性信息转换成显性信息,由此再推导新的隐性信息。语句I was a new_2__1,and I gave an honest account of the students’work中问题21的答案(D.teacher)是根据该句中的显性信息the students’work推导出来的。问题22的答案(C.but)是根据句子couldn’t read与a bright student相反推导而来。根据the grades were awfully low,he was a bright student等显性信息推导出问题23的隐性信息是B.abilities。

完形填空第二段为故事情节的推进。根据已知信息surprising me beyond speech推导出问题24的隐性信息为C.unprepared.根据显性信息I came to thank you推导出问题25的隐性信息为A.Because of。根据新的显性信息Because of me推导出下面的隐藏信息(问题26)为A.loved。由显性信息for the first time in his twelve years推导出问题27的隐性信息为C.recently。问题28处的隐藏信息是选项A.self-respect,该选项和上段新的显性信息His work in no way reflected his abilities相呼应。

完形填空应立足上下文的分析。通过分析语篇中显性信息的相互作用,即语境逻辑关系,可以提高学生完形填空题的解题能力和解题的准确性。

(三)语篇逻辑关系的运用与分析

语篇逻辑关系是指语篇的命题发展所依据的较大的信息单元之间的相互作用关系。语篇逻辑关系也是一种逻辑推导关系。考生应紧扣语篇命题,通过旧信息到新信息的逻辑推导,理解语篇的意义,从而得出问题的正确答案。

2014年浙江省高考英语试题分析:

阅读理解D

Last summer,two nineteenth-century cottages were rescued from remote farm fields in Montana,to be moved to an Art Deco building in San Francisco. The houses were made of wood.These cottages once housed early settlers as they worked the dry Montana soil;now they hold Twitter engineers.

The cottages could be an example of the industry’s odd love affair with“low technology”,a concept associated with the natural world,and with old-school craftsmanship(手艺)that exists long before the Internet era. Low technology is not virtual(虚拟的)——so,to take advantage of it,Internet companies have had to get creative.The rescued wood cottages,fitted by hand in the late eighteen-hundreds,are an obvious example,but Twitter’s designs lie on the extreme end.Other companies are using a broader interpretation(阐释)of low technology that focuses on nature.

Amazon is building three glass spheres filled trees,so that employees can“work and socialize”in a more natural,park-like setting”.At Google’s office,an entire floor is carpeted in grass.Facebooks second Menlo Park campus will have a rooftop park with a walking trail.

Olle Lundberg,the founder of Lundberg Design,has worked with many tech companies over the years.“We have lost the connection to the maker in our lives,and our tech engineers are the ones who feel most impoverished(贫乏的),because they’re surrounded by the digital world.”he says.“They’re looking for a way to regain their individual identity,and we’ve found that introducing real crafts is one way to do that.”...

50.The writer mentions the two nineteenth-century cottages to show that.

A.Twitter is having a hard time

B.old cottages are in need of protection

C.early settlers once suffered from a dry climate in Montana

D.Internet companies have rediscovered the benefits of low technology

51.Low technology is regarded as something that______.

A.is related to nature

B.is out of date today

C.consume too much energy

D.exists in the virtual world

52.The main idea of Paragraph 5 is that human beings______.

A.have destroyed many pre-industrial arts

B.have a tradition of valuing arts and crafts

C.can become intelligent by learning history

D.can regain their individual identity by using machines.

53.The writer’s attitude to“low technology”can best be described as______.

A.positiveB.defensive

C.cautiousD.doubtful

54.What might be the best title for the passage?

A.Past Glories,Future Dreams

B.The Virtual World,the Real Challenge

C.High-tech Companies,Low-tech Offices

D.The More Craftsmanship,the less Creative

该篇文章以twonineteenth-centurycottageswere moved to hold Twitterengineers开始,使我们情不自禁地想知道其中的原因,进而第二段的Thecottages could be an example of the industry’s odd love affair with“lowtechnology”导出了整篇文章的话题low technology。语篇将围绕这一命题递增新的信息。

