颜 珣,郭文秀,2,3,赵国玉,韩日畴*
(1.广东省昆虫研究所,广东省农业害虫综合治理重点实验室,广东省野生动物保护与利用公共实验室,广州 510260;2.中国科学院华南植物园,广州 510650;3.中国科学院大学,北京 100039)
地下害虫是指生活史的全部或大部分时间在土壤中生活,主要为害植物的地下部分或近地面部分的一类害虫,其种类繁多,分布广泛,适应性和隐蔽性强。目前已知的地下害虫达300 多种,主要有金龟子、金针虫、地老虎、蝼蛄、根蛆等(魏红军和黄文琴,1992)。近年来,由于我国农业产业结构的调整,化学农药的持续大量使用,综合防治地下害虫措施缺乏等原因,导致地下害虫发生为害日趋严重,给农业生产造成重大损失(高燕等,2011)。
昆虫病原斯氏属Steinernema 和异小杆属Heterorhabditis 线虫分 与肠杆 科Enterobacteriaceae 嗜线虫杆菌属Xenorhabdus 和发光杆菌属Photorhabdus 的细菌互惠共生(Poinar,1990;Adams and Nguyen,2002),是一类专门寄生昆虫的有益线虫。这类线虫具有杀虫能力强,杀虫谱广,能主动搜索寄主,对人畜、环境安全等优点,是国际上新型的高效生物杀虫剂(Georgis et al.,2006),对地下害虫特效(Kaya and Gaugler 1993;Grewal et al.,2005;Georgis et al.,2006;Yan et al.,2012)。
昆虫病原线虫对地下害虫的防治效果受线虫种类和品系及害虫种类影响。本文主要综述了利用昆虫病原线虫防治危害严重的金龟子、小地老虎、迟眼蕈蚊和黄曲条跳甲等害虫的研究进展。
蛴螬是昆虫纲鞘翅目Coleoptera 金龟子科Scarabaeidae 幼虫的总称,为土栖性害虫中分布最广、为害最严重的一大类群(罗晨等,2008)。一般一年一代或两年一代,以三龄幼虫为害最为严重。其食性复杂,主要以三龄幼虫取食农作物主要有花生、小麦、大豆、玉米、马铃薯、甘薯等的有机质及根冠,危害植物地下根茎,影响植物的正常生长,导致植物枯萎死亡 (王玉东等,2012)。
蛴螬是昆虫病原线虫首次应用于害虫防治的目标害虫(Glaser and Fox,1930),也是昆虫病原线虫应用研究最为广泛的地下害虫。经过大量的研究和试验,已筛选出一些种类或品系并成功地应用于蛴螬的防治(施用剂量≤2.5×109IJs/ha)。日本金龟子Popillia japonica 是国外危害较为严重的草坪地下害虫,经田间试验筛选出多个H.bacteriophora 品系(Klein,1992;Downing,1994;Koppenhöfer et al.,2000a,b,2002;Koppenhöfer and Fuzy,2003a,b;Grewal et al.,2004),以及H.zealandica (Alm et al.,1997;Grewal et al.,2004),S.scarabaei (Koppenhöfer and Fuzy,2003a;Koppenhöfer et al.,2006)等可用于该蛴螬的防治。日本金龟子对很多线虫品系较为敏感,而其他草坪蛴螬则对少数线虫品系较为敏感。多毛犀金龟Cyclocephala hirta 可用S.glaseri 线虫防治(Converse and Grewal,1998);东方异丽金龟Anomala (Exomala) orientalis,栗马绒金龟Maladera castanea 和欧洲切根鳃金龟Rhizotrogus majalis 目前仅则可采用S.scarabaei 进行有效防治(Cappaert and Koppenhöfer,2003;Koppenhöfer and Fuzy,2003a,c;Koppenhöfer et al.,2006)。圆头犀金龟Cyclocephala borealis 则可采用S.scarabaei、H.zealandica 和 H.bacteriophora 进行防(Koppenhöfer and Fuzy,2003a;Grewal et al.,2004;Koppenhöfer et al.,2006)。
