陈宏 潘佳栋 王欣 章伟文
合并肘关节内翻或外翻的肘管综合征的临床疗效探讨
陈宏 潘佳栋 王欣 章伟文
目的探讨肱骨髁上楔型截骨联合尺神经松解前置术治疗合并肘管综合征的成人肘外翻或内翻畸形的手术指征、手术技术和疗效。方法我科于2004年2月至2013年8月,对12例合并有肘管综合征的成人肘外翻或内翻畸形患者进行肱骨髁上楔形截骨和肘部尺神经松解前置手术治疗。本组患者中肘外翻畸形9例,提携角(29.5±4.2)°(24°~38°),其中7例伴有肱骨外髁骨不连。肘内翻畸形3例,内翻角(25.3±9.1)°(17°~35°)。12例肘关节均无法达到完全伸直,伸肘(24.8±7.9)°(16°~40°),屈肘(116.9±11)°(100°~143°)。所有患者均有肘部尺神经卡压的症状,手部握力(17.4±6.2)kg(9~30 kg),手部尺神经支配区两点辨别觉(7.3±3.6)mm(3~14 mm)。依据Dellon推荐的分期标准:中度3例、重度9例。结果术后随访时间为8~35个月,平均24个月。肱骨髁上截骨平均愈合时间为15.4周,术后平均提携角为11.3°。术后肘关节伸肘(20.8±9.9)°(10°~42°),屈肘(115.2±11.4)°(95°~140°),手部握力(23.7±8.2)kg(13~42 kg),手部尺神经支配区皮肤两点辨别觉(4.3±1.9)mm(2~8 mm),平均DASH评分由术前的35分降为17分。结论肱骨髁上楔形截骨联合尺神经松解前置手术不仅能纠正肘关节的内翻或外翻畸形,而且可以使长期被牵拉或不稳定而麻痹的尺神经功能获得改善,因此是治疗成人肘外翻或内翻畸形合并肘管综合征患者的良好选择。
肘关节;截骨;尺神经压迫综合征;畸形
肘关节内翻或外翻畸形是小儿肱骨远端骨折后期常见的并发症。肱骨髁上骨折畸形愈合或内髁骨骺发育不良等因素容易使患者出现肘内翻畸形;而肱骨外髁骨折不愈合、外髁发育不良或者肱骨内髁过度生长等原因则易于导致肘外翻畸形。为了纠正肘部畸形的外观,许多针对儿童的截骨矫形手术目前已有大量报道,且均取得了显著疗效[1-3]。但是,基于对截骨部位骨折不愈合、内固定失效以及术后肘关节活动范围减小等并发症的担心,此类手术较少应用于成人患者。况且,这两种畸形的大部分患者肘关节仅存轻度屈伸受限,在肩、腕等关节代偿下,他们患肢的活动功能往往能满足日常生活和工作的需求,所以真正因为肘部畸形外观而就诊的成人患者并不多。然而,长时间的肘关节欠伸和畸形患者却会使他们肘部的尺神经处于持续的牵拉或不稳定状态而出现肘管综合征,由此引发的手部肌肉萎缩、精细活动受限和尺神经支配区感觉异常等症状将严重影响手功能。对于此类患者,单纯行尺神经松解前置术效果并不令人满意[4-5],因此我科于2004年2月至2013年8月,对12例合并有肘管综合征的成人肘外翻或内翻畸形患者进行肱骨髁上楔形截骨和肘部尺神经松解前置手术治疗,术后疗效显著。
一、一般资料
本组患者12例,男性10例,女性2例,年龄18~47岁,平均30.8岁;左侧8例,右侧4例;肘外翻畸形9例,提携角(29.5±4.2)°(24°~38°),其中7例伴有肱骨外髁骨不连,肘内翻畸形3例,内翻角(25.3±9.1)°(17°~35°)。12例肘关节均无法达到完全伸直,伸肘(24.8±7.9)°(16°~40°),屈肘(116.9±11)°(100°~143°)。本组肘部畸形患者都是儿时肘部骨折所致的并发症,原始骨折时的年龄为4~12岁,平均7.5岁,当时均未接受内固定手术治疗。所有患者就诊时均有肘部尺神经卡压的症状,经肌电图证实存在肘管综合征。手部握力(17.4±6.2)kg(9~30 kg),手部尺神经支配区两点辨别觉(7.3±3.6)mm(3~14 mm),9例手部肌肉出现不同程度的萎缩,7例有明显爪型手畸形。依据Dellon推荐的肘管综合征分期标准:中度3例、重度9例。患肢术前的DASH评分平均为35分。
二、手术方法
患者在臂丛神经阻滞麻醉下,取患侧向上的侧卧位。上臂处捆绑无菌止血带用以减少手术中出血。所有病例均采用长约14 cm弧形跨越肘关节的肘后方纵形切口。首先,逐层解剖进入尺神经沟,探查其内的尺神经。术中发现,12例尺神经在此部位均有不同程度的增粗、变硬,神经外膜水肿增厚等表现。在确认神经病变后,开始对内上髁上方7 cm、下方5 cm的尺神经进行分离。期间需切开压迫尺神经的肌肉、腱膜和Struthers筋膜等结构。在向下分离时,为了能将尺神经前移,可切断其关节支,并对尺侧屈腕肌支进行约3 cm的干支分离。待尺神经分离完成后,用橡皮条将其牵开保护。然后,将肱三头肌背侧中轴线处的肌纤维纵形劈开,暴露肱骨远端,将距肘关节囊背侧附着处上方约2 cm处作为远端截骨线,此线应与肘关节水平线平行。肘外翻的楔型截骨角度等于术前测量的患侧与健侧提携角的差值,截骨块底边位于内侧;肘内翻的截骨角度则等于术前测量的内翻角度与健侧提携角的和,截骨块底边位于外侧。