罗宗龙,苏锡钧,代 琦,陶星辰,苏鸿雁
(大理学院农学与生物科学学院,云南大理 671003)
苍山国家自然保护区大型真菌资源调查
罗宗龙,苏锡钧,代 琦,陶星辰,苏鸿雁*
(大理学院农学与生物科学学院,云南大理 671003)
目的:了解苍山国家自然保护区内大型真菌资源。方法:采用分带调查法和经典分类学研究方法对苍山的大型真菌进行调查、鉴定。结果:通过实地调查,结合以往资料,共记载该保护区大型真菌2亚门,5纲,50科,114属,279种。结论:苍山国家自然保护区内大型真菌资源丰富,其中以松口蘑Tricholoma matsutake、猴头菌Hericium erinaceus、鸡油菌Cantharellus cibarius、变绿红菇Russula virescens、鸡枞菌Termitomyces albuminosus、美味牛肝菌Boletus edulis、松乳菇Lactarius deliciosus等野生真菌较为著名,经济价值较大。
苍山;资源;调查;大型真菌
苍山洱海国家自然保护区位于东经99°54′30"~100°12′12"和北纬25°33′30"~25°59′48"之间,面积757 hm2,区内山峰林立,最高峰马龙峰,海拔4 122 m,最低点漾濞江与西洱河交汇处,海拔约1 370 m〔1〕,具有明显的植被垂直分布带,从低到高可分为旱冬瓜林、云南松林、华山松林、苍山冷杉林、云南铁杉林、箭竹林等森林类型,是世界高山植物区系最丰富的地区之一。
关于苍山洱海国家自然保护区的大型真菌,苏鸿雁等报道128种〔2〕、72种〔3〕及76种〔4〕。本文采用分带调查法,以期获得本地区更加完善的大型真菌资料。
1.1调查地点调查地点南起沙坝鸡舌箐,北至洱源邓川镇,包括斜阳峰、马耳峰、圣应峰、玉局峰等苍山十九峰。
1.2仪器及试剂佳能G11、Nikon D5000数码相机、Olympus Bx51显微镜、烘箱;5%~10%KOH溶液、刚果红试剂。
1.3方法采用分带调查法和经典分类方法对苍山的大型真菌进行调查、鉴定〔5〕。
2.1大型真菌区系组成2009年至2012年共采集该地区大型真菌标本2 156号,经查阅文献资料〔6-23〕,共整理鉴定出2亚门、5纲、18目、50科、114属、279种,详见下列名录。
担子菌亚门Basidiomycotina
层菌纲Hymenomycetes
伞菌目Agaricales
侧耳科Pleurotaceae
1.香菇Lentinula edodes
2.豹皮香菇Lentinus lepideus
3.侧耳Pleurotus ostreatus
4.金顶侧耳Pleurotus citrinipileatus
5.长柄侧耳Pleurotus spodoleucas
6.肺形侧耳Pleurotus pulmonarius
7.勺状亚侧耳Hohenbuehelia petaloides
裂褶菌科Schizophyllaceae
8.裂褶菌Schizophyllum commune
蜡伞科Hygrophoraceae
9.鸡油蜡伞Hygrocybe cantharellus
10.白蜡伞Hygrophorus eburnesus
11.红菇蜡伞Hygrophorus russula
12.小红湿伞Hygrocybe miniatus
鹅膏菌科Amznitaceae
13.圈托鹅膏菌Amanita ceciliae
14.白条盖鹅膏菌Amanita chepangiana
15.块鳞鹅膏Amanita eχcelsa
16.小托柄鹅膏菌Amanita farinosa
17.灰花纹鹅膏菌Amanita fuliginea
18.赤褐鹅膏菌Amanita fulva
19.灰絮鳞鹅膏菌Amanita griseofarinosa
20.花柄橙黄鹅膏Amanita hemibapha
21.毒蝇鹅膏菌Amanita muscaria
22.雪白鹅膏菌Amanita nivalis
23.红褐鹅膏菌Amanita orsonii
24.白刺鳞鹅膏菌Amanita echinocephala
25.毒鹅膏菌Amanita phalloides
26.红托鹅膏菌Amanita rubrovolvata
27.块磷灰鹅膏菌Amanita spissa
28.角鳞灰鹅膏菌Amanita spissacea
29.灰鹅膏菌Amanita vaginata
30.豹斑鹅膏Amanita pantherina
31.鳞柄白毒鹅膏菌Amanita virosa
32.长纹鹅膏Amanita longistriata
33.角鳞白伞Amanita solitaria
34.灰绒鹅膏菌Amanita griseofarinosa
35.假灰托鹅膏菌Amanita pseudovaginata
