苍山国家自然保护区大型真菌资源调查

2014-02-11 07:28罗宗龙苏锡钧陶星辰苏鸿雁
大理大学学报 2014年6期
关键词:红菇牛肝菌苍山

罗宗龙,苏锡钧,代 琦,陶星辰,苏鸿雁

(大理学院农学与生物科学学院,云南大理 671003)

苍山国家自然保护区大型真菌资源调查

罗宗龙,苏锡钧,代 琦,陶星辰,苏鸿雁*

(大理学院农学与生物科学学院,云南大理 671003)

目的:了解苍山国家自然保护区内大型真菌资源。方法:采用分带调查法和经典分类学研究方法对苍山的大型真菌进行调查、鉴定。结果:通过实地调查,结合以往资料,共记载该保护区大型真菌2亚门,5纲,50科,114属,279种。结论:苍山国家自然保护区内大型真菌资源丰富,其中以松口蘑Tricholoma matsutake、猴头菌Hericium erinaceus、鸡油菌Cantharellus cibarius、变绿红菇Russula virescens、鸡枞菌Termitomyces albuminosus、美味牛肝菌Boletus edulis、松乳菇Lactarius deliciosus等野生真菌较为著名,经济价值较大。

苍山;资源;调查;大型真菌

苍山洱海国家自然保护区位于东经99°54′30"~100°12′12"和北纬25°33′30"~25°59′48"之间,面积757 hm2,区内山峰林立,最高峰马龙峰,海拔4 122 m,最低点漾濞江与西洱河交汇处,海拔约1 370 m〔1〕,具有明显的植被垂直分布带,从低到高可分为旱冬瓜林、云南松林、华山松林、苍山冷杉林、云南铁杉林、箭竹林等森林类型,是世界高山植物区系最丰富的地区之一。

关于苍山洱海国家自然保护区的大型真菌,苏鸿雁等报道128种〔2〕、72种〔3〕及76种〔4〕。本文采用分带调查法,以期获得本地区更加完善的大型真菌资料。

1 调查方法

1.1调查地点调查地点南起沙坝鸡舌箐,北至洱源邓川镇,包括斜阳峰、马耳峰、圣应峰、玉局峰等苍山十九峰。

1.2仪器及试剂佳能G11、Nikon D5000数码相机、Olympus Bx51显微镜、烘箱;5%~10%KOH溶液、刚果红试剂。

1.3方法采用分带调查法和经典分类方法对苍山的大型真菌进行调查、鉴定〔5〕。

2 调查结果及分析

2.1大型真菌区系组成2009年至2012年共采集该地区大型真菌标本2 156号,经查阅文献资料〔6-23〕,共整理鉴定出2亚门、5纲、18目、50科、114属、279种,详见下列名录。