在我国,Guo et al.(2013;2014)应用S.longicaudum X-7,H.bacteriophora H06 线虫(1.5×109IJs/ha 及7.5×108IJs/ha)在花生田对地下害虫暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela,华北大黑鳃金龟H.oblita 进行了有效防治,可使蛴螬减退率达88%以上。许艳丽等(2008)采用温室盆栽试验(5 IJs/cm2)连续施用H.bacteriophora NJ 线虫2-3 次可有效控制东北大黑鳃金龟幼虫H.diomphalia (71.4%)。
由于同种线虫对不同蛴螬种类的敏感性的差异较大,且线虫单独施用效果有时不稳定(Klein,1990;Georgis and Gaugler,1991),目前人们除了不断分离新的昆虫病原线虫品系用于不同蛴螬的防治,同时也在寻找其它一些环境友好型药剂与线虫混用以提高线虫防治效果。氯化烟酰类杀虫剂吡虫啉作为一种广谱、低毒、持效期长的药剂,与线虫混用可以提高对多种蛴螬的作用效果,是目前较为成功的一种线虫增效药剂(Koppenhöfer et al.,2000b;Koppenhöfer et al.,2002,2003;Koppenhöfer and Grewal,2005;Koppenhöfer and Fuzy,2008;王玉东等,2012)。另外,张中润等(2006)在室内测定筛选低毒化学药剂对S.longicaudum X-7 线虫的作用结果表明,昆虫生长调节剂类药剂除虫脲在66.7 mg/L 条件下对该线虫防治卵圆齿爪鳃金龟H.ovata 三龄幼虫具有增效作用。Koppenhöfer and Fuzy (2008)报道,苯甲酰胺类杀虫剂氯虫苯甲酰胺与H.bacteriophora 混用防治三龄日本金龟子、东方异丽金龟三龄幼虫表现出相加或协同增效作用。
研究表明,应用昆虫病原线虫或将昆虫病原线虫与环境友好型药剂混用可有效防治多种蛴螬,昆虫病原线虫与其他生防因子以及多种线虫混用防治蛴螬值得继续研究。
小地老 Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)是地老虎中分布最广,危害最严重的种类。经历干旱年份的小地老虎分布区经常出现小地老虎大爆发灾情,使农作物严重减产,给农业生产带来严重损失(赵永根,2007;郭秀芝,2009;高燕等,2011)。小地老虎的最佳生长发育温度在18-27℃之间。小地老虎幼虫取食玉米、高粱、豆类等粮食作物,麻类、烟草等经济作物以及菠菜、油菜、瓜类等多种蔬菜(Rings et al.,1975)。一二龄幼虫取食幼苗,三龄幼虫取食幼苗及嫩茎,造成植株的死亡。三龄幼虫一般钻入土中,只有取食时才爬到土层浅表食叶或为害根系(杨健全等,2000)。老熟幼虫食量增大,严重破坏农产品的产量和质量。
应用昆虫病原线虫防治小地老虎的研究已从室内优势线虫品系及最佳浓度和温度的筛选推进到田间的小型试验。早期研究主要是在室内应用单一种线虫(主要是S.carpocapsae)对小地老虎单一龄期的幼虫(三龄幼虫及以上)的进行毒力测定(Capinera et al.,1988;Morris et al.,1990;Baur et al.,1997),并且有一些盆栽实验以及在玉米地进行的田间实验 (Levine and Oloumi-Sadeghi,1992;Kaya et al.,1993;Shapiro et al.,1999;杨健全等,2000)。总体来说,S.carpocapsae和H.bacteriophora 是对小地老虎毒力较好的线虫品种,在2.5×109IJ/ha 的施用浓度下对草坪小地老虎的防控效果可达95% 及62% (Georgis and Poinar,1994)。杨健全等(2000)在烟草地进行田间实验时,比较了采用毒饵法(用烟苗浸蘸线虫液置于烟苗根际)和浇灌法(于烟苗根际施用线虫液)施用线虫的方法,发现用毒饵法更有利于提高线虫的防效,当线虫剂量为2×104IJ/株时的防效可达到80%以上,显著高于化学农药25%喹硫磷的处理。