骆沙舟,胡俊梅,张 莉,赵德明,乔 靖,杨 强,李荣彦,刘云河
右旋美托咪啶在高血压患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用
骆沙舟,胡俊梅,张 莉,赵德明,乔 靖,杨 强,李荣彦,刘云河
目的 观察右旋美托咪啶对高血压患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术围麻醉期血流动力学的影响。方法 78例高血压单纯性胆囊结石患者,术前血压均控制在正常范围内,随机均分为两组:A组(右旋美托咪啶组):开放上肢外周静脉后,静注右旋美托咪啶1.0 μg/kg,10 min泵完,芬太尼4 μg/kg,丙泊酚 2 mg/kg,阿曲库铵0.5 mg/kg,诱导插管后,持续由麻醉机吸入七氟醚1~1.5 MAC,右旋美托咪啶0.5 μg/(kg·h)静脉泵注至缝皮,待患者自主呼吸恢复、神志清醒后拔管。B组(咪达唑仑组):静注咪达唑仑40 μg/kg,芬太尼4 μg/kg,丙泊酚 2 mg/kg,阿曲库铵0.5 mg/kg诱导插管后,继以七氟醚1~1.5 MAC吸入,咪达唑仑50 μg/(kg·h)泵至缝皮,待自主呼吸恢复后清醒拔管。检测并记录患者入室后(T1)、插管后即刻(T2)、清醒后准备拔管前(T3)、拔管后即刻(T4)的血压(BP)、心率(HR)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、肾上腺素(E)。结果 A组T2、T3、T4时BP、HR和血浆NE、E值均明显低于同时间点B组(P<0.01); A组T2、T3、T4时BP、HR和血浆NE、E值与T1时相比无明显差异(P>0.05);而B组T2、T3、T4时BP、HR和血浆NE、E值均明显高于T1(P<0.01)。结论 右旋美托咪啶辅助全麻用药,能维持高血压患者全麻诱导、插管和拔管期间循环功能稳定,抑制围麻醉期的应激反应。
右旋美托咪啶;麻醉;高血压;腹腔镜;胆囊切除术
右旋美托咪啶(dexmedetomidine,Dex)是一种新型高选择α2肾上腺素受体(α2-AR)激动剂,它可产生明显的镇静效应。据李民等[1]研究,该药可减轻气管插管及外科手术刺激的血流动力学反应,降低眼内压,减少麻醉恢复期的激动和恶心等不良反应,本研究将右旋美托咪啶用于高血压患者的腹腔镜胆囊切除术,对维持患者在围麻醉期间的血流动力学稳定取得了不错的效果,现报道如下。
1.1 病例资料 2010年3月~2011年11月的18
表1 两组患者各时间点的BP、HR、NE、E值的比较(n=39)
注:与本组T1时相比,①P<0.01;与A组同时间点相比,②P<0.01
个月内选择78例原发性高血压Ⅰ~Ⅱ级需行择期腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者,按美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级为Ⅱ~Ⅲ级,均无明显呼吸系统疾患、肝肾功能不全、内分泌疾病、困难插管、继发性高血压、服用镇静催眠药、烟酒或药物成瘾、孕妇、对研究用药过敏、过度消瘦或肥胖者。78例中,男33例,女45例;年龄27~75(49.2±5.7)岁;体重51~80(65.2±6.8)kg。将78例采用抛硬币的方法随机分为A组(右旋美托咪啶组)和B组(咪达唑仑组),每组各39例,两组性别、年龄、体重等均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
1.2 方法 所有患者术前用药:戊乙奎醚1 mg,苯巴比妥钠0.1 g。A组(右旋美托咪啶组):入室后右旋美托咪啶1.0 μg/kg,10 min泵完,麻醉诱导:芬太尼4 μg/kg,丙泊酚 2 mg/kg,阿曲库铵0.5 mg/kg;插管后行间歇正压通气,潮气量8~10 ml/kg,吸呼比为1∶1.5,呼吸频率为12次/min,呼气末二氧化碳分压保持在30~35 mmHg;麻醉维持:吸入七氟醚1~1.5MAC,右旋美托咪啶0.5 μg/(kg·h)泵至缝皮;术毕患者完全清醒后拔除气管内导管。B组(咪达唑仑组):入室后静注咪达唑仑40 μg/kg,麻醉诱导及正压通气同A组;麻醉维持:吸入七氟醚1~1.5MAC,咪达唑仑50 μg/(kg·h)泵至缝皮;术毕患者完全清醒后拔除气管内导管。
两组病人年龄、体重、麻醉手术时间、二氧化碳气腹时间及基础BP、HR、NE、E等无统计学差异(P>0.05)。由表1可看出,B组T2、T3、T4时BP、HR和血浆NE、E值均明显高于T1(P<0.01);A组T2、T3、T4时BP、HR和血浆NE、E值均明显低于同时间点B组(P<0.01);而A组T2、T3、T4时BP、HR和血浆NE、E值与T1时相比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。
新型高选择α2肾上腺素受体激动剂右旋美托咪啶(dexmedetomidine,Dex)的问世引起了麻醉界的关注。它是美托咪啶(medetomidine)的右旋异构体,其化学名为d242[12(2,3 二甲基苯基)乙基]21H 咪唑,目前已在临床广泛应用。由于其α2受体的选择性(α2/α1为1620∶1)远高于可乐定(α2/α1为220∶1),半衰期较短(约为2 h),效价比可乐定高3倍,被认为是α2受体的完全激动剂而倍受关注[2]。α2肾上腺素受体激动剂抑制中枢交感神经发放冲动,使交感神经张力降低及迷走神经活动性增强,并激动交感神经末梢的突触前α2受体,抑制NE的释放及降低血浆中儿茶酚胺浓度。应激状态下(如全麻诱导、气管插管、拔管等刺激下),α2肾上腺素受体激动剂能明显抑制中枢交感神经活性,增加副交感神经活性,造成心率明显减慢[3]。
高血压患者的围麻醉期由于全麻诱导、气管插管、吸痰、拔管等刺激都可能导致血浆儿茶酚胺水平的上升,患者出现血压升高、心率加快导致心肌的耗氧量增加[4]。该类患者多数已经出现心肌肥厚、心肌缺血等病理变化,如血压急剧升高, 左心室的后负荷加大、舒张末期压力容积也增加,进一步发展可出现心内膜下侧支供血闭塞,导致心内膜下缺血,甚至心肌梗死;而心率增快会缩短心室的舒张期,使冠脉血流减少,加重心肌缺血,易诱发脑卒中、脑缺氧,危及生命。同时全麻诱导、气管插管、拔管等刺激会引起体内儿茶酚胺浓度迅速升高,血压、心率骤升,诱发心肌缺血和心律失常,对合并心脑血管疾病的患者危险更大。临床上有很多方法可以减轻全麻插管时的心血管反应,如应用调节心血管系统的药物、加大麻醉药物用量等,但效果常不是很理想[5]。腹腔镜手术对麻醉实施和管理提出了新的挑战,气腹导致的高腹压和高碳酸血症可进一步加重术中的应激反应[6-7]。本研究表明右旋美托咪啶辅助全麻用药能抑制高血压患者在全麻诱导、插管和拔管期间的心血管反应,减少其心率及血压的上升幅度,降低其去甲肾上腺素和肾上腺素的血浆浓度,维持循环稳定。
