朱媛媛
摘 要: 强调句型是历年高考英语的热门考点之一,因其实用性强,形式灵活多变,极易与其他句型混淆,而受到命题者的青睐,也成为高中英语教学的一个重难点。本文对其各种句型进行仔细分析与归纳,促进学生更深入地理解句型。
关键词: 高中英语强调句 特殊句式 举例分析
一、强调句的基本结构形式
强调句型为:It is /was +被强调部分+that(who)...
仔细观察以下句子并注意下划线部分。
Group 1: It is I who am to blame for the mistake.
It is they that are discussing the latest news.
Group 2: It is he that has ever been to America before.
It is him that they are looking for.
Group 3: It was in the park that they took many photos.
Group 4: It may be Mr.Smith who will be elected president.
It must have been you that took my umbrella yesterday.
小结:(1)强调句可以强调句子的主语,无论被强调的主语是单数还是复数,强调句中的be动词始终都是is/was,但是that(who)后面的从句中的谓语要与前面被强调的主语保持主谓一致。
(2)强调句可以强调句子的宾语。
(3)强调句可以强调句子的状语 。
(4)虽然强调句的基本句式万变不离其宗,摆脱不了it is/was, that/who 这一框架结构,但是有些时候强调句里的be动词会以其他形式出现在句子中,比如放在情态动词后表示一种语气或口吻。
注意:强调句除了可以强调句子的主语、宾语、状语外,还可以对状语从句加以强调。
It was because he was seriously ill that he was absent from the important meeting.
这是由于他生了重病,昨天才没有出席这个重要会议。
It is not where you came from but what you have done that matters.
重要的不是你来自哪儿,而是你做了什么。
二、强调句的疑问句形式
1.强调句的一般疑问句形式:Is /was it +被强调部分+that(who)...
(1)——Was it by cutting down staff that she saved the firm? (save)
她是通过裁员拯救这家企业的吗?
——No, it was by improving working efficiency.
(2)Was it in 1945 __________________the man succeeded __________________finding his lost son?
A.when; on B. that; on C.when;in D. that ;in
简析:通过观察以上句子我们不难看出,该题实际上是强调句的一般疑问句形式,故选择答案D。
(3) Could it be in the restaurant in __________________you had dinner with me yesterday __________________ you lost your keys?
A.that; which B. which; that C.where;that D. that ;where
简析:这是一个含有情态动词的强调句的一般疑问句形式。第一空所在的句子成分应该是一个定语从句,介词in 后面只可以用关系代词which;第二个空所在的部分应该是强调句型中的that从句,故选择答案B。
2.强调句的特殊疑问句形式:特殊疑问词+is/was +it + that...
____________________________________he managed to get the information? (it)
他是怎样得到这个信息的?
——Oh, a friend of him helped him.
哦,他的一个朋友帮了他。
简析:通过汉语意思我们可以得知,完成填空部分需要用到特殊疑问词how,结合强调句的特殊疑问句形式,可得出how+is/was +it + that...句型,再从“he managed to get the information”这一部分推断出,相应的事态应该为一般过去时,所以最终答案为How was it that
三、强调句的相似句型
观察下列句子以“it”开头的句子并做总结:
It is a pity that he didnt attend the party yesterday.
It is five months since he arrived in New York.(since引导时间状语从句)
It ia high time that we take effective measures to deal with the matter.endprint
It was not long before he worked out the difficult math problem.
It was seven oclock when he reached the station.
It was at seven oclock that he reached the station.
辨析:(1)it为形式主语,that引导主语从句。
(2)it is/has been+ 一段时间+since,引导时间状语从句,意为:距离某人……已经有多长时间了。
(3)It ia high time that...是一个固定句型,意为:该是某人做……的时候了。
(4)It was not long before...句型,before引导一个时间状语从句,意为:没过多久就……
(5)It is/was +时间点 +when ...句型,when在句中引导一个时间状语从句,意为:某市发生时正是……时候。
(6)It is /was +被强调部分(时间状语)+that...,是强调句句型。句中的that没有实际意义,此句跟句型(5)非常相似。
小结:区别强调句及与它类似句型的办法是:去掉句子中的it,be ,that之后,剩余部分若能组成一个完整通顺的、不缺任何成分的句子,那它就是一个强调句;反之,剩余部分若不能组成一个完整的句子,我们就要考虑它是否是其他特殊句型,例如例句(1)—(5)。
四.与强调句相关的高频考点
1.主谓一致。
(1)Is not who does it but why he does it __________________ (importance)
重要的不是谁做这件事,而是他为什么要做。
简析:这是强调句的另外一种句式:It is /was not...but...that...,意思是:不是……而是……that从句里的谓语应与but后的名词或代词保持一致。因此完整的答案应该为:that is of importance。
与之相似的句型还有It is/was ...not ...that ...,意思是:是……而不是……that从句里的谓语应与not前面的名词或代词保持一致。
如:It is the students not the teaher that are playing football.
