孟相秋,袁超文,刘文鑫,关玮琨,杜元策,李丹丹,赵姝静,唐 杰,师东方
大肠杆菌肠毒素基因多重PCR检测方法的建立
孟相秋,袁超文,刘文鑫,关玮琨,杜元策,李丹丹,赵姝静,唐 杰,师东方
目的 建立一种快速检测大肠杆菌耐热肠毒素(heat-stable enterotoxin, STa, STb)和不耐热肠毒素(heat-labile enterotoxin, LT-Ⅰ, LT-Ⅱ)基因的多重PCR方法。方法 参照文献合成四对可扩增产肠毒素大肠杆菌(EnterotoxigenicEscherichiacoli, ETEC)耐热肠毒素基因(estA、estB)和不耐热肠毒素基因(elt-Ⅰ、elt-Ⅱ)的特异性引物,通过反应条件的优化,敏感性、特异性试验和临床样品检测,建立检测大肠杆菌肠毒素的多重PCR方法。结果 用所建立的多重PCR方法可特异性扩增出estA(229 bp)、estB(480 bp)、elt-Ⅰ(605 bp)和elt-Ⅱ(300 bp)基因片段,最低检出量分别为2.55×101CFU/μL、2×101CFU/μL、2×101CFU/μL和2.47×103CFU/μL。从22株大肠杆菌分离株中检测到estA基因(2/22),elt-Ⅱ基因(3/22),未检测到estB和elt-Ⅰ基因,检测结果与常规PCR检测结果一致。结论 建立了检测大肠杆菌肠毒素基因(estA、estB、elt-Ⅰ和elt-Ⅱ)的多重PCR方法,该方法具有良好的特异性和敏感性,能够满足对细菌培养物的检测要求。
产肠毒素大肠杆菌;耐热肠毒素;不耐热肠毒素;多重PCR
产肠毒素大肠杆菌(EnterotoxigenicEscherichiacoli, ETEC)是引起婴幼儿、旅游者、幼龄动物腹泻的主要病原体之一,可单独或同时产生耐热肠毒素(heat-stable enterotoxin, ST)和不耐热肠毒素(heat-labile enterotoxin, LT)[1-3]。ST为18或19个氨基酸的小肽,有很强的毒素活性,其编码基因位于质粒上[4-6]。根据其生物学特性和致病性的不同,ST分为STa和STb[7],STa溶于甲醇,可引起乳鼠肠液大量分泌,STb不溶于甲醇,在乳鼠肠内无活性,可引起新生仔猪和断奶仔猪肠积水[8]。LT可分为LT-I和LT-II[9],LT- I首先发现于引起猪腹泻的大肠杆菌中,其结构基因位于质粒上[10],能明显导致猪结扎肠段的液体潴留[11],后来也从引起人腹泻的ETEC中分离和鉴定[12-14]。LT-II不能被抗霍乱弧菌毒素抗体(cholera toxin, CT)和抗LT-I的抗体中和[15-16],其结构基因位于染色体上[15]。产LT-II的ETEC已从人、动物和食品中分离鉴定[17-18]。
常规微生物学检测不能区分ETEC和其他大肠杆菌,但PCR技术的广泛应用为ETEC的检测提供了新的方法。文献报道显示,国内外已建立了多个检测estA/estB/elt-Ⅰ、estA/estB/elt-Ⅰ/stx2e、elt-Ⅰ/estA、f4/f5/estA等毒素基因的多重PCR方法[19-24]。随着对LT-Ⅱ研究的深入,其对人及家畜的致病性已明确[25-26],因此,在对ETEC毒素基因检测时,应将elt-Ⅱ也作为检测目标。目前尚未见同时检测estA、estB、elt-Ⅰ和elt-Ⅱ的多重PCR检测方法。本研究旨在建立一种同时检测ETEC产生的这4种肠毒素基因的多重PCR方法,为ETEC分离鉴定、毒素基因检测,病原流行病学调查提供准确、快速的检测手段。
1.1 菌株 大肠杆菌参考菌株C83903(K88+, LT-Ⅰ+, STb+, EAST1+),C83920(K99+, F41+, STa+)购自中国兽医药品监察所;大肠杆菌DN1502(LT-Ⅱ+, F17+)、DN0402、DN0501、DN0602、DN1202、DN1802、DN1803、DN48A、DN50B、DN54A、DN65B、DN67A、DN69A、DN71A、DN72C、DN74B、DN79B、DN83B、DN83C、DN89B、DN104A、DN105C、DN1265由东北农业大学动物医学学院传染病学教研室(以下简称本实验室)从犊牛腹泻粪便中分离鉴定并保存;绿脓杆菌30C由本实验室从貂肺脏分离鉴定并保存;猪丹毒杆菌CVCC124、巴氏杆菌CVCC430、猪霍乱沙门氏菌CVCC503由东北农业大学动物医学学院药理与毒理学教研室张秀英教授提供。