为避免肘关节术后出现明显向内侧或外侧的骨性突起,可在截骨后,分别对肘外翻和肘内翻患者远端的骨块相应进行向外侧及向内侧的平移,对合截骨后的骨断端。获得满意复位后,用克氏针对其暂时固定。为使患者术后能早期进行康复训练,应尽可能采用钢板固定截骨端。如在肱骨外侧下段放置钢板需注意保护桡神经。本组8例进行双板固定(3.5 mm系列DCP,LC-DCP或重建钢板),4例为单板联合数枚克氏针固定。最后,在显微头镜下对已分离的尺神经行外膜松解,并将其包裹在由深筋膜构成,管径大小足以同时容纳尺神经和一段小指的管道内,完成皮下前置。术后根据内固定稳定情况决定石膏固定时间,本组严格石膏制动2周6例、3周4例、5周1例、6周1例。拆除石膏后更换为可拆卸支具固定,同时开始在康复医师指导下进行功能训练。
术后随访时间为8~35个月,平均24个月。1例患者术后3周出现针道感染,及时拔除克氏针同时行抗感染治疗后痊愈。肱骨髁上截骨均获得骨性愈合,愈合时间为13~18周,平均15.4周,术后提携角5°~13°,平均11.3°。术后肘关节伸肘(20.8±9.9)°(10°~42°)、屈肘(115.2±11.4)°(95°~140°);手部握力(23.7±8.2)kg(13~42 kg);手部尺神经支配区皮肤两点辨别觉(4.3±1.9)mm(2~8 mm);7例术前存在爪形手畸形的患者中,4例畸形术后完全消失,3例畸形较术前减轻。9例术前存在手部肌萎缩的患者中,3例在术后18个月肌肉外形基本恢复,余6例仅有轻度改善。术后平均DASH评分由术前的35分降为17分。
病例1:患者男性,44岁,7岁时发生肱骨外髁骨折,当时仅行石膏固定,后逐渐出现左肘外翻畸形,左肘关节屈伸活动轻度受限。近2年,患者左手尺神经支配区麻木,左手精细活动减退,第一骨间肌和小鱼际肌中度萎缩。术前X线片提示:左肱骨外髁骨不连,肘外翻畸形。术前测量左肘提携角38°,健侧提携角12°。完善术前检查后,行肘后路肱骨髁上楔形截骨联合尺神经松解前置术。截骨后用两块重建钢板固定。术后石膏严格制动3周,然后开始更换为可拆卸支具,在康复师指导下进行功能训练。术后第1天手部麻木感明显减轻,1个月后基本消失。术后14周截骨处愈合。术后随访2年,左手精细活动恢复,萎缩的手内肌外形基本恢复。左肘提携角5°,左肘屈伸活动范围较术前无明显减退(图1~5)。
病例2:患者男性,18岁,5岁时发生肱骨髁上骨折,保守治疗后出现左肘内翻畸形。16岁时,左手尺神经支配区皮肤出现麻木感和爪形手畸形,此后手内肌逐渐萎缩,手部精细活动受限。肌电图证实,左肘部尺神经严重卡压。术前X线片提示:左肘内翻畸形。术前左肘内翻角35°,健侧提携角10°。完善术前检查后,行肘后路肱骨髁上楔形截骨联合尺神经松解前置术。截骨后用1块解剖型钢板联合克氏针固定。术后石膏严格制动4周,然后开始更换为可拆卸支具。术后2周手部麻木感较术前改善,3个月后基本消失。术后18个月随访,左手爪形手畸形消失,左手分指并指活动恢复,但力量仍明显小于健侧。左肘提携角8°,左肘活动范围与术前基本一致(图6~8)。
图1 肘外翻患者术前两侧肘关节外观对比
图2 肘外翻伴肱骨外上髁骨不连患者术前正位X线表现
图3 术中探查见肘外翻患者尺神经在肘部明显肿大
图4 手术中对肘外翻患者行底边在内侧的楔型截骨操作
图5 肘外翻患者术后随访可见肘外翻被纠正,截骨处已愈合
图6 肘内翻患者术前左上肢全长X线表现
图7 手术中对肘内翻患者行底边在外侧的楔型截骨操作
一、肘部内、外翻畸形与肘部尺神经麻痹的关系
创伤性肘关节外翻畸形对患者肢体的影响除了外观以外,还包括肘关节屈伸活动受限、关节内侧不稳定和肘部尺神经麻痹等。在肩关节活动的代偿下,轻度的肘关节功能障碍和不稳定并不会影响患者的日常生活。然而当出现继发于肘外翻的尺神经麻痹时,患者的手功能则会严重受损,进而无法完成较为精细的手部动作。肘外翻患者成年后并发肘管综合征的病例在临床上比较常见,针对此类患者,常规的治疗方法是单纯行肘部尺神经松解和皮下前置手术。由于没有纠正肘关节外翻角度的原因,前置后的尺神经仍然受到张力牵引,因此术后尺神经功能的恢复并不尽人意,甚至出现肘管综合征复发的情况,对此Barrios[4]和Dellon[5]均有相关报道。相比而言,肘内翻患者尺神经在肘部所受张力较外翻畸形要小的多,肘管综合征的发生率也相对较小。但肘内翻仍然是肘管综合征易发因素之一,本组有3例肘部尺神经麻痹患者就是由肘内翻导致的,术中我们发现尺神经沟内的神经随肘关节活动而明显不稳,神经局部增粗、变硬。Hahn等[6]分析肘内翻并发尺神经麻痹的原因可能包括尺神经不稳、肘关节同时存在内旋畸形和肱三头肌卡压等。这与我们的术中观察结果一致。另外,公茂琪等[7]报道在进行成年患者肘内翻外侧闭合楔型截骨时,术后亦常常会出现或加重尺神经麻痹的症状。他们认为对肘内翻角度>25°或术前有尺神经麻痹的患者有必要进行神经松解,并根据术中情况决定是否前置。由此可见,肘外翻或内翻均是肘管综合征的易发因素,在治疗由肘部畸形引发的尺神经麻痹或单纯进行肘内翻截骨矫形时,术前需明确肘部畸形对尺神经麻痹的影响程度。本组病例尺神经功能术后恢复所取得的良好效果与肘部畸形同时获得纠正紧密相关。
