王 坤(综述),张建新,党胜春(审校)
(江苏大学附属医院普外科,江苏 镇江 212001)
髓系细胞触发受体1(triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1,TREM-1)是由Bouchon等[1]于2000年首次报道主要表达于中性粒细胞和单核巨噬细胞等髓系细胞表面的炎症受体。TREM-1在机体内有两种存在形式:①膜蛋白形式存在于单核巨噬细胞表面;②以可溶性髓系细胞触发受体1(soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1,sTREM-1)的形式存在于体液中。近年来,TREM-1在炎症性疾病的作用越来越受到重视,其在肿瘤发病中的作用亦成为新的研究方向。
TREM-1属跨膜糖蛋白,结合糖基时相对分子质量为30×103,由 234个氨基酸组成,其结构由一个单独的免疫球蛋白Ⅴ型胞外结构域、含有一个赖氨酸残基的跨膜结构域及缺乏信号基序的胞质结构域等三部分组成,赖氨酸残基与不含信号域的胞质尾部相连,形成“头对尾”的二聚体[2]。
TREM-1能诱导中性粒细胞和单核巨噬细胞分泌肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、干扰素γ等促炎因子[3],可诱发细胞内部钙离子转移,并使细胞表面信号相关激酶1、2和磷脂酶C(phospholipase C,PLC)酪氨酸磷酸化,最终可引起炎性反应的增强及放大。TREM-1也可刺激中性粒细胞发生脱颗粒及呼吸爆发,释放各种生物活性酶和大量氧自由基,直接导致细胞病理性损伤[4]。另外,TREM-1可与Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLR)、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体(nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-like receptors,NLR)发生协同作用而导致细胞被激活,分泌大量的细胞因子[5]。
细胞膜表面的TREM-1与配体结合后可介导细胞内信号的级联激活,放大炎性反应,其在细胞内的信号转导与级联放大主要依靠衔接蛋白DAP12和模式识别受体,模式识别受体主要包括TLR和NLR。
2.1TREM-1与DAP12信号通路 TREM-1的胞质区缺乏信号转导基序,需要通过信号衔接蛋白DAP12完成信号转导。DAP12结构内含有免疫受体酪氨酸激活基序,TREM-1跨膜区带正电荷的赖氨酸残基可以与DAP12跨膜区免疫受体酪氨酸激活基序中带负电荷的天冬氨酸相偶联,使免疫受体酪氨酸激活基序中的酪氨酸发生磷酸化[6],磷酸化的免疫受体酪氨酸激活基序激活Syk酪氨酸激酶,从而激活下游的信号转导,并通过磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶、PLCγ及细胞外信号调节激酶等相关的信号转导途径,引起细胞内的钙离子增加,导致核因子κB增加和细胞外信号调节激酶信号通路激活,最终导致细胞分泌大量促炎因子[7-8]。
研究表明,在TREM-1/DAP12信号转导激活后,Bruton酪氨酸激酶发生磷酸化。阻断Bruton酪氨酸激酶可显著减少钙内流,降低PLC和细胞外信号调节激酶的磷酸化水平及白细胞介素受体相关激酶1(intedeukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1,IRAK1)的活力,说明Bruton酪氨酸激酶是影响PLCγ磷酸化的主要因素,参与TREM-1/DAP12信号调节[9]。
2.2TREM-1与TLR信号通路 TLR是连接非特异性免疫和特异性免疫的桥梁。研究表明,TREM-1与TLRs信号通路具有协同促进炎性反应的作用[10],其具体的协同机制目前尚不清楚,但有研究证实,TLR2配体通过髓样分化因子88信号途径调节通过TREM-1的表达,TLR2可以通过髓样分化因子88/IRAK/肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6途径诱导核因子κB激活[11]。TREM-1的激活可增强、放大TLR(主要是TLR2、4)介导的炎性反应,引起肿瘤坏死因子α、IL-1β、粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子的分泌增加[2]。此外,活化的TLR可通过激活磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶通路而引起TREM-1的表达上调[12]。这些炎症信号通路的激活最终可引起炎性反应的增强放大,导致过度的炎性反应。
TREM-1参与调解TLR4信号级联反应中关键蛋白酶的活性。在嗜中性粒细胞中,TREM-1激活可以使IRAK1磷酸化,IRAK1是连接TREM-1和TLR4信号级联反应间相互作用的基础[13]。此外,磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶可协同TREM-1和TLR4信号级联反应释放活性氧类(reactive oxygen species,ROS),激活DAP12通路和TLR4(髓样分化因子88通路)可分别上调p38和磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶激活,进一步激活PLCγ,导致钙浓度增加,诱导中性粒细胞产生和释放ROS[14]。