1.2 主要试剂 Trans 2k Plus Ⅱ DNA Marker、10×loading buffer、EasyTaq DNA聚合酶、10×EasyTaq buffer(含Mg2+)、dNTPs购自全式金生物技术有限公司。
1.3 引物 参照文献和初步筛选后确定引物序列,并由上海生工生物工程技术服务有限公司合成。引物序列及扩增片段长度见表1。
1.4 DNA模板的制备 各菌株分别接种于麦康凯琼脂平板,37 ℃培养18~24 h,然后挑取单个菌落接种于LB液体培养基中,37 ℃ 200 r/min 振荡培养16~18 h。取1 mL培养物,经10 000×g离心5 min,去上清,加入100 μL灭菌去离子水重悬,100 ℃煮沸10 min后立即置冰浴中冷却5 min,10 000×g离心5 min,取上清于-20 ℃保存备用。
1.5 反应条件的优化 PCR扩增体系25 μL,以C83903、C83920和DN1502 DNA为模板,分别对影响PCR扩增的引物浓度、退火温度以及循环数等因素进行优化。扩增产物用1.5%琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析。
1.6 特异性试验 以优化后的条件分别对大肠杆菌C83903、C83920、DN1502、DN69A和DN67A,猪霍乱沙门氏菌CVCC503、猪丹毒杆菌CVCC124、巴氏杆菌CVCC430、绿脓杆菌30C进行多重PCR扩增,以大肠杆菌JM109为空白对照,检测该方法的特异性。
1.7 敏感性试验 将大肠杆菌C83903、C83920和DN1502接种于LB液体培养基,37 ℃ 200 r/min振荡培养12 h,各取新鲜菌液200 μL用灭菌生理盐水连续10倍系列稀释6个梯度(10-1~10-6),然后分别取各稀释度的菌液200 μL均匀混于LB固体培养基中,37 ℃培养18 h,进行菌落计数。同时对各稀释度的菌液进行多重PCR扩增,检测该方法的敏感性。
1.8 临床样本检测 用建立的多重PCR方法对本实验室分离到的22株大肠杆菌进行检测,并与常规PCR[28-29]检测结果进行比较分析,扩增的阳性产物送上海生工生物工程技术服务有限公司进行序列测定。
2.1 多重PCR反应条件 通过对影响PCR反应的引物浓度、退火温度和循环次数等因素的优化,最终确定该多重PCR体系为25 μL,其中10×EasyTaq Buffer (Mg2+plus) 2.5 μL,2.5 mmol/L dNTPs 2 μL,5 U/μL EasyTaq DNA 聚合酶0.5 μL,10 μmol/Lelt-Ⅱ上下游引物各1.5 μL,10 μmol/LestA、estB、elt-Ⅰ上下游引物各0.2 μL,模板2 μL,用灭菌去离子水补足至 25 μL。优化后的反应条件为95 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性30 s,48 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸45 s,共30个循环;最后72 ℃延伸10 min。
2.2 特异性试验 用优化后的多重PCR方法对大肠杆菌C83903、C83920、DN1502进行检测,均扩增到与预期大小一致的条带;阴性对照菌株未扩增到任何条带(见图1)。
2.3 敏感性试验 大肠杆菌C83920、C83903和DN1502在稀释度为10-6时每200 μL菌液菌落计数结果分别为510 CFU、400 CFU、494 CFU;多重PCR针对estA、estB/elt-Ⅰ和elt-Ⅱ可检测到的菌液最高稀释倍数分别为10﹣5、10﹣5、10﹣3,最低检出量分别为2.55×101CFU、2×101CFU和2.47×103CFU(见图 2)。
M: Trans 2k Plus Ⅱ DNA marker; N: JM109; P: ETEC C83920 (K99+, F41+, STa+), ETEC C83903 (K88+, LT-Ⅰ+, STb+, EAST1+) and DN1502 (F17+, LT-Ⅱ+) multiplex PCR.