(2)In my opinion, it is his measures rather than his ability __________________ (blame)
我认为,应该责备的不是他的能力而是他的措施。
简析:这是强调句的另外一种句式:It is /was ...rather than ...that...,意思是:是……而不是……that从句里的谓语应与rather than 前的名词或代词保持一致。因此完整的答案应该为:that are to blame。
2.“直到……才”。
(1)直到第三个周比赛才召开,因此有些孩子几乎失去了耐心。
普通句:The match didnt begin until the third week, so some children nerely lost their patience.
倒装句 :Not until the the third week did the match begin, so some children nerely lost their patience.
强调句:It was not until the third week that the match began, so some children nearly lost their patience.
小结:“not...until”倒装句句型为:Not until ...助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语+动词原形+其他;“not...until”强调句句型为:It ia/was not until... that...
(2) __________________ her sunglasses that I recognized she was a famous film star。
直到她取下太阳镜,我才认出来她是个著名影星。
简析:结合“not...until”强调句句型及句子中的“I recognized”,给予我们的事态暗示,可以得知此题的答案为:It was not until she took off 。
3.强调句的特殊疑问句用在宾语从句中。
(1)After the survivor came to himself, he wanted to know
__________________ that saved him from that burning house. (who)
那个生还者在苏醒之后,想知道是谁把他从燃烧的房子里救出来的。
简析:强调句的特殊疑问句形式为:特殊疑问词+is/was+it+that...,初步得知答案可以写成who was it;但是名词性从句的连接词后面应该以陈述句语序展开句子,两种因素相结合,得知此题答案是 who it was。
(2)Please tell me __________________you found this book. (it)endprint
请告诉我你是在哪里找到这本书的。
简析:用同上的思路可以得知,此题答案为 where it wast that。
4.强调句与定语从句结合,增强题目的迷惑性。
(1)It was in the town __________________that the writer got her idea.
这个女作家在她出生的小镇得到了灵感。
简析:从汉语的体制中我们可以得知,这个句子的主干为:这个女作家在小镇得到的灵感,题目是想强调地点状语。而“她出生的小镇”则是对哪个小镇进行修饰与限定。再次对照英文部分,我们可以知道,这个句子看似在考查定语从句,其实是在间接地考查强调句型,对强调句里的的被强调部分给予多重修饰与限定,以增强题目的迷惑性
(2)——Where did you come across Tom? 你在哪儿碰到汤姆的?
——It was in the library __________________ some days ago.
就在前几天我们看过几本书的图书馆。
简析:这个题目乍一看,就给人一种很强烈的感觉就是:考点为强调句,于是很多学生都不假思索地在空格里填入that we read some books。但是,通过仔细观察汉语提示,我们会发现一些蛛丝马迹。上句是“在哪儿碰到汤姆的”,那么正确的答案应该是回答一个地方,回答的是“就在前几天我们看过几本书的图书馆”,简单一点说,就是“在图书馆”,而“前几天我们看过几本书的图书馆”则是对哪个图书馆进行了修饰语限定。其实,由于是一个对话,回答问题的人用了一个省略句,完整的回答应该是“就在前几天我们看过几本书的图书馆我碰到的汤姆”。真正的答案应该为where we read some books。在一定的上下文中,强调句型的某个部分可以省略。我们在做题时要特别注意将其复原并加以比较。
参考文献:
[1]吴莉.浅议“it”强调句型[J].青苹果,2008(03).
[2]杨红霞.强调句型应注意的问题[J].中学英语园地(教研版),2011(04).
[3]杜小红.从强调句的用法谈英语语法自主学习[J].海外英语,2011(06).endprint