考生可以将段落作为围绕命题递增的信息单位。每个段落递增不同的信息单位。第一段用Twitter的事例导入low technology;第二段递增的新信息说明low technology是有关自然的世界(natural world),而且被现代公司所钟爱;第三段举了三个现代公司营造“自然环境”的例子;第四段引用Olle Lundberg的话,阐述手工艺品对工程师灵感启发的重要性;第五段是对第四段的补充(This craft-based theory is rooted in history),说明人类历来注重arts and crafts;第六、七段说明回归自然的办公环境有利于压力的减轻(less stressful)和脑力的恢复(restore our mental capacities)。

考生如果根据命题与信息递增的逻辑关系来阅读此文章,就能精确地理解文章所表达的逻辑意义,也就很容易找到以上五个问题的正确选项——50.D,51.A,52.B,53.A,54.C。

三、 在教学实践中培养语言逻辑能力

(一)重视语法和词汇纽带,培养语法和语境逻辑能力

连贯的语篇总会在形式上有一定体现,但形式的体现方式不同(胡壮麟1994;张德禄2004)。有些语篇的连贯性靠情景语境和文化语境来实现(胡壮麟1994;程晓堂、王琦2003);有些则单靠衔接手段来实现。对于前者,由于能力要求较高,远远超出了基础教育阶段的八级知识范围(教育部2003),故不在高中英语教学和评价考虑之列。对于后者,通过文本分析可以发现,语篇中如果有逻辑纽带来衔接上下文,理解起来就比较容易;而如果没有明显的逻辑纽带或词汇纽带连接,语篇的解码过程难度则相对较大。

这就要求教师在平时的教学过程中不仅要关注外在的逻辑纽带,更要重视“看不见”的语法纽带和词汇纽带,尤其是词汇纽带。教师可通过下列的连接词进行专项练习,提高学生的逻辑能力。

1.Xiao Ming was walking in the street______he heard someone cry for help.

2.He advised that I hire a car______________I could travel around in the west.

3.It was not long___________the police came.

4.__________he heard the cry for help,he jumped into the water to save the girl.

5.We can go downtown and do some shopping. ____________,we can pay a visit to some places of interest.

6.I shared the cost of the gas with my friends. _____________,I saved$80.

7.Eatingsugarisbadforourteeth. ________________,it may make us fat.

(二)注重写作前审题,培养语篇逻辑能力

写作前的语篇逻辑审题主要围绕主题进行,从而决定选用何种素材和论据。以下面的作文为例:

题目:特奥会将在上海举办,要招募志愿者。请给组委会写封信,表达自己有能力当志愿者。

1.错误的审题

部分学生过分强调做志愿者将给自己带来的好处,逻辑上与主题要求不一致。如下面的陈述均不太切题:I will learn a lot from the activity.It will improve my ability.I will benefit a lot from being a volunteer.I will make a lot of friends from the activity. It will give me a good opportunity to practice my English.

2.合乎逻辑的审题

这是一封信,你要向组委会表示自己意愿而且有能力当志愿者,所表达内容要让人信服,如:advantages over others in languages(English,French;and body language,etc.;be too willing to help others;through the volunteer work,you have done some social work in community and gain some experience already;be patient;etc)

四、 结束语

综上所述,分析语言逻辑有利于学生综合能力的提升,教师在教学过程中应注意培养学生的语言逻辑意识,在词汇、语法和语篇教学中运用探究性教学方法培养学生的语言逻辑能力。

引用文献

程晓堂,王琦.2003.语篇的语域连贯和语类连贯[J].山东外语教学,(5),20-24.

胡壮麟.1989.系统功能语法概论[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社.

胡壮麟.1994.语篇的衔接与连贯[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.

教育部.2003.普通高中英语课程标准(实验)[M].北京:人民教育出版社.

史清泉.2014.英语测试试题中的语言逻辑关系——以山东省2014年英语高考试题为例[J].中小学英语教学与研究,(9):59-64.

熊学亮.1996.语用学与认知环境[J].外语学刊(3):31-35.

徐加永.2015.高考英语还原句子型阅读理解试题分析[J].中小学外语教学(中学篇),(1):53-58.

张德禄.2004.从衔接到连贯——语篇连贯的解码过程探索[J].外国语言文学研究,(4):9-15.

作者信息:330700,浙江金华,浙江省义乌市第四中学

wxy6698@126.com

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