1: ETEC C83903 (K88+, LT-Ⅰ+, STb+, EAST1+); 2: ETEC C83920 (K99+, F41+, STa+); 3: DN1502 (F17+, LT-Ⅱ+);4:P.aeruginosa30C; 5:PasteurellaCVCC430; 6: SwineerysipelasCVCC124; 7:S.choleraesuisCVCC503; 8: DN69A;9: DN67A.
图1 多重PCR特异性试验
Fig.1 Specificity test for the multiplex PCR
M: Trans 2k Plus Ⅱ DNA marker; N: JM109; A. 1-7: C83903 (LT-Ⅰ+, STb+) strain 100-106; B. 1-7: C83920 (STa+) strain 100-106;C. 1-5: DN1502 (LT-Ⅱ+) strain 100-104.
图2 敏感性试验结果
Fig.2 Results of sensitivity test for multiplex PCR
2.4 大肠杆菌分离株的多重PCR检测 采用所建立的多重PCR方法对实验室分离保存的22株大肠杆菌进行检测,结果显示,2株为estA阳性,3株为elt-Ⅱ阳性,未检测到estB和elt-Ⅰ阳性菌株(见图3),检测结果与常规PCR检测结果一致。阳性PCR产物测序结果证明,5株阳性菌株的PCR产物序列分别与GenBank所收录的V00612.1(estA)、JQ031709.1(elt-Ⅱ)序列一致。
国内外研究者针对ETEC菌毛(F4、F5、F6、F18、F41)和毒素(STa、STb、LT-I、Stx2e、EAST1)基因建立了多个多重PCR检测方法[19-24,27],这些方法在ETEC毒力因子的检测方面发挥了重要作用。1983年Lee等首次从大肠杆菌SA53株中发现新型LT(后被命名为LT-II), Seriwatana 等从236株分离自牛、肉类食品和人腹泻粪便样品中的大肠杆菌中检测出41株(17%)LT-II阳性菌株[17],袁超文等从犊牛腹泻粪便中也分离到了产LT-II的ETEC[18],可见携带LT-II基因的ETEC较为普遍。目前已检测出3种LT-II变异体(LT-IIa、LT-IIb和LT-IIc)[30]。随着对产LT-II ETEC的深入研究,可能会发现该肠毒素与STa、STb、LT-I一样,在人、畜腹泻的致病过程中起着重要的作用。因此,对ETEC毒力基因的检测应包括LT-II。LT-IIa、LT-IIb和LT-IIc A亚单位编码基因的同源性高达70%以上,B亚单位的编码基因同源性较低,仅为50%左右[31],本研究使用的引物位于LT-II A亚单位基因序列的高度保守区,可扩增LT-IIa、LT-IIb和LT-IIc 3个亚型A亚单位基因中的目的片段。研究结果证明,用所建立的多重PCR方法可同时对STa、STb、LT-I和LT-II基因进行检测,除阳性参考菌株外,其他菌株均无阳性扩增产物,特异性良好。该方法主要用于ETEC的肠毒素基因检测与鉴定,可显著提高样品的检测效率。LT-II基因的最低检出量为2.47×103CFU,而经37 ℃ 200 r/min振荡培养12 h的ETEC可达2.47×109CFU/mL,完全可以满足检测要求。用该方法对22份犊牛腹泻粪便样本的检测结果与常规PCR检测结果完全一致,也进一步证明了该方法的准确性。该方法为快速检测ETEC肠毒素基因提供了有效技术手段。
M: Trans 2k Plus Ⅱ DNA marker; N: JM109; P: C83920 (K99+, F41+, STa+), C83903 (K88+, LT-Ⅰ+, STb+, EAST1+) and DN1502 (F17+, LT-Ⅱ+) multiplex PCR.