综上所述,右旋美托咪啶辅助全麻用药能维持高血压患者全麻诱导、插管和拔管期间循环功能稳定,抑制围麻醉期的应激反应,增加高血压患者围麻醉期的安全保障,值得推广。
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Application of dexmedetomidine to laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with hypertension
Luo Shazhou1,Hu Junmei1,Zhang Li1,Zhao Deming2,Qiao Jing2,Yang Qiang2,Li Rongyan2,Liu Yunhe2
1.Department of Anesthesiology,Hospital 452 of PLA,Chengdu,Sichuan,610021,China;2.Hospital of Unit 77263 of PLA,Dali,Yunnan,671000,China
Objective To observe the effcts of dexmedetomidine on the hemodynamics of patients with hypertension who undertake laparoscopic cholecystectomy during the anesthetic period.Methods Seventy eight patients with hypertension and simple cholecystolithiasis were randomly divided into two groups.Their blood pressure was control within the normal limits before the operation.After the opening of the peripheral veins in the upper limbs,group A completed the intravenous injection with 1.0 μg/kg dexmedetomidine within 10 min and
4 μg/kg fentanyl,2 mg/kg propofol,and 0.5 mg/kg atracurium.After the induced intubation,this group continuously inhaled sevoflurane 1-1.5 MAC by the help of anesthetic machine,and received the pump injection with 0.5 μg/(kg·h)dexmedetomidine until the skin closure.After the patients regained spontaneously breathing and mind,the extubation was carried out.Group B received the intravenous injection with 40 μg/kg midazolam,4 μg/kg fentanyl,and 2 mg/kg propofol.After the intubation induced with 0.5 mg/kg atracurium,the patients continuously inhaled sevoflurane 1-1.5 MAC by the help of anesthetic machine and received the pump injection with 50 μg/(kg·h)midazolam until the skin closure.After the patients regained spontaneously breathing and mind,the extubation was carried out.The patients' blood pressure(BP),heart rate(HR),norepinephrine(NE),and erenaline(E)were measured and recoreded at the time of entering into the room(T1),intubation(T2),pre-extubation after the recovery of consciousness(T3),and extubation(T4).ResultsThe BP,HR,and the average level of NE and E at T2,T3,and T4in group A were significantly lower than those at the same time points in group B(P<0.01).In group A,there was no significant difference in the BP,HR,and the average level of NE and E between at T2,T3,and T4and those at T1(P>0.05).Those indexes in group B at T2,T3,and T4were higher than those at T1(P<0.01).Conclusion Adjuvant use of dexmedetomidine can maintain the stability of the circulation and inhibit stress response in patients with hypertension during the general anesthesia induction,intubation,and extubation.
dexmedetomidine;anesthesia;hypertension;laparoscope;cholecystectomy
610021 成都,解放军452医院麻醉科(骆沙舟,胡俊梅,张 莉);解放军77263部队医院(赵德明,乔 靖,杨 强,李荣彦,刘云河)
·临床论著·
R 614.2/657.4
A
1004-0188(2014)01-0042-03
10.3969/j.issn.1004-0188.2014.01.016
2013-01-14)