胡晓燕
摘 要: 创造性地使用教材在高中英语教学中至关重要。阅读理解能力是高中英语学习的重中之重,集中体现了学生的综合语言运用能力。本文以Project的两篇戏剧为载体,通过创造性地整合教材,提高学生对文学类作品的阅读能力。
关键词: 高中英语教学 创造性 教材使用 阅读能力
一、引言
在课程改革中,“积极利用各种教学资源,创造性地使用教材,设计适合学生发展的教学过程”是对所有教师提出的要求。
教材是教师进行教学活动的基本素材,也是学生进行学习活动的重要资源。“有了好的教科书,不等于就能搞好教学”。教学质量主要取决于教师对教材的理解、运用和发挥,取决于如何通过教材引导和促进学生的学习活动。教师只有深刻领会教材的编写意图,深入钻研教材和挖掘教材的深层信息,多角度分析教材,才能教有新意。
长期以来,在英语教学中,一些教师照本宣科,是“教教材”,而不是“用教材教”。教师比较关注知识的巩固和习题的训练,忽视了过程与方法的启迪、能力的培养。创造性地使用教材就是要最大限度地挖掘课程潜能,实现提高学生语用能力的功效。
英语阅读理解能力是语言素养的一个重要方面,也是我国中学英语教学的重要内容。阅读是一个复杂的认知过程,是一个信息加工和处理的过程,即查找、提取、归纳和使用信息的过程。要提高学生的阅读理解能力,教师就要充分利用教材、整合教学资源,培养学生的思维能力,提高信息处理与运用的能力。
二、教学实践
《牛津高中英语》取材广泛,内容丰富,涉及文化生活的各个方面,以模块为单位,每一个模块每个单元都有一个切合学生生活实际的主题。
本文以译林牛津版高中英语选修Module 6 Unit 1的Project Putting on a play为例,探讨如何创造性地使用教材,提高学生的阅读能力。
本单元的主题是Laughter is good for you,学生已从Welcome to the Unit 和Reading中了解幽默的重要性和为什么笑声对人类是有益的。Project的两篇戏剧内容简单,易于理解。一般教师都会让学生在理解之后选择一篇表演,在学生大笑之后便结束这个单元。笔者尝试重整教材,将两篇戏剧当做载体,挖掘戏剧的要素,进而引申到对文学作品的阅读和理解。
Step1.Lead-in
1.首先,笔者播放卓别林的电影《摩登时代》的片段,学生大笑后提出这样的问题:Is it funny?
What amuses you?而后让学生归纳使大家发笑的因素,如vivid performance/action,exaggerated expressions。
2.笔者让学生为一些有趣的画面配音,而后归纳出使人发笑的因素还有:humorous and meaningful language。
【设计目的】从学生已有的知识经验出发,以视频的形式,新颖而有趣味性,一下子就集中了学生的注意力。此环节是课文Reading的延伸,为下一步Project的两篇阅读做了很好的铺垫。
Step2.Analysis of the two short plays in Project
1. 指导学生快速阅读两篇戏剧,分别设置了对Passage1和Passage 2的两篇完形填空,检查学生的理解程度。
Passage 1
Mike was?摇 ?摇 to sit on an invisible bench.?摇 ?摇 this,Tony came to join him,After?摇 ?摇 room for him,Mike and Tony were?摇 ?摇 together on the invisible bench,feeling comfortable.Upon the?摇 ?摇 of Kathy,she was?摇 ?摇 to join them as well.
Paula came and wanted to join them.They all agreed?摇 ?摇 Mike,who was very annoyed,got up and moved over to the middle of the stage,because it was too?摇 ?摇 .Finally,when Ann arrived,Mike told them he had moved the bench and they all fell down.