2.3TREM-1与NLR信号通路 NLR属于细胞内受体家族,可以识别胞内细菌的肽聚糖,激活炎症性的胱天蛋白酶(caspase)。NLR含有级联反应募集结构域(aspase activation and recruitment domain,CARD),可以诱导活化促炎的caspase-1,后者可以促进炎性细胞因子,如IL-1β和IL-18的产生和释放[15]。另外,TREM-1还可以激活胞内丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶级联反应,细胞外信号调节激酶和活化的核因子κB可能促进TREM-1和核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域2途径之间的协同作用[16-17]。
目前,还未发现TREM-1的天然配体,Wong-Baeza等[18]使用构建的TREM-1/Fc嵌合体融合蛋白有减弱脓毒症患者血清活化单核细胞的能力,提示TREM-1的未知配体可能存在于血清中。Haselmayer等[19]研究表明,sTREM-1能够结合血小板,促进脂多糖刺激下中性粒细胞的激活,说明血小板上存在TREM-1的配体。亦有学者提出,TREM-1的配体位于病原体上,并表明革兰阳性细菌表面上的肽聚糖和革兰阴性菌表面上的内毒素参与TREM-1的激活[20-21]。目前TREM-1的配体是研究TREM-1的瓶颈之一,仍需进一步研究。
4.1TREM-1与炎症性疾病 研究发现,幽门螺杆菌感染时,胃黏膜上皮的TREM-1表达显著高于非幽门螺杆感染的胃黏膜上皮,说明TREM-1在慢性炎症中亦有表达[22]。最近研究表明,在感染性和非感染性炎症中,单核细胞和中性粒细胞TREM-1的表达均升高[23],其表达水平与是否存在感染无关[24]。强直性脊柱炎患者滑液中的sTREM-1表达水平明显高于血清中的表达,提示sTREM-1在此疾病发展中可能发挥重要的介质作用[25]。在青少年特发性关节炎患者中,TREM-1表达于关节炎症部位浸润的树突细胞[26]。以上研究说明TREM-1在非微生物所致的炎症疾病中同样高表达。
4.2TREM-1与肿瘤疾病 随着肿瘤相关巨噬细胞研究的深入,发现TREM-1与肿瘤形成和发展有密切的关系。研究表明,非小细胞肺癌患者的恶性胸腔积液中sTREM-1以及肿瘤相关性巨噬细胞上TREM-1的表达明显升高,肿瘤相关性巨噬细胞的TREM-1表达与肿瘤的复发和非小细胞肺癌患者的低存活率相关,TREM-1及炎性反应可能在肿瘤发展中发挥十分重要的作用[27]。Karapanagiotou等[26]利用酶联免疫吸附剂测定法检测肿瘤患者血清中的sTREM-1,发现存在肺癌转移灶患者血清中的sTREM-1水平更高,推测sTREM-1可以预测转移性和局限性肿瘤出现肺部转移。肝脏的慢性炎症促进肝癌的发病、侵袭和转移,肝脏库普弗细胞TREM-1表达所引起的促炎因子释放促进肝脏慢性炎症发展成肝癌[28]。进一步研究表明,肝星状细胞表达的TREM-1增强肝癌细胞的迁移能力,促进肝癌细胞的转移,可以作为肝细胞癌的潜在预后指标[29]。
Liao等[30]研究表明,急性胆管炎患者外周血单核细胞TREM-1表达上调,且TREM-1与其他临床炎症标志物相比具有更高的灵敏度和特异性。另有研究发现,急性胰腺炎时血清中sTREM-1水平明显增加,且血清sTREM-1水平与病情的严重程度呈正相关[31]。因此,针对TREM-1在炎症放大中的作用,检测血清游离TREM-1的表达水平有望成为评估炎症及疾病预后的手段。Siranovic等[32]检测呼吸机相关性肺炎患者肺组织及血清中sTREM-1的水平,结果表明,细菌性呼吸机相关性肺炎患者的肺组织中sTREM-1的水平显著高于血清中的水平,sTREM-1可以独立作为细菌性肺炎诊断的标志物。Sato等[33]比较与复发性多软骨炎发病有关的28种标志物结果显示,复发性多软骨炎患者sTREM-1、干扰素γ、趋化因子配体4、血管内皮生长因子、基质金属蛋白酶3均显著增高,且sTREM-1具有更高的灵敏度和特异度(分别为86.7%和86.7%),说明sTREM-1可以作为复发性多软骨炎的诊断标志物。最近有学者比较sTREM-1、降钙素、C反应蛋白升高水平对败血症的诊断价值,结果表明:血清中三者的水平升高对脓毒症的早期诊断都有一定的价值,其中sTREM-1具有更高的灵敏度和特异度,且sTREM-1可以判断菌血症预后[34]。
介于TREM-1在炎症性疾病中的作用,针对TREM-1靶点的治疗成为炎性疾病新的治疗方法。Gibot[35]合成的由17个氨基酸组成的多肽(LP17),含有天然TREM-1的互补决定区2或互补决定区3序列的至少3个氨基酸,通过模拟TREM-1的胞外区,竞争TREM-1的天然配体与其结合从而调控其功能,减弱甚至阻断TREM-1信号通路的激活,抑制炎性因子过度表达[36]。用脂多糖刺激制造小鼠脓毒症模型,给小鼠注射LP17可以减轻小鼠胸膜和全身性的炎性反应,且其作用与LP17呈剂量相关性,说明LP17可能有治疗脓毒症的作用[37]。Kamei等[38]研究表明,LP17能抑制重症急性胰腺炎时血清sTREM-1的表达,并显著减轻重症急性胰腺炎引起的肝、肾功能障碍。在葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的小鼠结肠炎动物模型中,LP17可以减少肠上皮细胞的增殖,通过发挥抗炎作用,减轻肠道内炎症,同时降低结肠肿瘤的发生率,说明TREM-1抑制LP17治疗结肠内改善炎症和肿瘤的发展[39]。最新的细胞实验表明,前列腺素可以通过激活核因子E2相关因子及抑制核因子κB的活化,从而抑制TREM-1表达[40],为抑制TREM-1表达提供一个新的治疗方法。
目前关于TREM-1的研究日渐深入,TREM-1作为炎症放大器在细胞内的信号转导及级联放大机制仍未完全明确,仍需进一步研究。当务之急是明确TREM-1的天然配体,以便更深入地了解TREM-1的信号转导机制,更全面地阐明TREM-1与炎症、感染以及肿瘤等疾病的关系和在机体的重要作用。届时,TREM-1有望作为相关疾病的诊断标志和治疗靶点。
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