36.印花纹鹅膏菌Amanita yuaniana
光柄菇科Pluteaceae
37.灰光柄菇Pluteus cervinus
白蘑科Tricholomataceae
38.长根奥德蘑Oudemansiella radiata
39.宽褶奥德蘑Oudemasiella platyphylla
40.白环粘奥德蘑Oudenlansiella mucida
41.紫蜡蘑Laccaria amethystea
42.条柄蜡蘑Laccaria proχima
43.红蜡蘑Laccaria laccata
44.小伏褶菌Resupinatus applicatus
45.金针菇Flammulina velutiper
46.松口蘑Tricholoma matsutake
47.皂味口蘑Tricholoma saponaceum
48.梭柄松苞菇Catathelasma ventricosum
49.鸡枞菌Termitomyces albuminosus
50.乳头盖白蚁伞Termitomyces mammiformis
51.尖盾白蚁伞Termitomyces clypeatus
52.小白蚁伞Termitomyces microcarpus
53.金黄鸡枞Termitomyces aurantiacus
54.星孢寄生菇Asterophora lycoperdoides
55.棒柄杯伞Clitocybe clavipes
56.白杯伞Clitocybe phyllophila
57.荷叶离褶伞Lyophyllum decastes
58.簇生离褶伞Lyophyllum aggregatum
59.玉蕈离褶伞Lyophyllum shimeji
60.堆金钱菌Collybia acervata
61.紫条沟小皮伞Marasmius purpurreostriatus
62.玫瑰红小皮伞Marasmius pulcherripes
63.叶生小皮伞Marasmius epiphyllus
64.褐白微皮伞Marasmiellus albofuscus
65.花脸香蘑Lepista sordida
66.紫丁香蘑Lepista nuda
67.耳状桩菇Leucopaχillus panuoides
蘑菇科Agaricaceae
68.褐顶环柄菇Lepiota promineus
69.红顶环柄菇Lepiota gracilenta
70.朱红囊皮菌Cystoderma cinnabarinum
71.赭鳞蘑菇Agaricus subrufescens
72.田野蘑菇Agaricus arvensis
鬼伞科Coprinaceae
73.毛头鬼伞Coprinus comatus
74.粪鬼伞Coprinus sterqulinus
75.小假鬼伞Pseudocoprinus disseminatus
76.喜湿小脆柄菇Psathyrella hydrophila
77.钟形花褶伞Panaeolus campanulatus
粪锈伞科Bolbitiaceae
78.脆锥盖伞Conocybe tenera
79.柱状田头菇Agrocube cylindracea
80.田头菇Agrocube praecoχ
球盖菇科Strophariaceae
81.毛柄库恩菌Kuehneromyces mutabilis
82.黄伞Pnoliota adiposa
丝膜菌科Cortinariaceae
83.血红丝膜菌Cortinarius sanguineus
84.粘柄丝膜菌Cortinarius collinitus
85.黄棕丝膜菌Cortinarius cinnamomeus
86.紫丝膜菌Cortinarius purpurascens
87.茶褐丝盖伞Inocybe umbrinella
88.丝盖伞Inocybe caesariata
89.褐丝盖伞Inocybe brunnea
90.星孢丝盖伞Inocybe asterospora
91.翘鳞丝盖伞Inocybe calamistrata
锈耳科Crepidotaceae
92.褐毛锈耳Crepidotus badiofloccosus
粉褶菌科Rhodophyllaceae
93.浅黄褐粉褶菌Rhodophyllus saundersii
94.粗柄粉褶菌Rhodophyllus crassipes
95.扭柄粉孢褶菌Rhodophyllus staurosporus
铆钉菇科Gomphidiaceae
96.亚红铆钉菇Gomphidus subroseus
97.斑点铆钉菇Gomphidius maculatus
牛肝菌目Boletales
松塔牛肝菌科Strobilomycetaceae
98.松塔牛肝菌Strobilomyces strobilaceus