图8 肘内翻患者术后随访可见肘内翻被纠正,截骨处已愈合
二、手术技术对肘关节功能恢复的影响
对比肘外翻或内翻畸形的小儿患者,成人肱骨髁上截骨处愈合时间长,内固定技术要求高,存在肘关节屈伸活动功能减退的风险。因此将楔型截骨应用于成人肘部畸形矫正需非常慎重,只有在详细制定手术方案、术后康复训练计划的前提下才能获得满意效果。肱骨髁上截骨的方式目前大致分为三种,分别为楔型或阶梯状截骨、圆顶状截骨和三维截骨[8]。楔型截骨最为简单,但是存在截骨术后内固定困难,残留内侧或外侧骨性突起等缺点。圆顶样截骨增大了截骨两端的对合面积,利于骨质的愈合,同时还避免了术后出现骨性突起的情况,但是截骨操作较为复杂,截骨后远端骨块由于受软组织挛缩的影响,很难通过灵活的旋转来纠正畸形,而且畸形纠正后的角度还需手术中C臂X线机确认,因此难以获得精确的畸形矫正值。三维截骨可同时纠正多个方向的畸形,手术操作更为复杂,目前在临床较少应用[9]。本组病例全部采用经肱三头肌的楔型截骨术,手术时间短,畸形矫正到位,同时为了避免截骨后出现的内侧或外侧骨性突起,我们借鉴了Wong等[10]的经验,在对合截骨块时注意将远端骨块向外侧或内侧推移,均获得了较好效果。截骨后内固定坚强与否直接关系到手术的成败。有报道指出,成人肘内翻畸形截骨矫形用克氏针固定的失败率达28.5%[7]。截骨后尽可能利用双钢板固定是早期进行肘关节屈伸锻炼的基础。本组有8例采用双板固定,4例因近端骨块过于细小而用单板联合多枚克氏针固定。术后2~6周开始进行功能锻炼,获得了与术前基本一致的肘关节活动范围。除此之外,为了最大限度的减少因手术导致的肘关节功能丧失,我们注意清除鹰嘴窝内的骨赘,如此可改善肘外翻或内翻患者普遍存在的伸肘受限。对于本组7例伴有肱骨外髁骨不连的肘外翻病例,为了避免术后肘关节活动功能的严重减退,我们均未对其进行干预。Toh等[11]对肱骨外髁骨折骨不连的患者进行了分类。他参考肱骨外髁骨折的Milch分型,将其分为两类,分别对应于Milch1型和Milch2型。后一类患者的骨不连保留了完整的肱桡关节,所以其肘关节的活动功能并不受影响。如刻意将此骨不连进行植骨内固定,只会导致肘关节活动功能的丧失、外髁骨折块的坏死或者永久性的骨不连[12]。
综上所述,肱骨髁上楔形截骨联合尺神经松解前置手术不仅能纠正肘关节的内翻或外翻畸形,而且可以使肘部麻痹的尺神经功能获得改善。截骨后在坚强内固定和积极正规康复训练的前提下,患者术后肘关节的活动功能不会减退。因此,此术式是治疗成年人肘外翻或内翻畸形合并肘管综合征患者的良好选择。
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Clinical efficacy of combined wedge osteotomy and ulnar nerve transposition for the treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome associated with cubitus varus or valgus
Chen Hong,Pan Jiadong,Wang Xin,Zhang Weiwen.Department of Hand Surgery,the Sixth Hospital of Ningbo,Ningbo 315040,China
BackgroundThe aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical efficacy of combined wedge osteotomy and ulnar nerve transposition for the treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome associated with cubitus varus or valgus.Patients with cubitus varus or cubitus valgus are subject to cubital tunnel syndrome.The consequent symptoms of ulnar nerve palsy such as hand muscle atrophy,limitation in meticulous motions and paresthesia can seriously affect hand function.The anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve alone is less effective for such