黄 艳
(浙江越秀外国语学院英语学院,浙江 绍兴 312000)
在翻译前,译者首先要和作者交际,理解其深层的文化内涵,对原文进行解码,然后与读者交际,进行编码,在特定的文化语篇实践中选择适当的语类来达到文化交流的目的。在译者编码过程中,训练自己的篇章意识,先以词句为单位分析语篇中的语言特点,判断他们与语类和个人风格的关联度,运用自上而下的处理顺序,保持译文语篇与原文语篇的文体对应。然后根据译文在目标语文化语境中的可接受性或同一语类在译语中表现方式上的特点做适当调整,最终实现语用上的成功。理论要与实践相结合,这不仅仅意味着翻译时要懂理论,还意味着应从理论的高度指导翻译实践,以便译者在翻译时能够具有语类意识,避免盲人摸象的现象。
例1:扬州人熟谙养生之道,什么“皮包水”,什么“水包皮”。
译文一:People living in Yangzhou know how to keep health.They eat Baizi in the morning and soak themselves in the evening.
译 文二 :Yangzhou is well versed in the art of maintaining good health,which could be observed in such sayings as “eating Baozi in the morning”,while “being soaked in the evening”.(周领顺,2012)
例2:慕名来扬州,多半为的是“烟花三月”的扬州、“二分明月”的扬州和大运河畔商贾云集的扬州。
译文一:I came to Yangzhou as a result of admiration to the city,which used to be covered in the two thirds of the moonlight of the world (from a poem of Xuning,a famous poet of Tang Dynasty)and had flowery days(from a poem of Li Bai,a famous poet in Chinese Tang Dynasty)in May and the Great Cannel where merchants used to gather in clouds.(周领顺,2012)
译文二:Attracted by this charming city,my family and I came to Yangzhou.This place has the most beautiful spring and early summer,with the endless flowery scenery among hazy vernal hues;the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal goes through Yangzhou has been prosperous since ancient time,with both sides of bank swarming with merchants.(周领顺,2012)
针对这两个例子译者首先要和作者交流,理解当地的文化习俗,例1中的“皮包水”、“水包皮”,说的是清晨去喝一杯扬州早茶再品尝一下扬州特色点心,下午去扬州的澡堂泡个澡,这就是扬州人最好的享受。例2中的“烟花三月”指三月扬州城处处柳枝轻拂,风光绮丽。“二分明月”出自唐代诗人徐凝的诗《忆扬州》:“天下三分明月夜,二分无赖是扬州。”原诗形容了扬州城繁华昌茂的形象,然后运用自己的语言敏感性,判定是散文语篇。两句的译文一和译文二的翻译各有其特点,从表达效果来看,译文一像是旅游景点的介绍说明而译文二更像是轻松抒情的散文。因散文语篇的特点是具有一定的韵律和节奏,读起来朗朗上口,例1和例2都采用了物作主语,以突出散文的特点。
Bhatia(2008)指出要用批评语类分析视角去分析不同语类的译文,探索专业语类,专业实践和专业文化,并指出专业语类中语类内嵌,语类移植和语类混合的互为话语性现象。译者需从语篇走向语境,从批评语类分析的视角探讨互为话语性语言现象的翻译技巧和方法。例如旅游景点介绍时运用了诗词歌赋借用法,这些诗词歌赋包含了丰富的社会文化信息,它不仅对城市意象的塑造产生重要影响,同时又成为城市意象的一种传媒因素。因此翻译时要体现其诗词的特点。
例3:玉泉观鱼,数百年来吸引着四方游客,并以“玉泉鱼跃”列为西湖十八景之一。宋代有人题有一幅楹联,刻于池畔亭柱上:鱼乐人亦乐;泉清心共清。
译文:Enjoying fish in Jade Spring has attracted countless visitors all over the world,and Jumping Fish at the Jade Spring has been cited as the “18 Scenes of West Lake”.A poem written by a poet in the Song Dynasty is inscribed on the wood pillar of the pavilion near the pool:“Fish is as frolicky as men are happy;the heart is as clean as the spring is clear.”