99.半裸松塔牛肝菌Strobilomyces seminudus
100.光头松塔牛肝菌Strobilomyces glabriceps
101.木生条孢牛肝菌Boletellus emodensis
102.小条孢牛肝菌Boletellus shichianus
牛肝菌科Boletaceae
103.松林假牛肝菌Suillus pinetorum
104.乳牛肝菌Suillus bovinus
105.假琥珀乳牛肝菌Suillus pseudoplacidus
106.褐环乳牛肝菌Suillus luteus
107.污黄粘盖牛肝菌Suillus sibiricus
108.虎皮乳牛肝菌Suillus pictus
109.绿盖粉孢牛肝菌Tylopilus verens
110.苦粉孢牛肝菌Tylopilus felleus
111.黑粉孢牛肝菌Tylopilus nigerrimus
112.紫盖粉孢牛肝菌Tylopilus eχimius
113.垂边粉孢牛肝菌Tylopilus velatus
114.褐疣柄牛肝菌Leccinum scabrum
115.红疣柄牛肝菌Leccinum chromapes
116.远东疣柄牛肝菌Leccinum eχtriemirentale
117.桃红牛肝菌Boletus regius
118.美味牛肝菌Boletus edulis
119.朱红牛肝菌Boletus rubellus
120.裘氏紫褐牛肝菌Boletus violaceo-fuscus
121.美网柄牛肝菌Boletus reticulatus
122.褐盖牛肝菌Boletus brunneissimus
123.双色牛肝菌Boletus bicolor
124.红网纹牛肝菌Boletus luridus
125.黄褐牛肝菌Boletus impolitus
126.大台原牛肝菌Boleteus odaiensis
127.金黄牛肝菌Boletus ornatipes
128.紫红牛肝菌Boletus purpureus
129.褐绒柄牛肝菌Boletus subvelutipes
130.粉被牛肝菌Boletus pulverulentus
131.血红绒牛肝菌Boletus flammans
132.土黄牛肝菌Boletus rufo-aureus
133.灰褐牛肝菌Boletus griseus
134.华美牛肝菌Boletus speciosus
135.褐点牛肝菌Boletus fuscopunctatus
136.褐孔牛肝菌Boletus umbriniporus
137.铅色短孢牛肝菌Gyrodon lividus
138.变青褶孔牛肝菌Phylloporus rhodoχanthus
139.美丽褶孔牛肝菌Phylloporus bellus
140.圆花孢牛肝菌Heimioporus retisporus
141.褐圆孢牛肝菌Gyroporus castaneusa
142.酒红绒盖牛肝菌Xerocomus subpaludosus
143.长孢绒盖牛肝菌Xerocomus rugosellus
144.砖红绒盖牛肝菌Xerocomus spadiceus
145.黄粉末牛肝菌Pulveroboletus ravenelii
146.红点疣柄牛肝菌Leccinum rubropunctum
红菇目Russulales
红菇科Russulaceae
147.香乳菇Lactarius camphoratum
148.白乳菇Lactarius piperatus
149.稀褶乳菇Lactarius hygrophoroides
150.黄汁乳菇Lactarius chrysorrheus
151.格拉氏乳菇Lactarius gerardii
152.松乳菇Lactarius deliciosus
153.多汁乳菇Lactarius volemus
154.木生乳菇Lactarius lignicola
155.红汁乳菇Lactarius hatsudake
156.窝柄黄乳菇Lactarius scrobiculatus
157.绒边乳菇Lactarius pubescens
158.菱红菇Russula vesca
159.乳白绿菇Russula galochroa
160.红黄红菇Russula luteolacta
161.血根草红菇Russula sanguinaria
162.大红菇Russula alutacea
163.血红菇Russula sanguinea
164.堇紫红菇Russula violacea
165.铜绿红菇Russula aeruginea
166.黄红菇Russula lutea
167.大白菇Russula delica