Ebssa and Koppenhöfer (2012)室内测定发现,H.megidis 对小地老虎毒力最强,其次是H.bacteriophora,而盆栽实验结果显示S.carpocapsae 毒力最高,其次为H.bacteriophora,H.megidis 和S.riobrave;老熟幼虫(四龄和五龄)对线虫最为敏感,蛹则最不敏感;测定的4种线虫在30 IJ/头幼虫的浓度下就能有高达90%的致死率,而田间施用时0.5×109IJ/ha 的施用浓度能够对五龄幼虫有100%的控制效果;活体培养的H.megidis 和S.carpocapsae 对五龄幼虫的防治效果好于体外培养的线虫,但是培养方式对 H.bacteriophora 和S.riobrave 两种线虫的活力则没有影响。在害虫龄期越小时对害虫进行有效的防控,将有利于加强防控的效果。Yan et al.(2014)等筛选到的S.carpocapsae Mex 和H.indica LN2 线虫,在25℃时对小地老虎二龄幼虫的毒力高于对三龄及四龄幼虫的毒力。在白菜地应用这两种线虫防控小地老虎幼虫,在2×109IJ/ha 施用浓度下,S.carpocapsae Mex 对小地老虎的防控效果最好,虫苗率在14 d 时仅为7.4%,显著低于H.indica LN2 和毒死蜱及氟氯氰菊酯处理的试验区。
应用昆虫病原线虫防治小地老虎的田间实验一般都是先人工释放小地老虎幼虫再进行实验(杨健全等,2000;Ebssa and Koppenhofer,2012;Yan et al.,2014 等),因此对于在小地老虎幼虫自然发生的种植区昆虫病原线虫的防治效果还需要进一步的研究。同时,也需开展将昆虫病原线虫与其他多种生防因子共同用于小地老虎的防控研究,以期建立小地老虎的综合防控技术。
韭蛆是韭菜根蛆,迟眼蕈蚊 Bradysia odoriphaga 的幼虫简称,一直是影响韭菜生产的重要害虫(孙瑞红等,2004)。韭蛆分布地域广泛,在中国北方年发生4-6 代,以春秋危害最为严重。其卵孵化成幼虫潜伏入韭菜茎和根内,蛀食假茎和鳞茎,造成植株叶片失绿、枯黄萎蔫,甚至发生茎基部腐烂,引起整墩韭菜死亡,产量损失可达60%以上(冯惠琴和郑方强,1987)。
国内对应用昆虫病原线虫防治韭蛆做了很多工作。杨秀芬等(2004)筛选出S.feltiae PS4 对韭蛆的防治效果可达80%以上,田间小区试验防治效果达55.8%。孙瑞红等 (2007)对H.indica LN2 线虫侵染韭蛆的温度、土壤含水量以及线虫剂量进行了室内生物测定,结果表明,H.indica LN2 线虫侵染的适宜温度为25-30℃,土壤湿度为12%左右,最佳剂量每头韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫施用线虫200 IJs。Ma et al.(2013)对昆虫病原线虫防治韭蛆龄期、线虫最佳剂量及田间防治效果进行了研究,结果表明,在100 IJs/虫条件下,S.feltiae JY-17 线虫对韭蛆的致死率可达97%;多种线虫对三龄和四龄幼虫的敏感性(>70%)优于对二龄幼虫的敏感性(<50%);S.ceratophorum HQA-87 和H.indica ZZ-68 对蛹的致死率分别达83% 和80%;田间应用 S.feltiae JY-17 和S.hebeiense JY-82 线虫28 d (100 IJs/cm2)时可使韭蛆种群密度下降52%以上。赵国玉(2013)对韭蛆进行了室内测定结果显示,H.indica LN2 线虫在25-30℃,75 IJs/虫处理条件下对韭蛆侵染率达80%。田间施用H.indica LN2 线虫浓度为22.5×108IJs/ha 时,14 d 后韭蛆的虫口密度即降为原来的50%,与辛硫磷无显著差异;到防治后期(35-77 d),辛硫磷处理的韭蛆呈现爆发状态(虫口密度高达1195 头/m2),而线虫表现出有效的持续性防治作用,虫口密度维持在100 头/m2以下。