此诗道出了观鱼者的心情,更提醒人们要建立人与自然的和谐关系,就是保持人与自然之间的平衡与协调。
例4:“千里冰封,万里雪飘”的世界晶莹剔透、银装素裹;“山舞银蛇,原驰蜡像”的大地玉洁冰清,清爽而浪漫。
译文:The ice-locked and snow-whirling world becomes crystal-like and wrapped in silver.The earth is whitened by the jade snow,clear and romantic,with the mountains becoming like silver serpent,while wax-made elephants gallop on the plains.(周领顺,2012)
例4是散文语篇中嵌入了诗词语篇,把毛主席的诗词引入到北国雪景的介绍之中,如果把诗歌原封不动地译出,效果并不理想,因为汉语散文句式松散,句间关系多是隐含的,诗歌翻译出来会影响到交际,读者无法体会到散文雪景之美。因此散文中的诗歌或典故在翻译时应淡化处理,以实现形式和内容之间的和谐关系。
地域文化旅游材料的翻译,首先要考虑到汉语旅游材料讲究四言八句,言辞华美,文采浓郁,大多依靠华丽辞藻的渲染而不是物象的明晰展示。而英文的旅游景点介绍比较客观,侧重于真实、准确的现状描述。下面的例子就可以很好地证明上述特征。汉英旅游文体特征和表达风格上的差异,在翻译的理解与表达过程中,可以适当地增减。这是旅游翻译能否实现其“营销”功能,有效达到交际目的的关键所在。
例5.这里的泉水,水质纯净,甘洌醇厚。
译文:The spring water tastes pure,sweet,and cold.
例6:传说白娘子曾经在这里修炼。
It was said to be the very place where Lady White,the legendary heroine of The Story of the White Snake,cultivated herself according to Buddhist doctrine.
此句属于旅游语篇。这句话如果完全按照原文翻译,可译作:Near the forest there once was a cave which was said to be the very place where Lady White cultivated herself。这样的译文外国人也能看懂,但很可能产生不解:白娘子是谁?为什么会在一个不足一平方米的洞里修炼?添加了legendary heroine of the Story of the White Snake,游客不但容易理解,还会对传说故事有所了解,从而提高了旅游兴趣,加深景点印象。在实践中甚至还不时见到译员将整个故事进行介绍的情形。
由于东西方的历史不同,人们的生活经验也不同,也直接带来翻译中的困难,但可以进行文化移植,即文化不同但可用具有相同功能的文化进行移植,以便于读者理解。
例7:到此时,韩文举才后悔莫及,怨雷大空“口上没毛,办事不牢”
译文:But HanWenju began to regret his indiscretion and complained toLeiDakong: “Downylipsmake thoughtless slips.”
例7中“口上没毛,办事不牢”的翻译方法借用了西方的习语习惯表达了汉语的习语释义这样更易于深刻的理解。
例8:秋夜时分,在此纵目高眺远望,但见皓月当空,水月相融,金风送爽,湖天一碧,垂柳多姿,百花争艳,人和月亮窃窃私语,不知今夕何夕。
译文:At an autumn night,when you are looking out here,the moon is bright over the Calm Lake,the water and the sky merge in one color;cool breezes,the lake and the moon are of one;willows and flowers show different charms in moonlight.So immersed in this beautiful scenery,people can talk privately with the moon in whisper.
例8是杭州西湖景区平湖秋月的介绍。我们不难看出,汉语整个句子通常被几个逗号隔开,用逗号来连接几个动作,且中间不多用连词。而译成英语时则喜欢把一整个句子译成几个小整句或者是句群,且中间多用连词。要让翻译出的英语符合英文表达习惯,有着严密的句法结构。因此地域文化翻译中可根据语类特征,采用词语补偿、加注翻译、文化移植、句子重构等翻译理念与方法。
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