168.毒红菇Russula emetica
169.正红菇Russula griseocarnosa
170.点柄臭黄菇Russula senecis
171.绿菇Russula virescens
172.臭黄菇Russula foetens
173.桂樱红菇Russula rata
174.绒紫红菇Russula mariae
175.姜黄红菇Russula flavida
176.篦形红菇Russula pectinata
177.淡紫红菇Russula lilacea
178.怡红菇Russula amoena
179.白(红)菇Russula albida
180.变色红菇Russula integra
鸡油菌科Cantharellaceae
181.鸡油菌Cantharellus cibarius
182.小鸡油菌Cantharellus minor
183.金色鸡油菌Cantharellus luteocomus
184.漏斗鸡油菌Cantharellus infundibuliformiss
185.金黄鸡油菌Cantharellus aurantiacus
186.白鸡油菌Cantharellus subalbidus
187.变黄喇叭菌Craterellus lutescens
188.黑喇叭菌Craterellus cornucopioides
陀螺菌科Gomphaceae
189.喇叭陀螺菌Gomphus floccosus
190.浅褐陀螺菌Gomphus fujisanensis
珊瑚菌科Clavariaceae
191.橘红珊瑚菌Clavaria aurantio-cinnabarina
192.烟色珊瑚菌Clavaria fumosa
193.污黄藻瑚菌Multiclavula clara
194.冠锁瑚菌Clavulina cristata
195.皱锁瑚菌Clavulina rugosa
196.黄拟锁瑚菌Clavulinopsis fusiformis
197.微黄拟锁瑚菌Clavulinopsis helvola
198.角拟锁瑚菌Clavulinopsis corniculata
199.棒瑚菌Clavariadelphus pistallaris
杯瑚菌科Clavicoronaceae
200.杯瑚菌Clavicorona pyχidata
枝瑚菌科Ramariaceae
201.紫丁香枝瑚菌Ramaria mairei
202.金色枝瑚菌Ramaria subaurantiaca
203.红顶枝瑚菌Ramaria botrytoides
204.疣孢黄枝瑚菌Ramaria flava
205.棕黄枝瑚菌Ramaria flavo-brunnescens
206.米黄枝瑚菌Ramaria obtusissima
207.淡红枝瑚菌Ramaria hemirubella
208.粉红枝瑚菌Ramaria formosa
209.短孢枝瑚菌Ramaria brevispora
非褶菌目Aphyllophorales
绣球菌科Sparassidaceae
210.绣球菌Sparassia crispa
革菌科Thelephoraceae
211.橙黄革菌Thelephora aurantiotincta
212.干巴革菌Thelephora ganbajun
牛舌菌科Fistulinaceae
213.牛舌菌Fistulina hepatica
齿菌科Hydnaceae
214.美味齿菌Hydnum repandum
215.烟紫肉齿菌Sarcodon fuligineo-violaceum
216.褐白肉齿菌Sarcodon fuligineo-albus
217.粗糙肉齿菌Sarcodon scabrosus
218.黑白栓齿菌Phellodon niger
219.耳匙菌Auriscalpium vulgare
220.环纹亚齿菌Hydnellum concrescens
猴头菌科Hericiaceae
221.猴头菌Hericium erinaceum
地花菌科Scutigeraceae
222.大孢地花菌Albatrellus ellisii
多孔菌科Polyporaceae
223.肉桂色集毛菌Coltricia cinnamomea
224.多年生集毛菌Coltricia perennis
225.松杉暗孔菌Phaeolus schweinizii
226.朱红栓菌Trametes cinnabarina
227.血红栓菌Trametes sanguinea
228.硫磺菌Laetiporus sulphureus
229.桦褶孔菌Lenzites betulina
230.黄褐多孔菌Polyporus spp.
