VEGF与卵巢癌的研究进展

2014-09-26 02:53宁尼亚刘松凡
中国当代医药 2014年22期
关键词:血管内皮生长因子卵巢癌

宁尼亚++刘松凡

[摘要] 血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及其受体在卵巢癌高表达,与卵巢癌的发生、发展、转移和预后等密切相关。VEGF受体不仅有酪氨酸激酶活性,而且可刺激血管内皮的分裂、增殖,促进肿瘤血管的生成,提高微血管的通透性,加快肿瘤细胞与血管内营养物质的交换,促进肿瘤的发生、发展。

[关键词] 血管内皮生长因子;血管生成抑制剂;卵巢癌

[中图分类号] R737.31 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2014)08(a)-0186-03

Research progress on VEGF and ovarian cancer

NING Ni-ya LIU Song-fan

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,People′s Hospital of Shaoling District of Luohe City in Henan Province,Luohe 462000,China

[Abstract] Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)is a highly specific mitogen for vascular endothelial cells.It potentiates angiogenesis and promotes the vascular permeability.Strong expression of VEGF and its receptor has been found in various solid tumor types,including ovarian carcinoma.VEGF receptor not only has tyrosine kinase activity,but also can stimulate endothelial division,proliferation,promote angiogenesis,improve microvascular permeability,accelerate the exchange of nutrients tumor cells and blood vessels,promoting the development of tumor.

[Key words] Vascular endothelial growth factor;Angiogenes inhibitor;Ovarian cancer

卵巢癌是女性生殖系统三大恶性肿瘤之一,五年生存率不超过30%。较低的生存率迫切需要卵巢癌新的治疗手段。近年研究证实血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)是肿瘤血管形成的重要细胞因子,对实性肿瘤的生长、侵袭、转移及腹水形成起关键作用。现对VEGF与卵巢恶性肿瘤关系的研究进展作简要综述。

1 VEGF在卵巢癌发生中的作用

由于卵巢的胚胎发育、组织解剖及内分泌功能较复杂,早期症状易被忽视,术前鉴别卵巢肿瘤的组织类型及良恶性相当困难。卵巢恶性肿瘤中以上皮癌最多见,其次是恶性生殖细胞肿瘤。卵巢上皮癌患者手术中发现肿瘤局限于卵巢的仅占30%,大多数已扩散到子宫,双侧附件,大网膜及盆腔各器官,手术难以满意切除病灶。

卵巢癌多发生于围绝经期的妇女,与各种化学、物理、生物等致癌因子及免疫功能、内分泌、遗传、精神因素等有关,此外,饮食营养失调和不良生活习惯等也可导致肿瘤的发生。35岁以上者多发卵巢上皮性癌,青年及幼年女性多为生殖细胞类恶性肿瘤,卵巢癌临床分期、组织分化程度,肿瘤细胞减灭术后残留灶的大小及化疗疗程可能是影响卵巢癌患者预后的主要因素。

肿瘤生长、侵袭及转移是一个复杂的多步骤过程,这个过程由一些生长因子和抑制因子调控,如VEGFs、成纤维细胞生长因子、血管生长素、血小板源生长因子、肿瘤坏死因子A、白细胞介素6和8[1]。人类VEGF家族包括VEGF-A,-B,-C,-D,-E和PLGF。VEGF受体(VEGFR)是一类酪氨酸激酶跨膜蛋白,VEGF与VEGFR结合,可激活下游信号传导通路[2],刺激肿瘤血管内皮细胞的增生,增加肿瘤血管通透性,为肿瘤浸润和转移提供适宜的基础[3-4]。李丽珍等[5]研究发现,恶性卵巢肿瘤患者血清中VEGF的水平明显高于非恶性卵巢肿瘤患者。

Nakanishi等[6]报道,VEGF表达与卵巢恶性肿瘤内的微血管密度呈正相关,VEGF表达者的MVD显著高于不表达者,因此,血管形成是卵巢癌发展、转移的一个基本特征。动物实验结果表明,具有血管生成能力的肿瘤细胞,其结构和功能的异常有利于肿瘤细胞“逃逸”而导致发生转移,更易在转移灶处存活和发展。VEGF通过增加血管通透性为肿瘤细胞腹腔种植提供生长的基质,与卵巢癌广泛的腹腔种植转移有关。

近期研究结果显示,VEGF及其受体在肿瘤生长和转移中的作用,可以通过阻断或干扰VEGF/VEGFR信号传导通路来抑制肿瘤生长[7]。VEGF/VEGFR信号传导通路抑制剂主要包括抗VEGF抗体、抗VEGFR抗体或酪氨酸激酶抑制剂等[7-8]。目前此类药物中已有4种成功上市。