patients.MethodsWe performed supracondylar wedge osteotomy of the humerus combined with anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve in twelve adult patients with cubitus valgus or cubitus varus with cubital tunnel syndrome from February 2004 to August 2013.This group of patients included nine cases of cubitus valgus with the carrying angle of 29.5±4.2(24~38)degrees,in which seven cases were complicated with nonunion of the lateral humeral condyle.There also included three cases of cubitus varus,with the varus angle of 25.3±9.1(17~35)degrees.In all of the cases,patients were unable to reach full elbow extension,with theelbow extension of 24.8±7.9(16~40)degrees and elbow flexion of 116.9±11(100~143)degrees.They all had symptoms of ulnar nerve entrapment,with the hand-grip strength of 17.4±6.2(9~30)kg and two-point discrimination in ulnar nerve area of 7.3±3.6(3~14)mm.They were divided into moderate cases(n=3)and severe cases(n=9)according to the classification criteria recommended by Dellon.Operating techniques:Arc longitudinal incisions were performed across the posterior elbow,with the length of about 14 cm.First,the tissue was dissected by layers into the sulcus to explore ulnar nerve.The ulnar nerve ranging from 7 cm above to 5 cm below the medial epicondyle were explored and retracted with rubber strips.Second,a longitudinal incision was made on the muscle fiber in the central axis of the dorsal triceps muscle to expose the distal humerus.The distal osteotomy line was set approximately 2 cm above the dorsal elbow capsule at the attached site,which should be parallel to the horizontal line of elbow.The angle of wedge osteotomy for cubitus valgus was equal to the difference between the measured ipsilateral and contralateral carrying angles,and the bottom of bone block was located medial side.The angle of wedge osteotomy for cubitus varus was equal to the sum of measured varus angle and ipsilateral carrying angle,and the bottom of bone block was located outside.After correction of the deformity,temporary fixation with Kirschner wires was performed.Then the