231.黄多孔菌Polyporus elegans
232.莲座状稀孔菌Oligoporus floriformis
233.毛云芝Coriolus hirsutus
234.漏斗大孔菌Favolus arcularius
235.匙形大孔菌Favolus spathhulatus
236.木蹄层孔菌Fomes fomentarius
灵芝科Ganodermataceae
237.松杉灵芝Ganoderma tsugae
异担子菌纲Heterobasidiomycetes
木耳目Auriculariales
木耳科Auriculariaceae
238.木耳Auricularia auricula
239.皱木耳Auricularia delicata
240.黑皱木耳Auricularia moellellerii
241.毛木耳Auricularia polytricha
银耳目Tremellales
银耳科Tremellaceae
242.橙耳Tremella cinnabarina
243.胶质刺银耳Tremellodon gelatinosum
花耳目Dacrymycetales
花耳科Dacrymycetaceae
244.掌状花耳Dacrymyces palmatus
245.桂花耳Guepinia spathularia
腹菌纲Gasteromycetes
鬼笔目Phallales
鬼笔科
246.黄裙竹荪Dictyophora mulicolor
笼头菌科Clathraceae
247.五棱散尾鬼笔Lysurus mokusin
马勃目Lycoperdales
地星科Geastraceae
248.袋形地星Geastrum saccatun
249.硬皮地星Geastrum hygrometricum
马勃科Lycoperdaceae
250.网纹马勃Lycoperdon perlatum
251.梨形马勃Lycoperdon pyriforme
252.长刺马勃Lycoperdon echinatum
253.白鳞马勃Lycoperdon mammaeforme
254.头状秃马勃Calvatia craniiformis
硬皮马勃目Sclerodermatales
硬皮马勃科Scleroderma
255.黄硬皮马勃Scleroderma flavidum
美口菌目Calostomatales
美口菌科Calostomataceae
256.日本美口菌Calostoma japonicum
鸟巢菌目Nidulariales
鸟巢菌科Nidulariaceae
257.隆纹黑蛋巢菌Cyathus striatus
258.白绒红蛋巢菌Nidula niveotomentosa
259.白蛋巢菌Crucibulum vulgare
子囊菌亚门Ascomycotina
核菌纲Pyrenomycetes
麦角菌目Clavicipitales
麦角菌科Clavicipitaceae
260.蛹虫草Cordyceps militaris
肉座菌目Hypocreales
肉座菌科Hypocreaceae
261.竹生肉球菌Engleromyces goetzii
炭角菌目Xylariales
炭角菌科Xylariaceae
262.黑柄炭角菌Xylaria nigripes
263.鹿角炭角菌Xylaria hypoχylon
球壳菌目Sphaeriales
球壳菌科Sphaeriales
264.炭球菌Daldinia concentrica
柔膜菌目Helotiales
地舌科Geoglossaceae
265.黄地锤菌Cudonia lutea
266.黄地勺菌Spathularia flavida
锤舌菌科Leotiaceae
267.小绿钉菇Chlorencoelia aeruginascens
盘菌目Pezizales
肉盘菌科Sarcosomataceae
268.大胶鼓Galiella celebica
269.浅脚瓶盘菌Urnula craeterium
胶陀螺科Bulgariaceae
270.胶陀螺菌Bulgaria inguinans
盘菌科Pezizaceae
271.橙黄网孢盘菌Aleuria aurantia
272.红毛盘菌Scutellinia scutellata
273.兔耳侧盘菌Otidea leporina
274.林地盘菌Peziza sylve0tris
马鞍菌科Helvellaceae
275.皱柄白马鞍菌Helvella crispa
276.灰褐马鞍菌Helvella ephippium
277.棱柄马鞍菌Helvella lacanosa
278.马鞍菌Helvella elastica
279.赭鹿花菌Gyromitra infula