2 血管生成抑制剂在肿瘤治疗中的作用

肿瘤血管生成抑制剂指能破坏或抑制血管生成,有效地阻止肿瘤生长和转移的药物,通过使肿瘤血管正常化,缓解肿瘤组织缺氧状态,增加化疗药物的运输,从而杀死肿瘤细胞,抑制肿瘤生长[9],可分为特异性和非特异性两大类,作用机制:①调控血管形成生长因子;②抑制基底膜降解;③影响信号转导通路;④调控细胞生长周期;⑤调控肿瘤相关基因。

血管抑制素是最有效的内源性血管生成抑制因子之一。血管抑制素kringle 5能抑制bFGF诱导的内皮细胞生长和迁移,Suramin可选择性地结合亲肝素血管生长因子,抑制其与受体结合而抑制VEGF诱导的血管内皮细胞增殖和迁移[10]。Rudge等[11]提出,可以利用VEGF-Trap对VEGF高度亲合力和稳定结合性作为有效的生物标志物来指导抗VEGF类药物的临床用药。绝大部分肿瘤表达多种不同的促血管生长因子,仅抑制其中一个或一部分也许不能有效地抑制肿瘤血管生长[12]。一项动物实验结果显示,抗VEGFR-2抗体治疗能诱导释放FGF-2[13],但贝伐单抗临床使用时其能提高体内PIGF水平[14]。endprint

肿瘤血管生成抑制剂能够抑制肿瘤的生长和转移,甚至使肿瘤消退,此类药物的研究开发可为肿瘤患者提供高效、低毒且抗瘤谱更广的药物。肿瘤血管生成抑制剂治疗的方向是避免对正常血管生成抑制剂产生不利影响[15]。

3 靶向治疗对卵巢癌的作用

目前卡铂联合紫杉醇是卵巢癌的标准化疗方案。贝伐单抗是世界上首个批准上市的VEGF抑制剂,能够通过与VEGF-A的结合,阻断VEGF-A与VEGFR的结合,从而抑制VEGF/VEGFR信号通路[16]。血管上皮生长因子(VECF)及其受体是目前卵巢癌靶向治疗的靶点,多个针对肿瘤血管生成的靶向治疗药物已经进入Ⅲ期临床研究[17]。小分子靶向药物以肿瘤细胞生转导途径的蛋白或基因为靶点,阻断激酶的催化基团、生长因子和信号的转导通路等途径,抑制肿瘤生长[18]。有研究已经证明,贝伐单抗联合其他细胞毒性药物治疗复发卵巢癌的疗效[19-21]。

表1是贝伐单抗在卵巢癌临床Ⅲ期试验中的应用情况[22]。妇科肿瘤组(218例,来自1873例患者,含Ⅳ期卵巢上皮癌、输卵管癌等)是双盲、随机的,临床应用结果显示,卡铂与紫杉醇联合维持剂量的贝伐单抗15 mg/kg与单用一线化疗药物相比,有较长的总生存率。同样,一个1528例新诊断卵巢上皮癌、输卵管癌患者的Ⅱ期临床应用中,卡铂与紫杉醇联合用药6个疗程(每3周1个疗程)、化疗药物加上维持剂量的贝伐单抗7.5 mg/kg,12个疗程,患者总生存率延长,因此,在治疗卵巢癌的靶向药物中,血管生长因子抑制剂贝伐单抗是前景较好的药物,是一个潜在的标准治疗方案,但是需要考虑治疗费用和患者的生活质量。

Oehler等[23]进一步临床观察发现,肿瘤术后血清VEGF含量明显下降。采用多因素分析后认为血清VEGF是一独立的预后指标,与患者OS、DFS密切相关。血清VEGF增高者预后差,提示血VEGF水平不仅可作为卵巢癌有价值的诊断指标,而且可作为有意义的预后指标,用于卵巢癌病情监测和指导治疗。

4 结论

血管生成是实体肿瘤进展的重要因素,直接影响肿瘤的治疗和预后。卵巢癌发病隐匿,确诊时多为晚期,可利用彩色多普勒观察卵巢肿瘤的血流,判断肿瘤良、恶性质[24],预测患者血管生成能力,采取恰当治疗手段提高生存率。

VEGF是卵巢癌中一种重要的血管生成因子,存在于滤泡液和卵巢过度刺激综合征患者的腹水[25]及肿瘤囊内液和腹水中[26]。VEGF、性激素和其他细胞因子、基因共同作用,调控着一系列复杂的病理、生理过程。一方面,肿瘤细胞通过旁分泌作用分泌VEGF,增加邻近宿主血管的通透性;另一方面,VEGF促进新生血管生成,利于腹水生成,因此VEGF及其受体的合成、分泌与卵巢正常生理发育和肿瘤发生、发展有非常密切的关系。随着对VEGF研究的深入,一定会在卵巢癌发病机制的认识、早期诊断及治疗方面有新的突破。

[参考文献]

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[16] Ferrara N,Hillan KJ,Gerber HP,et al.Discovery and development of bevacizumab,an anti-VEGF antibody for treating cancer[J].Nat Rev Drug Discov,2004,3:391-400.