plate was used for the final fixation at the osteotomy site.It was noted that if the plate was placed in the inferior lateral humerus,the radial nerve should be protected.Finally,the external neurolysis and subcutaneous anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve were performed under the microscope.ResultsThe postoperative follow-up time ranged from 8 to 35 months,with the average of 24 months.All patients underwent supracondylar wedge osteotomy of the humerus achieved bony union,with the healing time from 13 to 18 weeks,with an average of 15.4 weeks.The postoperative carrying angle was 5~13 degrees,with the average of 11.3 degrees.The postoperative elbow extension was 20.8±9.9(10~42)degrees and elbow flexion was 115.2±11.4(95~140)degrees.The hand-grip strength was 23.7±8.2(13~42)kg.The two-point discrimination in ulnar nerve area was 4.3±1.9(2~8)mm.Among seven patients with claw hand deformity prior to surgery,four cases of deformities were completely disappeared and three cases of deformities were relieved.Among nine patients with hand muscle atrophy prior to surgery,three cases were basically recovered in the muscle shape after 18 months and the remaining six cases were mildly improved.The mean DASH score was dropped from preoperative 35 points to postoperative 17 points.DiscussionSupracondylar wedge osteotomy of the humerus combined with anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve can not only correct varus or valgus deformity of the elbow,but also improve the ulnar nerve paralysis caused by long-term traction or instability due to elbow deformity.This is a good choice for treatment of adult patients with cubitus varus or cubitus valgus complicated with cubital tunnel syndrome.
Elbow joint;Osteotomy;Ulnar nerve compression syndrome/cubital tunnel syndrome;Deformity
Wang Xin,Email:Dr.wangxin@hotmail.com
2014-08-27)
(本文编辑:李静)
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-5790.2014.04.007
浙江省自然科学基金(LYI3H060008)
315040 宁波市第六医院手外科
王欣,Email:Dr.wangxin@hotmail.com
陈宏,潘佳栋,王欣,等.合并肘关节内翻或外翻的肘管综合征的临床疗效探讨[J/CD].中华肩肘外科电子杂志,2014,2(4):240-245.