2.2优势科苍山共有大型真菌50科,将含9种及以上的科定为优势科,共7科,占科总数的14%。其中种类最多的为牛肝菌科(44种,占种总数的15.77%);其次是红菇科(34种,占种总数的12.18%);第三为鹅膏菌科(24种,占种总数的8.60%);其他依次为多孔菌科(14种)、枝瑚菌科(9种)、珊瑚菌科(9种)和丝膜菌科(9种)。这7个科共有种类143种,占苍山大型真菌总数的51.25%。见表1。
2.3优势属苍山共有大型真菌114属,其中种数≥10的有4属(占属总数的3.50%),共78种,占种总数的27.96%,见表2。而种数在2~9种的有39属(占属总数的34.21%)。
表1 苍山大型真菌优势科的统计
表2 苍山大型真菌优势属的统计
从调查结果可知,苍山国家自然保护区内大型真菌资源丰富,其中,以香菇、侧耳、美味牛肝菌、桃红牛肝菌、鸡油菌、枝瑚菌、鸡枞菌、变绿红菇(青头菌)等为代表的食用菌;以云芝、灵芝、裂褶菌、猴头菌等为代表的药用菌以及以花褶伞、丝盖伞、鹅膏菌等为代表的毒菌在该区域内均有分布。此外,在苍山的114属大型真菌中,经济价值较大的属为口蘑属Tricholoma、牛肝菌属Boletus、红菇属Russula、乳菇属Lactarius、木耳属Aurcularia、鸡油菌属Cantharellus、侧耳属Pleurotus、离褶伞属Lyophyllum、香菇属Lentinus、裂褶菌属Schizophyl⁃lum、白蚁伞属Termitomyces、丝膜菌属Cortinarius、枝瑚菌属Ramaria、肉齿菌属Sarcodon。
大型真菌资源是生物多样性的重要组成成分,开发利用不当而引起的环境恶化和资源破坏会对生物多样性造成威胁。调查过程中发现,在大理地区,人们在采收利用经济价值比较高的大型真菌资源时往往存在过度采集及掠夺性采摘的情况,从而破坏了大型真菌的自然更新和再生能力。因此,在大型真菌采集过程中应该遵循轮采轮挖、采大留小的原则,同时注重人工驯化、栽培方法的研究,以达到对苍山大型真菌资源的可持续利用。
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*通信作者:苏鸿雁,教授.
(责任编辑 毛本勇)
Investigation on the Resources of Macrofungi in Cangshan Mountain National Nature Reserve
LUO Zonglong,SU Xijun,DAI Qi,TAO Xingchen,SU Hongyan*
(College of Agriculture and Biology Science,Dali University,Dali,Yunnan 671003,China)
Objective:To find out the resources of macrofungi in Cangshan Mountain National Nature Reserve.Methods:The methods of Zonation survey and Classical taxonomic were adopted to identify the species of macrofungi in Cangshan Mountain.Results:The investigation indicated that there were 2 subphyla,5 classes,50 families,114 genera,279 species of macrofungi in Cangshan Mountain National Nature Reserve.Conclusion:The resources of macrofungi are abundant in Cangshan Mountain National Nature Reserve.Among the species found in this area,Tricholoma matsutake,Hericium erinaceus,Cantharellus cibarius,Russula virescens,Termitomyces albuminosus,Lactarius deliciosus are famous species with potential value for utilization.
Cangshan Mountain;resources;investigation;macrofungi
Q948:S646
A
1672-2345(2014)06-0054-06
10.3969∕j.issn.1672-2345.2014.06.014
国家自然科学基金资助项目(31060019);云南省教育厅重大专项资助项目(ZD2010010);云南省中青年学术带头人资助项目(2012HB-042);云南省高校滇西生物多样性科技创新团队基金资助项目(云教函〔2011〕93号);大理学院质量工程项目(TDⅠ-05)
2013-09-06
2013-09-26
罗宗龙,主要从事大型真菌资源研究.