将昆虫病原线虫与环境友好型化学药剂混用防治韭蛆也有初步研究。孙瑞红和李爱华(2007)将吡虫啉、楝素稀释 4000 倍以上与H.bacteriophora H06 线虫混用室内培养皿测定对韭蛆的死亡率可达87.0%以上。赵国玉(2013)也测定了四种低毒药剂氯虫苯甲酰胺、除虫脲、吡虫啉、楝素与H.bacteriophora H06、H.indica 线虫混用对韭蛆的防治效果,其中只有吡虫啉与H.bacteriophora H06、H.indica LN2 线虫混用对韭蛆表现出增效作用。吡虫啉与H.bacteriophora H06、H.indica LN2 线虫混用可显著提高线虫对韭蛆的侵染率(77.5%-97.5%),显著高于H.bacteriophora H06、H.indica LN2 线虫单独处理对韭蛆的侵染率(分别为22.5%和37.5%)。
应用昆虫病原线虫防治韭蛆取得了一定效果,但仍需在韭蛆化学增效剂的筛选、线虫与线虫混用防治韭蛆以及线虫防治韭蛆田间可持续性方面继续开展相关研究。
黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata 最早分布于欧亚大陆,现已扩散至整个东方地区、太平洋区域以及南非。寄主植物包括十字花科的野生与栽培植物,如:甘蓝、大白菜、萝卜、芜箐、油菜等,茄科植物、西瓜和豆类均是黄曲条跳甲的寄主植物(Tansey et al.,2008)。黄曲条跳甲成虫取食植株地上部分,叶片上留下许多孔洞,还可取食幼苗茎部,幼虫取食细根或根毛,对植株的产量及质量均严重影响。在华南温暖的气候条件下黄曲条跳甲可连续发育,一年至少有两个发育高峰,可对蔬菜造成周年危害(高泽正等,2000;张茂新等,2000)。
应用昆虫病原线虫防治黄曲条跳甲的研究始于室内对线虫致死黄曲条跳甲幼虫能力的测定。魏洪义等(1992)在室内测定了S.feltiae 线虫对黄曲条跳甲幼虫的感染力,发现随着黄曲条跳甲幼虫龄期的增加,线虫感染力增加;Xu et al.(2010)建立了黄曲条跳甲室内种群的饲养方法并从20 个不同品系的线虫中筛选到H.indica 212-2和S.pakistanense 94-1 两个品系的昆虫病原线虫对跳甲幼虫毒力较强,并测定了温度、线虫浓度及跳甲幼虫龄期对线虫毒力的影响。黄曲条跳甲三龄幼虫比一龄、二龄幼虫及蛹对线虫的敏感性更高,是线虫攻击的主要目标龄期。魏洪义和王国汉 (1993)在广州、深圳等多个地点施用S.carpocapsae 线虫对黄曲条跳甲幼虫的种群数量进行控制,结果显示,在蔬菜移栽至收割期间,施用2-3 次1×106IJ/m2剂量的线虫悬液或5×105IJ/m2与1000 倍的敌百虫混合液对黄曲条跳甲有较好的防治效果。侯有明等(2001)采用条带式施用方法,线虫用量为1.75×109IJ/ha 时,对黄曲条跳甲幼虫的感染率在71.28%左右,防效为72.2%,与全施无显著差异,能降低黄曲条跳甲的种群趋势指数,干扰黄曲条跳甲的种群增长。Kakizaki (2004)在萝卜生长期施用S.carpocapsae,浓度为2.5-5×105IJ/m2时对萝卜根系黄曲条跳甲幼虫的控制效果较好,跳甲幼虫减少了3-5 倍。Yan et al.(2013)将商业化生产的S.carpocapsae 和H.indica 线虫应用于蔬菜地防治黄曲条跳甲幼虫,在1.5×109IJ/ha 施用浓度下,两种线虫都能减少田间跳甲地下龄期的种群数量,从而减少跳甲成虫种群及成虫导致的叶面虫洞数,增加蔬菜产量及质量,线虫对跳甲的防控效果好于单次施用鱼藤酮。Yan et al.(2013)还将印楝素与线虫混用,印楝素可在短时间内增加S.carpocapsae 线虫对跳甲的防控效果。
虽然S.feltiae 室内对跳甲成虫的LC50为每成虫483-1467 IJs,具有在田间防治跳甲成虫的应用潜力(Trdan et al.,2008),但由于昆虫病原线虫在土壤里具有更好的持效性(Guo et al.,2013),所以应用昆虫病原线虫防治跳甲幼虫,进而控制成虫数量更具有实际意义。今后的研究应考虑建立将防治幼虫的昆虫病原线虫与防治成虫的低浓度生物源或化学农药混用的综合防控技术,以更好地控制黄曲条跳甲的危害。
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