范丽勇,杨 洁
·诊治分析·
中青年急性心肌梗死患者临床特征分析
范丽勇,杨 洁
目的 分析中青年急性心肌梗死患者(AMI)临床特征。方法 选取2010—2013年南阳市第二人民医院收治的AMI患者407例,根据年龄分为中青年组91例(<60岁)和老年组316例(≥60岁),比较两组患者一般资料、心电图表现、冠状动脉造影及超声心动图检查结果、心功能Killip分级。结果 两组患者性别比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);老年组患者糖尿病、高血压发生率及有起病诱因者所占比例高于中青年组,首发表现为呼吸系统症状、肩背部疼痛、中枢神经系统症状、胃肠道症状及其他症状者所占比例高于中青年组,首发表现为胸痛、胸闷者所占比例低于中青年组,上消化道出血、休克、心力衰竭及心律失常发生率高于中青年组,急性脑血管意外发生率低于中青年组(P<0.05)。两组患者心房梗死、后壁梗死及前间壁梗死发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);老年组患者高侧壁梗死、下壁梗死及≥2个部位梗死、非ST段抬高发生率高于中青年组,右心室梗死、广泛前壁梗死发生率低于中青年组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者左主干病变发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);老年组患者前降支病变、回旋支病变、右冠状动脉病变及≥2支病变发生率高于中青年组,血管正常率低于中青年组(P<0.05)。两组患者左心房内径、左心室舒张期末径及室间隔厚度比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);老年组患者左心室射血分数、左房室瓣口舒张早期峰值血流速度(E值)低于中青年组,左房室瓣口舒张晚期峰值血流速度(A值)高于中青年组,心功能Killip分级差于中青年组(P<0.05)。结论 中青年AMI患者多存在起病诱因、首发表现较典型、冠状动脉病变严重程度较轻、心功能较好,应积极予以治疗以改善其预后。
心肌梗死;中年人;青年人;老年人;心功能;心室功能
范丽勇,杨洁.中青年急性心肌梗死患者临床特征分析[J].实用心脑肺血管病杂志,2015,23(11):99-102.[www.syxnf.net]
Fan LY,Yang J.Clinical features of middle-aged and young patients with acute myocardial infarction[J].Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease,2015,23(11):99-102.
急性心肌梗死(AMI)是临床常见病和多发病,易导致心力衰竭、心绞痛、心律失常等,严重时可危及患者生命安全。老年人为AMI的高发人群,但近年来中青年AMI发病率呈现明显增高趋势[1]。既往研究报道,不同年龄段AMI患者临床特征存在一定差异[2]。本研究旨在分析中青年AMI患者临床特征,为中青年AMI的防治提供参考,现报道如下。
1.1 研究对象 选取2010—2013年南阳市第二人民医院收治的AMI患者407例,其中男310例,女97例;年龄29~87岁,平均年龄(61.7±10.2)岁。纳入标准:(1)符合“2001年急性心肌梗死诊断和治疗指南”中AMI诊断标准[3],并经冠状动脉造影检查确诊;(2)病历资料完整;(3)初发AMI;(4)年龄>18岁;(5)治疗依从性好。排除标准:(1)合并肝、肾功能不全者;(2)伴有免疫系统疾病或恶性肿瘤者;(3)因多发性大动脉炎、川崎病、冠状动脉畸形等导致的AMI者。
1.2 方法 根据年龄将所有患者分为中青年组91例(<60岁)和老年组316例(≥60岁),比较两组患者一般资料、心电图表现、冠状动脉造影及超声心动图检查结果、心功能Killip分级。一般资料包括性别、糖尿病及高血压发生情况、诱因、首发表现、并发症等。两组患者出院后均进行1~3年的随访,以患者出现心源性死亡作为终点事件。
2.1 一般资料 两组患者性别比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);老年组患者糖尿病、高血压发生率及有起病诱因者所占比例高于中青年组,首发表现为呼吸系统症状、肩背部疼痛、中枢神经系统症状、胃肠道症状及其他症状者所占比例高于中青年组,首发表现为胸痛、胸闷者所占比例低于中青年组,上消化道出血、休克、心力衰竭及心律失常发生率高于中青年组,急性脑血管意外发生率低于中青年组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,见表1)。
2.2 心电图表现 两组患者心房梗死、后壁梗死及前间壁梗死发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);老年组患者高侧壁梗死、下壁梗死及≥2个部位梗死、非ST段抬高发生率高于中青年组,右心室梗死、广泛前壁梗死发生率低于中青年组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,见表2)。
2.3 冠状动脉造影检查结果 两组患者左主干病变发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);老年组患者前降支病变、回旋支病变、右冠状动脉病变及≥2支病变发生率高于中青年组,血管正常率低于中青年组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,见表3)。
2.4 超声心动图检查结果及心功能Killip分级 两组患者左心房内径、左心室舒张期末径及室间隔厚度比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);老年组患者左心室射血分数、左房室瓣口舒张早期峰值血流速度(E值)低于中青年组,左房室瓣口舒张晚期峰值血流速度(A值)高于中青年组,心功能Killip分级差于中青年组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,见表4)。