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[18] 纪巍,王丹.上皮性卵巢癌生物治疗研究进展[J].临床军医杂志,2013,41(1):91-94.

[19] Chura JC,Van Iseghem K,Downs LS Jr,et al.Bevacizumab plus cyclopho-sphamide in heavily pretreated patients with recurrent ovarian cancer[J].Gynecol Oncol,2007,107(2):326-330.

[20] Garcia AA,Hirte H,Fleming G,et al.Phase Ⅱ clinical trial of bevacizumab and low-dose metronomic oral cyclophosphamide in recurrent ovarian cancer:a trial of the California,Chicago,and Princess Margaret Hospital phase Ⅱ consortia[J].J Clin Oncol,2008,26(1):76-82.

[21] McGonigle KF,Muntz HG,Vuky J,et al.Combined weekly topote can and biweekly bevacizumab in women with platinum-resistant ovarian,peritoneal,or fallopian tube cancer:results of a phase 2 study[J].Cancer,2011,117(16):3731-3740.

[22] Sato S,Itamochi H.Bevacizumab and ovarian cancer[J].Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol,2012,24(1):8-13.

[23] Oehler MK,Caffier H.Prognostic relevance of serum vascular endothelial growth factor in ovarian cancer[J].Anticancer Res,2000,20(6D):5109-5112.

[24] Salahuddin SZ,Ablashi DV,Markham PD,et al.Isolation of a new virus,HBLV,,in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders[J].Science,1986,234(4776):596-601.

[25] Maiman R,Fruchter R,Serur E,et al.Human immunodeficiency virus infection and cervical neoplasia[J].Gynecol Oncol,1990,38(3):377-382.

[26] Lusso P,Ensoli B,Markham PD,et al.Productive dual infection of human CD4+ T lymphocytes by HIV-1 and HHV-6[J].Nature,1989,337(6205):370-373.

(收稿日期:2014-05-05 本文编辑:李亚聪)endprint

[10] Lohela M,Bry M,Tammela T,et al.VEGFs and receptors involved in angiogenesis versus lymphangiogenesis[J].Curr Opin Cell Biol,2009, 21(2):154-165.

[11] Rudge JS,Holash J,Hylton D,et al.VEGF Trap complex formation measures production rates of VEGF,providing a biomarker for predicting efficacious angiogenic blockade[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci,2007,104(47):18363-18370.

[12] Gasparini G,Longo R,Toi M,et al.Angiogenic inhibitors: a new therapeutic strategy in oncology[J].Nat Clin Pract Oncol,2005,2(11):562-577.

[13] Casanovas O,Hicklin D,Bergers G,et al.Drug resistance by evasion of antiangiogenic targeting of VEGF signaling in late-stage pancreatic islet tumors[J].Cancer Cell,2005,8(4):299-309.

[14] Willett CG,Boucher Y,Duda DG,et al.Surrogate markers for antian giogenic therapy and dose-limiting toxicities for bevacizumab with radiation and chemotherapy: continued experience of a phase Ⅰ trial in rectal cancer patients[J].J Clin Oncol,2005,23(31):8136-8139.

[15] Teoh DG,Secord AA.Antiangiogenic therapies in epithelial ovarian cancer[J].Cancer Control,2011,18(1):31-43.

[16] Ferrara N,Hillan KJ,Gerber HP,et al.Discovery and development of bevacizumab,an anti-VEGF antibody for treating cancer[J].Nat Rev Drug Discov,2004,3:391-400.

[17] 刘澈.卵巢癌治疗的进展[J].现代医药卫生,2010,26(22):3441-3443.

[18] 纪巍,王丹.上皮性卵巢癌生物治疗研究进展[J].临床军医杂志,2013,41(1):91-94.

[19] Chura JC,Van Iseghem K,Downs LS Jr,et al.Bevacizumab plus cyclopho-sphamide in heavily pretreated patients with recurrent ovarian cancer[J].Gynecol Oncol,2007,107(2):326-330.

[20] Garcia AA,Hirte H,Fleming G,et al.Phase Ⅱ clinical trial of bevacizumab and low-dose metronomic oral cyclophosphamide in recurrent ovarian cancer:a trial of the California,Chicago,and Princess Margaret Hospital phase Ⅱ consortia[J].J Clin Oncol,2008,26(1):76-82.