Passage 2
Once upon a time,there was a very?摇 ?摇 story among three people, the King,the Queen and a servant.One day,as soon as the King entered the palace,he?摇 ?摇 the servant to bring him the important papers?摇 ?摇 Soon came back the servant with a pile of?摇 ?摇 -looking papers,the King threw them at the servant?摇 ?摇 and shouted:“No,no,no,bring my important papers!”The servant dashed out and in a minute re-entered with a newspaper in his hand.This time,to his?摇 ?摇 the King tore it into halves and cried:“No,you fool!I must have my important papers RIGHT NOW!!!”However,like the first and second time,the servant?摇 ?摇 to bring the King 8.?摇 ?摇 he wanted several times.Even the Queen didnt make?摇 ?摇 of what her husband wanted and just tore a page from her book and offered it to the King,but the king glared at Queen.?摇 ?摇 ,the servant held out a roll of toilet paper. He was puzzled?摇 ?摇 the King needed it or not.On the ?摇 ?摇 ,upon getting it,the King ran off the stage at a fast pace.So can you guess what happened to the King?endprint
2.让学生讨论并从戏剧中找出让自己发笑的语言或者动作,归纳戏剧的主要要素,即action,expression,language,the ending(the funniest part and come to the point)。
【设计目的】快速处理Project的两篇戏剧,用完形填空的形式检测学生的理解能力,锻炼学生的信息加工处理能力。把Project当成一个载体,归纳出阅读戏剧的几个要素,为下面的文学阅读打基础。
Step3.Usage of the elements in reading comprehension
引导学生把戏剧的要素引申到文学作品中,由此及彼,在遇到文学类的阅读理解时,可以用这些要素理解文章。
1.展示做过的两例文学类阅读理解,引导学生再一次关注作品的语言特征、表达方式和结尾,从语言表面分析隐含的意义,从而快速理解文章并完成阅读任务。
Passage A
“But my name is Jackson Frank,not Frank Jackson.”
“Oh,thats all right,sir.It was in our books under the letter“J”,but it is your money.”The clerk laughed.“A human mistake,sir!Were all human beings,arent we?And so we all make mistakes.A family name like Frank sounds strange to me.”
Mr.Frank was silent.He really wanted to hit somebody.At last he said,“A human mistake is what you call it?I think some humans need kicking.”
The clerk put his name under the wrong letter?摇 ?摇 .
A.because of carelessness? B. because they were human beings?
C. because he had a strange name? D. by pronouncing his name incorrectly
Passage B
“Oh!Single,my dear,to be sure!A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!”
“How so?How can it affect them?”
“My dear Mr.Bennet,”replied his wife,“how can you be so tiresome!You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.”
“Is that his design in settling here?”
“Design!Nonsense,how can you talk so!But it is very likely that he may fall in love with one of them,and therefore you must visit him as soon as he comes.”
“I see no occasion for that.You and the girls may go,or you may send them by themselves,which perhaps will be still better,for as you are as handsome as any of them,Mr.Bingley may like you the best of the party.”
At the end of the passage,Mr.Bennet sounded?摇 ?摇 toward his wifes proposal.
A.hostile B.indifferent C.delighted D.annoyed
2.根据上文的分析,设置类似练习让学生学以致用,实现提高学生阅读理解能力的教学目标。
【设计目的】通过已做过的两篇文章的片段归纳做题方法,切实提高学生对文学类作品的阅读理解能力,之后通过新的一篇文学作品学以致用,巩固所学的各项要素,是从理论到实践的过程。
Step4.Meaning behind humorous stories
1.引导学生回到Project的戏剧The important paper上,找出important词背后的隐含含义,强调在阅读中关注重点词的深层含义。
2.设置任务,引导学生阅读并理解hardware,software,underwear的含义。
【设计目的】从Project的潜台词入手,让学生在阅读过程中关注文字表面下的深层含义,知道言有尽而意无穷,知道只有挖掘和真正理解这些隐含内容,才能切实提高阅读理解能力,实现本课教学目标。
三、结语