表3 两组患者冠状动脉造影检查结果比较〔n(%)〕
Table 3 Comparison of coronary angiography results between the two groups
组别例数左主干病变前降支病变回旋支病变右冠状动脉病变≥2支病变血管正常中青年组912(2.2)69(75.8)36(39.6)13(14.3)26(28.6)6(6.6)老年组31615(4.8)271(85.8)213(67.4)157(49.7)246(77.8)2(0.6)χ2值1.1475.07123.06536.39877.39313.026P值0.2840.024<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
随着人们生活方式的改变及生活节奏的加快,中青年AMI发病率呈现逐年增高趋势,AMI发病年龄趋于年轻化。张颖等[4]研究报道,AMI患者最低年龄为23岁,本组AMI患者中年龄最低者为29岁,中青年组患者均有起病诱因,仅43.7%的老年组患者有起病诱因。因此,需重视年龄及相关诱因在AMI发病中的作用。
表1 两组患者一般资料比较
表2 两组患者心电图表现比较〔n(%)〕
表4 两组患者超声心动图检查结果及心功能Killip分级比较
注:E峰=左房室瓣口舒张早期峰值血流速度,A峰=左房室瓣口舒张晚期峰值血流速度;a为Z值
本研究结果显示,老年组患者糖尿病、高血压发生率高于中青年组,首发表现为呼吸系统症状、肩背部疼痛、中枢神经系统症状、胃肠道症状及其他症状者所占比例高于中青年组,而首发表现为胸痛、胸闷者所占比例低于中青年组;老年组患者上消化道出血、休克、心力衰竭及心律失常发生率高于中青年组,急性脑血管意外发生率低于中青年组,提示中青年AMI患者与老年AMI患者的首发表现及合并症情况存在一些差异,而心律失常、休克等并发症的发生会掩盖AMI的临床表现,易导致误诊误治,因此在接诊中青年疑诊AMI患者时一定要完善相关检查、筛选相关危险因素并给予针对性处理,以有效防治中青年AMI[5]。
通过分析心电图表现发现,老年组患者高侧壁梗死、下壁梗死及≥2个部位梗死、非ST段抬高发生率高于中青年组,右心室梗死、广泛前壁梗死发生率低于中青年组,且中青年组患者无一例出现高侧壁梗死及心房梗死,与高敬等[6]研究结果相似。分析中青年AMI患者与老年AMI心电图表现存在差异的主要原因与病程有关,而束支传导阻滞、并发心律失常、存在小病灶、多部位梗死或预激综合征等易掩盖AMI的典型心电图表现,部分患者可出现记录不全面、碎裂QRS波等[7-8]。
通过分析冠状动脉造影检查结果发现,老年组患者前降支病变、回旋支病变、右冠状动脉病变及≥2支病变发生率高于中青年组,血管正常率低于中青年组,与多数临床报道结果一致[9-11]。随着年龄增长及病程延长,AMI患者冠状动脉粥样硬化呈进行性发展,加之多数老年AMI患者常合并高血压、糖尿病等,已加重冠状动脉损伤严重程度,从而导致老年AMI患者双支及多支病变发生率增高。部分AMI患者冠状动脉造影检查结果为正常的原因可能为血栓与冠状动脉痉挛相互作用,导致血栓自行缓解[12-14]。通过分析超声心动图检查结果及心功能Killip分级发现,老年组患者左心室射血分数、E值低于中青年组,A值高于中青年组,心功能Killip分级差于中青年组,提示中青年AMI患者心功能较好,如予以及时治疗可有效改善其预后。
综上所述,中青年AMI患者多存在起病诱因、首发表现较典型、冠状动脉病变严重程度较轻、心功能较好,应积极予以治疗以改善其预后。
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(本文编辑:贾萌萌)
Clinical Features of Middle-aged and Young Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
FANLi-yong,YANGJie.DepartmentofCardiovascularMedicine,theSecondPeople′sHospitalofNanyang,Nanyang473000,China
Objective To analyze the clinical features of middle-aged and young patients with acute myocardial infarction.Methods A total of 407 patients with acute myocardial infarction were selected in the Second People′s Hospital of Nanyang from 2010 to 2013,and they were divided into A group(lower than 60 years old,n=91)and B group(equal or over 60 years old,n=316)according to age.General information,electrocardiographic findings,coronary angiography results,echocardiography results and cardiac Killip grade were compared between the two groups.Results No statistically significant differences of gender was found between the two groups(P>0.05);incidence of diabetes and hypertension,proportion of patients with precipitating factors of B group was statistically significantly higher than that of A group,respectively(P<0.05);proportion of respiratory symptoms,humeral back pain,central nervous system symptoms,gastrointestinal