[21] McGonigle KF,Muntz HG,Vuky J,et al.Combined weekly topote can and biweekly bevacizumab in women with platinum-resistant ovarian,peritoneal,or fallopian tube cancer:results of a phase 2 study[J].Cancer,2011,117(16):3731-3740.

[22] Sato S,Itamochi H.Bevacizumab and ovarian cancer[J].Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol,2012,24(1):8-13.

[23] Oehler MK,Caffier H.Prognostic relevance of serum vascular endothelial growth factor in ovarian cancer[J].Anticancer Res,2000,20(6D):5109-5112.

[24] Salahuddin SZ,Ablashi DV,Markham PD,et al.Isolation of a new virus,HBLV,,in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders[J].Science,1986,234(4776):596-601.

[25] Maiman R,Fruchter R,Serur E,et al.Human immunodeficiency virus infection and cervical neoplasia[J].Gynecol Oncol,1990,38(3):377-382.

[26] Lusso P,Ensoli B,Markham PD,et al.Productive dual infection of human CD4+ T lymphocytes by HIV-1 and HHV-6[J].Nature,1989,337(6205):370-373.

(收稿日期:2014-05-05 本文编辑:李亚聪)endprint

[10] Lohela M,Bry M,Tammela T,et al.VEGFs and receptors involved in angiogenesis versus lymphangiogenesis[J].Curr Opin Cell Biol,2009, 21(2):154-165.

[11] Rudge JS,Holash J,Hylton D,et al.VEGF Trap complex formation measures production rates of VEGF,providing a biomarker for predicting efficacious angiogenic blockade[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci,2007,104(47):18363-18370.

[12] Gasparini G,Longo R,Toi M,et al.Angiogenic inhibitors: a new therapeutic strategy in oncology[J].Nat Clin Pract Oncol,2005,2(11):562-577.

[13] Casanovas O,Hicklin D,Bergers G,et al.Drug resistance by evasion of antiangiogenic targeting of VEGF signaling in late-stage pancreatic islet tumors[J].Cancer Cell,2005,8(4):299-309.

[14] Willett CG,Boucher Y,Duda DG,et al.Surrogate markers for antian giogenic therapy and dose-limiting toxicities for bevacizumab with radiation and chemotherapy: continued experience of a phase Ⅰ trial in rectal cancer patients[J].J Clin Oncol,2005,23(31):8136-8139.

[15] Teoh DG,Secord AA.Antiangiogenic therapies in epithelial ovarian cancer[J].Cancer Control,2011,18(1):31-43.

[16] Ferrara N,Hillan KJ,Gerber HP,et al.Discovery and development of bevacizumab,an anti-VEGF antibody for treating cancer[J].Nat Rev Drug Discov,2004,3:391-400.

[17] 刘澈.卵巢癌治疗的进展[J].现代医药卫生,2010,26(22):3441-3443.

[18] 纪巍,王丹.上皮性卵巢癌生物治疗研究进展[J].临床军医杂志,2013,41(1):91-94.

[19] Chura JC,Van Iseghem K,Downs LS Jr,et al.Bevacizumab plus cyclopho-sphamide in heavily pretreated patients with recurrent ovarian cancer[J].Gynecol Oncol,2007,107(2):326-330.

[20] Garcia AA,Hirte H,Fleming G,et al.Phase Ⅱ clinical trial of bevacizumab and low-dose metronomic oral cyclophosphamide in recurrent ovarian cancer:a trial of the California,Chicago,and Princess Margaret Hospital phase Ⅱ consortia[J].J Clin Oncol,2008,26(1):76-82.

[21] McGonigle KF,Muntz HG,Vuky J,et al.Combined weekly topote can and biweekly bevacizumab in women with platinum-resistant ovarian,peritoneal,or fallopian tube cancer:results of a phase 2 study[J].Cancer,2011,117(16):3731-3740.

[22] Sato S,Itamochi H.Bevacizumab and ovarian cancer[J].Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol,2012,24(1):8-13.

[23] Oehler MK,Caffier H.Prognostic relevance of serum vascular endothelial growth factor in ovarian cancer[J].Anticancer Res,2000,20(6D):5109-5112.

[24] Salahuddin SZ,Ablashi DV,Markham PD,et al.Isolation of a new virus,HBLV,,in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders[J].Science,1986,234(4776):596-601.

[25] Maiman R,Fruchter R,Serur E,et al.Human immunodeficiency virus infection and cervical neoplasia[J].Gynecol Oncol,1990,38(3):377-382.

[26] Lusso P,Ensoli B,Markham PD,et al.Productive dual infection of human CD4+ T lymphocytes by HIV-1 and HHV-6[J].Nature,1989,337(6205):370-373.

(收稿日期:2014-05-05 本文编辑:李亚聪)endprint

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