利用教材提高学生的阅读理解能力是关键,对教材的创造性使用是手段。本堂课的设计与以往的Project课型差异较大,笔者对教材做了较大的资源整合并尝试做了一些创新。在教学过程中,学生有新鲜感,思维活跃,愿意积极主动参与课堂活动。这堂课实现了预设的教学目标。
为实现教学目标,在创造性使用教材方面,笔者有以下体会。
1.以课程标准为基础。在处理教材时,应该考虑课程标准的培养目标和要求。教师要正确理解编者的意图,既要遵循教材,又不拘囿于教材,要大胆取舍,整合得当。
2.以学生为本。教师在以教材为依托设置教学活动时,应充分考虑学生的知识水平,选择适合学生水平的认知活动,提高学生分析问题和解决问题的能力,获得相应的语言技能,增强语用能力。endprint
2.让学生讨论并从戏剧中找出让自己发笑的语言或者动作,归纳戏剧的主要要素,即action,expression,language,the ending(the funniest part and come to the point)。
【设计目的】快速处理Project的两篇戏剧,用完形填空的形式检测学生的理解能力,锻炼学生的信息加工处理能力。把Project当成一个载体,归纳出阅读戏剧的几个要素,为下面的文学阅读打基础。
Step3.Usage of the elements in reading comprehension
引导学生把戏剧的要素引申到文学作品中,由此及彼,在遇到文学类的阅读理解时,可以用这些要素理解文章。
1.展示做过的两例文学类阅读理解,引导学生再一次关注作品的语言特征、表达方式和结尾,从语言表面分析隐含的意义,从而快速理解文章并完成阅读任务。
Passage A
“But my name is Jackson Frank,not Frank Jackson.”
“Oh,thats all right,sir.It was in our books under the letter“J”,but it is your money.”The clerk laughed.“A human mistake,sir!Were all human beings,arent we?And so we all make mistakes.A family name like Frank sounds strange to me.”
Mr.Frank was silent.He really wanted to hit somebody.At last he said,“A human mistake is what you call it?I think some humans need kicking.”
The clerk put his name under the wrong letter?摇 ?摇 .
A.because of carelessness? B. because they were human beings?
C. because he had a strange name? D. by pronouncing his name incorrectly
Passage B
“Oh!Single,my dear,to be sure!A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!”
“How so?How can it affect them?”
“My dear Mr.Bennet,”replied his wife,“how can you be so tiresome!You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.”
“Is that his design in settling here?”
“Design!Nonsense,how can you talk so!But it is very likely that he may fall in love with one of them,and therefore you must visit him as soon as he comes.”
“I see no occasion for that.You and the girls may go,or you may send them by themselves,which perhaps will be still better,for as you are as handsome as any of them,Mr.Bingley may like you the best of the party.”
At the end of the passage,Mr.Bennet sounded?摇 ?摇 toward his wifes proposal.
A.hostile B.indifferent C.delighted D.annoyed
2.根据上文的分析,设置类似练习让学生学以致用,实现提高学生阅读理解能力的教学目标。
【设计目的】通过已做过的两篇文章的片段归纳做题方法,切实提高学生对文学类作品的阅读理解能力,之后通过新的一篇文学作品学以致用,巩固所学的各项要素,是从理论到实践的过程。
Step4.Meaning behind humorous stories
1.引导学生回到Project的戏剧The important paper上,找出important词背后的隐含含义,强调在阅读中关注重点词的深层含义。
2.设置任务,引导学生阅读并理解hardware,software,underwear的含义。
【设计目的】从Project的潜台词入手,让学生在阅读过程中关注文字表面下的深层含义,知道言有尽而意无穷,知道只有挖掘和真正理解这些隐含内容,才能切实提高阅读理解能力,实现本课教学目标。
三、结语
利用教材提高学生的阅读理解能力是关键,对教材的创造性使用是手段。本堂课的设计与以往的Project课型差异较大,笔者对教材做了较大的资源整合并尝试做了一些创新。在教学过程中,学生有新鲜感,思维活跃,愿意积极主动参与课堂活动。这堂课实现了预设的教学目标。
为实现教学目标,在创造性使用教材方面,笔者有以下体会。
1.以课程标准为基础。在处理教材时,应该考虑课程标准的培养目标和要求。教师要正确理解编者的意图,既要遵循教材,又不拘囿于教材,要大胆取舍,整合得当。
2.以学生为本。教师在以教材为依托设置教学活动时,应充分考虑学生的知识水平,选择适合学生水平的认知活动,提高学生分析问题和解决问题的能力,获得相应的语言技能,增强语用能力。endprint
2.让学生讨论并从戏剧中找出让自己发笑的语言或者动作,归纳戏剧的主要要素,即action,expression,language,the ending(the funniest part and come to the point)。
【设计目的】快速处理Project的两篇戏剧,用完形填空的形式检测学生的理解能力,锻炼学生的信息加工处理能力。把Project当成一个载体,归纳出阅读戏剧的几个要素,为下面的文学阅读打基础。
Step3.Usage of the elements in reading comprehension
引导学生把戏剧的要素引申到文学作品中,由此及彼,在遇到文学类的阅读理解时,可以用这些要素理解文章。
1.展示做过的两例文学类阅读理解,引导学生再一次关注作品的语言特征、表达方式和结尾,从语言表面分析隐含的意义,从而快速理解文章并完成阅读任务。
Passage A
“But my name is Jackson Frank,not Frank Jackson.”