1: DN0402; 2: DN0501; 3: DN1202; 4: DN72C; 5: DN1803; 6: DN0602; 7: DN48A; 8: DN50B; 9: DN54A; 10: DN74B; 11: DN65B; 12: DN67A; 13: DN69A; 14: DN1265; 15: DN71A; 16: DN79B; 17: DN83B; 18: DN1802; 19: DN83C; 20: DN89B; 21: DN104A;22: DN105C.
图3 大肠杆菌分离株多重PCR检测结果
Fig.3 Assay results ofE.coliisolated strains by multiplex PCR
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Multiplex PCR detection on enterotoxin genes in enterotoxigenicEscherichiacoli
MENG Xiang-qiu,YUAN Chao-wen,LIU Wen-xin,GUAN Wei-kun,DU Yuan-ce,LI Dan-dan,ZHAO Shu-jing,TANG-Jie,SHI Dong-fang
(DepartmentofPreventiveVeterinaryMedicine,CollegeofVeterinaryMedicine,NortheastAgriculturalUniversity,Harbin150030,China)
To develop a rapid and specific multiplex PCR method for detection of enterotoxins genes (estA,estB,elt-Ⅰandelt-Ⅱ) in ETEC, four pairs of primers were synthesized according to the conserved sequences ofestA,estB,elt-Ⅰ andelt-Ⅱ genes. The assay was tested for its optimal reaction conditions, specificity, sensitivity, detection of clinical sample, and then the multiplex PCR method were developed. Results indicated that this method had a high specificity in detecting enterotoxins genes (229 bp/estA, 480 bp/estB, 605 bp/elt-Ⅰ, and 300 bp/elt-Ⅱ), and the detection limit were 2.55×101CFU/μL, 2×101CFU/μL, 2×101CFU/μL, and 2.47×103CFU/μL, respectively. Using this multiplex PCR, we detected 22E.colistrains isolated from fecal swabs of calves with diarrhea, and found 2estAgene positive strains, 3elt-Ⅱgene positive strains, while no isolated strain was detected to carry theestBorelt-Ⅰ genes, and the assay result was in agreement with that of conventional PCR. This multiplex PCR method has high specificity and sensitivity, and it can satisfy the detection of bacterial cultures.
enterotoxigenicE.coli; heat-stable enterotoxin; heat-labile enterotoxin; multiplex PCR
Shi Dong-fang, Email:shidf@neau.edu.cn
国家科技支撑计划项目(2012BAD12B03、2012BAD12B05);黑龙江省科技攻关计划项目(GC12B303)。
师东方,Email: shidf@neau.edu.cn
东北农业大学动物医学学院传染病教研室,哈尔滨 150030
10.3969/cjz.j.issn.1002-2694.2015.01.002
R378.2
A
1002-2694(2015)01-0006-05
2014-06-14;
2014-10-22
Funded by grants from the National Science and Technology Support Project (Nos. 2012BAD12B03 and 2012BAD12B05), and the Science and Technology Planning Project of Heilongjiang Province (No. GC12B303)