苍山大型真菌名录

担子菌亚门Basidiomycotina

层菌纲Hymenomycetes

伞菌目Agaricales

侧耳科Pleurotaceae

1.香菇Lentinula edodes

2.豹皮香菇Lentinus lepideus

3.侧耳Pleurotus ostreatus

4.金顶侧耳Pleurotus citrinipileatus

5.长柄侧耳Pleurotus spodoleucas

6.肺形侧耳Pleurotus pulmonarius

7.勺状亚侧耳Hohenbuehelia petaloides

裂褶菌科Schizophyllaceae

8.裂褶菌Schizophyllum commune

蜡伞科Hygrophoraceae

9.鸡油蜡伞Hygrocybe cantharellus

10.白蜡伞Hygrophorus eburnesus

11.红菇蜡伞Hygrophorus russula

12.小红湿伞Hygrocybe miniatus

鹅膏菌科Amznitaceae

13.圈托鹅膏菌Amanita ceciliae

14.白条盖鹅膏菌Amanita chepangiana

15.块鳞鹅膏Amanita eχcelsa

16.小托柄鹅膏菌Amanita farinosa

17.灰花纹鹅膏菌Amanita fuliginea

18.赤褐鹅膏菌Amanita fulva

19.灰絮鳞鹅膏菌Amanita griseofarinosa

20.花柄橙黄鹅膏Amanita hemibapha

21.毒蝇鹅膏菌Amanita muscaria

22.雪白鹅膏菌Amanita nivalis

23.红褐鹅膏菌Amanita orsonii

24.白刺鳞鹅膏菌Amanita echinocephala

25.毒鹅膏菌Amanita phalloides

26.红托鹅膏菌Amanita rubrovolvata

27.块磷灰鹅膏菌Amanita spissa

28.角鳞灰鹅膏菌Amanita spissacea

29.灰鹅膏菌Amanita vaginata

30.豹斑鹅膏Amanita pantherina

31.鳞柄白毒鹅膏菌Amanita virosa

32.长纹鹅膏Amanita longistriata

33.角鳞白伞Amanita solitaria

34.灰绒鹅膏菌Amanita griseofarinosa

35.假灰托鹅膏菌Amanita pseudovaginata

36.印花纹鹅膏菌Amanita yuaniana

光柄菇科Pluteaceae

37.灰光柄菇Pluteus cervinus

白蘑科Tricholomataceae

38.长根奥德蘑Oudemansiella radiata

39.宽褶奥德蘑Oudemasiella platyphylla

40.白环粘奥德蘑Oudenlansiella mucida

41.紫蜡蘑Laccaria amethystea

42.条柄蜡蘑Laccaria proχima

43.红蜡蘑Laccaria laccata

44.小伏褶菌Resupinatus applicatus

45.金针菇Flammulina velutiper

46.松口蘑Tricholoma matsutake

47.皂味口蘑Tricholoma saponaceum

48.梭柄松苞菇Catathelasma ventricosum

49.鸡枞菌Termitomyces albuminosus

50.乳头盖白蚁伞Termitomyces mammiformis

51.尖盾白蚁伞Termitomyces clypeatus

52.小白蚁伞Termitomyces microcarpus

53.金黄鸡枞Termitomyces aurantiacus

54.星孢寄生菇Asterophora lycoperdoides

55.棒柄杯伞Clitocybe clavipes

56.白杯伞Clitocybe phyllophila

57.荷叶离褶伞Lyophyllum decastes

58.簇生离褶伞Lyophyllum aggregatum

59.玉蕈离褶伞Lyophyllum shimeji

60.堆金钱菌Collybia acervata

61.紫条沟小皮伞Marasmius purpurreostriatus

62.玫瑰红小皮伞Marasmius pulcherripes

63.叶生小皮伞Marasmius epiphyllus

64.褐白微皮伞Marasmiellus albofuscus

65.花脸香蘑Lepista sordida

66.紫丁香蘑Lepista nuda

67.耳状桩菇Leucopaχillus panuoides

蘑菇科Agaricaceae

68.褐顶环柄菇Lepiota promineus

69.红顶环柄菇Lepiota gracilenta

70.朱红囊皮菌Cystoderma cinnabarinum

71.赭鳞蘑菇Agaricus subrufescens

72.田野蘑菇Agaricus arvensis

鬼伞科Coprinaceae

73.毛头鬼伞Coprinus comatus

74.粪鬼伞Coprinus sterqulinus

75.小假鬼伞Pseudocoprinus disseminatus

76.喜湿小脆柄菇Psathyrella hydrophila

77.钟形花褶伞Panaeolus campanulatus

粪锈伞科Bolbitiaceae

78.脆锥盖伞Conocybe tenera

79.柱状田头菇Agrocube cylindracea

80.田头菇Agrocube praecoχ

球盖菇科Strophariaceae

81.毛柄库恩菌Kuehneromyces mutabilis

82.黄伞Pnoliota adiposa

丝膜菌科Cortinariaceae

83.血红丝膜菌Cortinarius sanguineus

84.粘柄丝膜菌Cortinarius collinitus

85.黄棕丝膜菌Cortinarius cinnamomeus

86.紫丝膜菌Cortinarius purpurascens

87.茶褐丝盖伞Inocybe umbrinella

88.丝盖伞Inocybe caesariata

89.褐丝盖伞Inocybe brunnea

90.星孢丝盖伞Inocybe asterospora

91.翘鳞丝盖伞Inocybe calamistrata

锈耳科Crepidotaceae

92.褐毛锈耳Crepidotus badiofloccosus

粉褶菌科Rhodophyllaceae

93.浅黄褐粉褶菌Rhodophyllus saundersii

94.粗柄粉褶菌Rhodophyllus crassipes

95.扭柄粉孢褶菌Rhodophyllus staurosporus

铆钉菇科Gomphidiaceae

96.亚红铆钉菇Gomphidus subroseus

97.斑点铆钉菇Gomphidius maculatus

牛肝菌目Boletales

松塔牛肝菌科Strobilomycetaceae

98.松塔牛肝菌Strobilomyces strobilaceus

99.半裸松塔牛肝菌Strobilomyces seminudus

100.光头松塔牛肝菌Strobilomyces glabriceps

101.木生条孢牛肝菌Boletellus emodensis

102.小条孢牛肝菌Boletellus shichianus

牛肝菌科Boletaceae