symptoms and other symptoms performed as first manifestation of B group were statistically significantly higher than those of A group,while proportion of chest pain and chest distress performed as first manifestation of B group were statistically significantly lower than those of A group(P<0.05);The incidence of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage,shock,heart failure and arrhythmia of B group were statistically significantly higher than those of A group,while incidence of acute cerebrovascular accident of B group was statistically significantly lower than that of A group(P<0.05).No statistically significant differences of atrial myocardial infarction,posterior myocardial infarction or anteroseptal myocardial infarction was found between the two groups(P>0.05),while incidence of high lateral myocardial infarction,inferior myocardial infarction,equal or over 2 infarcted focus,non-ST-segment elevation of B group were statistically significantly higher than those of A group,while incidence of right ventricular infarction and extensive anterior myocardial infarction of B group were statistically significantly lower than those of A group(P<0.05).No statistically significant differences of incidence of left main coronary artery lesion was found between the two groups(P>0.05);incidence of anterior descending artery lesion,left circumflex artery lesion,right coronary artery lesion and equal or over 2 vessel lesions of B group were statistically significantly higher than those of A group,while proportion of normal vessels of B group was statistically significantly lower than that of A group(P<0.05).No statistically significant differences of left atrial diameter,LVDD or IVST was found between the two groups(P>0.05);LVEF and early diastolic blood flow peak velocity of left atrioventricular orifices of B group were statistically significantly lower than those of A group,while late diastolic blood flow peak velocity of left atrioventricular orifices of B group was statistically significantly higher than that of A group,and the cardiac Killip grade of B group was statistically significantly worse than that of A group(P<0.05).Conclusion Most middle-aged and young patients with acute myocardial infarction exist precipitating factors,have typical first manifestation,and the severity of coronary artery lesions is relatively mild,the cardiac function is relatively good,that should be positively treat to improve the patients′prognosis.
Myocardial infarction;Middle aged;Young adult;Aged;Ventricular function
473000河南省南阳市第二人民医院心血管内科
范丽勇,473000河南省南阳市第二人民医院心血管内科;E-mail:13639678780@139.com
R 542.22
B
10.3969/j.issn.1008-5971.2015.11.029
2015-06-24;
2015-11-12)