王娟茹
摘要:提出了跨国公司回任人员知识转移行为的三个影响因素,即知识转移能力、知识转移动机和知识转移机会,探讨了三因素与知识转移行为的关系,以156位回任人员为调查对象,对收集的数据进行分析。结果表明:回任人员知识转移行为的三个影响因素均对隐性知识转移行为和显性知识转移行为有显著影响,隐性知识转移行为对显性知识转移行为有显著正面影响;知识转移能力对显性知识转移行为的影响大于对隐性知识转移行为的影响;知识转移动机和知识转移机会对隐性知识转移行为的影响大于对显性知识转移行为的影响。
关键词:跨国公司;回任人员;知识转移行为
中图分类号:F272.4文献标识码:A文章编号:1001-8409(2014)10-0074-04
引言
随着经济全球化和管理国际化的深入,对外贸易和大型跨国公司迅速发展,员工外派现象日趋普遍。据调查,全球80%的跨国公司都实行了人员外派,外派已成为打开国际业务市场最有效的方式。外派过程中涉及到人员的回任,即员工由公司总部以外的国家或者地区回到母国与母公司。回任人员因在外派过程中广泛接触国际市场,学习和积累了国际企业的经营理验和知识,这些知识具有很高的隐含性和嵌入性,难以在人员之间进行转移,竞争者不易模仿,是跨国公司十分有价值的知识资源。因此,跨国公司必须重视并有效地管理回任人员在国外获取的知识,以进一步提升本公司的知识转移能力。
在知识转移过程中,回任人员所表现出来的知识转移态度和方式,即为回任人员的知识转移行为。根据知识的类型,本文将知识转移行为分为隐性知识转移行为和显性知识转移行为。关于回任人员知识转移行为的影响因素,学者们从不同视角进行了研究。例如Lazarova等[1]认为,回任人员个人的知识能否成功转移到组织层面依赖于回任人员的转移意愿。Wang等[2]把影响母子公司间知识转移的因素分成了四类:母公司转移知识的能力、母公司转移知识的动机、子公司接受知识的能力、子公司接受知识的动机。此外Strach等[3]在分析跨国公司知识转移时认为,知识转移渠道、知识转移动机和知识转移能力在跨国公司知识转移过程中起决定性作用。徐笑君[4]探讨了海归经理人知识转移意愿对知识转移的影响。刘长义等[5]从知识发送方层面、知识接收方层面、知识情境、知识本体层面实证分析了基于技术员工流动的跨组织知识转移的影响因素。
4研究结论
跨国公司回任人员知识转移行为的影响因素是知识转移发生的前因,本文从人力资源管理视角,探讨回任人员知识转移行为的影响因素以及与隐性知识转移行为和显性知识转移行为的关系。理论上,本文的主要贡献为:①将知识管理理论和人力资源管理理论相结合,基于AOM理论,突破知识转移影响因素的一般化研究,探索跨国公司回任人员知识转移行为的影响因素;②将回任人员的知识转移行为分为隐性知识转移行为和显性知识转移行为,探讨知识转移能力、知识转移动机和知识转移机会与隐性知识转移行为和显性知识转移行为之间的关系,为提高跨国公司的知识创新能力奠定了理论基础。从实践上将为我国跨国公司充分有效地转移回任人员的知识提供科学指导与建议,促进回任人员有效地进行知识转移,提高我国跨国公司的创新能力,增强国际竞争力,实现跨国公司的可持续发展。
本文还存在一定的局限性:第一,样本量及其所涉及行业有限,未来的研究可进一步改进研究方法,扩大样本量以及拓宽行业背景,采用更为全面客观的方法采集数据;第二,本文采用的是横截面数据,无法进行长时间的纵向研究,在未来的研究中有必要利用纵向数据,进一步探索各变量之间的因果关系,从而提出更加科学有效的回任人员知识转移管理策略。
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(责任编辑:王惠萍)
[9]Ye N Q. The Exploration of Individual Accepted Degree to Virtual Community from Perspective of Group Dynamic[D], Taipei: National Taipei University of Technology, 2002.
[10]Cummings S, Teng B S. Transferring R&D Knowledge: The Key Factors Affecting Knowledge Transfer Success[J]. Journal of Engineering Technology Management, 2003, 20(1–2): 39-68.
[11]Gupta A K, Govindarajan V. Knowledge Managements Social Dimension: Lessons from Nucor Steel[J]. Sloan Management Review, 2000, 42(1): 71-80.
[12]Hakanson L, Nobel R. Organization Characteristics and Reverse Technology Transfer[J]. Management International Review, 2001, 41 (4): 392-420.
[13]Najafi-Tavani Z, et al. Mediating Effects in Reverse Knowledge Transfer Processes: The Case of Knowledge-Intensive Services in the U K[J]. Management International Review, 2012, 52:461–488.
[14]Reychav I, Weisberg J. Bridging Intention and Behavior of Knowledge Sharing[J]. Journal of Knowledge Management, 2010, 14(2):285–300.
[15]Hau Y S, et al. The Effects of Individual Motivations and Social Capital on Employees Tacit and Explicit Knowledge Sharing Intentions[J]. International Journal of Information Management, 2013, 33(2): 356– 366.
[16]Martin X, Salomon R. Knowledge Transfer Capacity and Its Implications for the Theory of the Multinational Corporation [J]. Journal of International Business Studies, 2003, 34(4): 356-73.
[17]王三义, 何风林.社会资本的认知维度对知识转移的影响路径研究[J]. 统计与决策, 2007, 3: 122-123.
[18]Wasko M M, et al. Why should I Share? Examining Social Capital and Knowledge Contribution in Electronic Networks of Practice[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2005, 29(1): 35-57.
(责任编辑:王惠萍)
[9]Ye N Q. The Exploration of Individual Accepted Degree to Virtual Community from Perspective of Group Dynamic[D], Taipei: National Taipei University of Technology, 2002.
[10]Cummings S, Teng B S. Transferring R&D Knowledge: The Key Factors Affecting Knowledge Transfer Success[J]. Journal of Engineering Technology Management, 2003, 20(1–2): 39-68.
[11]Gupta A K, Govindarajan V. Knowledge Managements Social Dimension: Lessons from Nucor Steel[J]. Sloan Management Review, 2000, 42(1): 71-80.
[12]Hakanson L, Nobel R. Organization Characteristics and Reverse Technology Transfer[J]. Management International Review, 2001, 41 (4): 392-420.
[13]Najafi-Tavani Z, et al. Mediating Effects in Reverse Knowledge Transfer Processes: The Case of Knowledge-Intensive Services in the U K[J]. Management International Review, 2012, 52:461–488.
[14]Reychav I, Weisberg J. Bridging Intention and Behavior of Knowledge Sharing[J]. Journal of Knowledge Management, 2010, 14(2):285–300.
[15]Hau Y S, et al. The Effects of Individual Motivations and Social Capital on Employees Tacit and Explicit Knowledge Sharing Intentions[J]. International Journal of Information Management, 2013, 33(2): 356– 366.
[16]Martin X, Salomon R. Knowledge Transfer Capacity and Its Implications for the Theory of the Multinational Corporation [J]. Journal of International Business Studies, 2003, 34(4): 356-73.
[17]王三义, 何风林.社会资本的认知维度对知识转移的影响路径研究[J]. 统计与决策, 2007, 3: 122-123.
[18]Wasko M M, et al. Why should I Share? Examining Social Capital and Knowledge Contribution in Electronic Networks of Practice[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2005, 29(1): 35-57.
(责任编辑:王惠萍)