“Oh,thats all right,sir.It was in our books under the letter“J”,but it is your money.”The clerk laughed.“A human mistake,sir!Were all human beings,arent we?And so we all make mistakes.A family name like Frank sounds strange to me.”
Mr.Frank was silent.He really wanted to hit somebody.At last he said,“A human mistake is what you call it?I think some humans need kicking.”
The clerk put his name under the wrong letter?摇 ?摇 .
A.because of carelessness? B. because they were human beings?
C. because he had a strange name? D. by pronouncing his name incorrectly
Passage B
“Oh!Single,my dear,to be sure!A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!”
“How so?How can it affect them?”
“My dear Mr.Bennet,”replied his wife,“how can you be so tiresome!You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.”
“Is that his design in settling here?”
“Design!Nonsense,how can you talk so!But it is very likely that he may fall in love with one of them,and therefore you must visit him as soon as he comes.”
“I see no occasion for that.You and the girls may go,or you may send them by themselves,which perhaps will be still better,for as you are as handsome as any of them,Mr.Bingley may like you the best of the party.”
At the end of the passage,Mr.Bennet sounded?摇 ?摇 toward his wifes proposal.
A.hostile B.indifferent C.delighted D.annoyed
2.根据上文的分析,设置类似练习让学生学以致用,实现提高学生阅读理解能力的教学目标。
【设计目的】通过已做过的两篇文章的片段归纳做题方法,切实提高学生对文学类作品的阅读理解能力,之后通过新的一篇文学作品学以致用,巩固所学的各项要素,是从理论到实践的过程。
Step4.Meaning behind humorous stories
1.引导学生回到Project的戏剧The important paper上,找出important词背后的隐含含义,强调在阅读中关注重点词的深层含义。
2.设置任务,引导学生阅读并理解hardware,software,underwear的含义。
【设计目的】从Project的潜台词入手,让学生在阅读过程中关注文字表面下的深层含义,知道言有尽而意无穷,知道只有挖掘和真正理解这些隐含内容,才能切实提高阅读理解能力,实现本课教学目标。
三、结语
利用教材提高学生的阅读理解能力是关键,对教材的创造性使用是手段。本堂课的设计与以往的Project课型差异较大,笔者对教材做了较大的资源整合并尝试做了一些创新。在教学过程中,学生有新鲜感,思维活跃,愿意积极主动参与课堂活动。这堂课实现了预设的教学目标。
为实现教学目标,在创造性使用教材方面,笔者有以下体会。
1.以课程标准为基础。在处理教材时,应该考虑课程标准的培养目标和要求。教师要正确理解编者的意图,既要遵循教材,又不拘囿于教材,要大胆取舍,整合得当。
2.以学生为本。教师在以教材为依托设置教学活动时,应充分考虑学生的知识水平,选择适合学生水平的认知活动,提高学生分析问题和解决问题的能力,获得相应的语言技能,增强语用能力。endprint