103.松林假牛肝菌Suillus pinetorum

104.乳牛肝菌Suillus bovinus

105.假琥珀乳牛肝菌Suillus pseudoplacidus

106.褐环乳牛肝菌Suillus luteus

107.污黄粘盖牛肝菌Suillus sibiricus

108.虎皮乳牛肝菌Suillus pictus

109.绿盖粉孢牛肝菌Tylopilus verens

110.苦粉孢牛肝菌Tylopilus felleus

111.黑粉孢牛肝菌Tylopilus nigerrimus

112.紫盖粉孢牛肝菌Tylopilus eχimius

113.垂边粉孢牛肝菌Tylopilus velatus

114.褐疣柄牛肝菌Leccinum scabrum

115.红疣柄牛肝菌Leccinum chromapes

116.远东疣柄牛肝菌Leccinum eχtriemirentale

117.桃红牛肝菌Boletus regius

118.美味牛肝菌Boletus edulis

119.朱红牛肝菌Boletus rubellus

120.裘氏紫褐牛肝菌Boletus violaceo-fuscus

121.美网柄牛肝菌Boletus reticulatus

122.褐盖牛肝菌Boletus brunneissimus

123.双色牛肝菌Boletus bicolor

124.红网纹牛肝菌Boletus luridus

125.黄褐牛肝菌Boletus impolitus

126.大台原牛肝菌Boleteus odaiensis

127.金黄牛肝菌Boletus ornatipes

128.紫红牛肝菌Boletus purpureus

129.褐绒柄牛肝菌Boletus subvelutipes

130.粉被牛肝菌Boletus pulverulentus

131.血红绒牛肝菌Boletus flammans

132.土黄牛肝菌Boletus rufo-aureus

133.灰褐牛肝菌Boletus griseus

134.华美牛肝菌Boletus speciosus

135.褐点牛肝菌Boletus fuscopunctatus

136.褐孔牛肝菌Boletus umbriniporus

137.铅色短孢牛肝菌Gyrodon lividus

138.变青褶孔牛肝菌Phylloporus rhodoχanthus

139.美丽褶孔牛肝菌Phylloporus bellus

140.圆花孢牛肝菌Heimioporus retisporus

141.褐圆孢牛肝菌Gyroporus castaneusa

142.酒红绒盖牛肝菌Xerocomus subpaludosus

143.长孢绒盖牛肝菌Xerocomus rugosellus

144.砖红绒盖牛肝菌Xerocomus spadiceus

145.黄粉末牛肝菌Pulveroboletus ravenelii

146.红点疣柄牛肝菌Leccinum rubropunctum

红菇目Russulales

红菇科Russulaceae

147.香乳菇Lactarius camphoratum

148.白乳菇Lactarius piperatus

149.稀褶乳菇Lactarius hygrophoroides

150.黄汁乳菇Lactarius chrysorrheus

151.格拉氏乳菇Lactarius gerardii

152.松乳菇Lactarius deliciosus

153.多汁乳菇Lactarius volemus

154.木生乳菇Lactarius lignicola

155.红汁乳菇Lactarius hatsudake

156.窝柄黄乳菇Lactarius scrobiculatus

157.绒边乳菇Lactarius pubescens

158.菱红菇Russula vesca

159.乳白绿菇Russula galochroa

160.红黄红菇Russula luteolacta

161.血根草红菇Russula sanguinaria

162.大红菇Russula alutacea

163.血红菇Russula sanguinea

164.堇紫红菇Russula violacea

165.铜绿红菇Russula aeruginea

166.黄红菇Russula lutea

167.大白菇Russula delica

168.毒红菇Russula emetica

169.正红菇Russula griseocarnosa

170.点柄臭黄菇Russula senecis

171.绿菇Russula virescens

172.臭黄菇Russula foetens

173.桂樱红菇Russula rata

174.绒紫红菇Russula mariae

175.姜黄红菇Russula flavida

176.篦形红菇Russula pectinata

177.淡紫红菇Russula lilacea

178.怡红菇Russula amoena

179.白(红)菇Russula albida

180.变色红菇Russula integra

鸡油菌科Cantharellaceae

181.鸡油菌Cantharellus cibarius

182.小鸡油菌Cantharellus minor

183.金色鸡油菌Cantharellus luteocomus

184.漏斗鸡油菌Cantharellus infundibuliformiss

185.金黄鸡油菌Cantharellus aurantiacus

186.白鸡油菌Cantharellus subalbidus

187.变黄喇叭菌Craterellus lutescens

188.黑喇叭菌Craterellus cornucopioides

陀螺菌科Gomphaceae

189.喇叭陀螺菌Gomphus floccosus

190.浅褐陀螺菌Gomphus fujisanensis

珊瑚菌科Clavariaceae

191.橘红珊瑚菌Clavaria aurantio-cinnabarina

192.烟色珊瑚菌Clavaria fumosa

193.污黄藻瑚菌Multiclavula clara

194.冠锁瑚菌Clavulina cristata

195.皱锁瑚菌Clavulina rugosa

196.黄拟锁瑚菌Clavulinopsis fusiformis

197.微黄拟锁瑚菌Clavulinopsis helvola

198.角拟锁瑚菌Clavulinopsis corniculata

199.棒瑚菌Clavariadelphus pistallaris

杯瑚菌科Clavicoronaceae

200.杯瑚菌Clavicorona pyχidata

枝瑚菌科Ramariaceae

201.紫丁香枝瑚菌Ramaria mairei

202.金色枝瑚菌Ramaria subaurantiaca

203.红顶枝瑚菌Ramaria botrytoides

204.疣孢黄枝瑚菌Ramaria flava

205.棕黄枝瑚菌Ramaria flavo-brunnescens

206.米黄枝瑚菌Ramaria obtusissima

207.淡红枝瑚菌Ramaria hemirubella

208.粉红枝瑚菌Ramaria formosa

209.短孢枝瑚菌Ramaria brevispora

非褶菌目Aphyllophorales

绣球菌科Sparassidaceae

210.绣球菌Sparassia crispa

革菌科Thelephoraceae

211.橙黄革菌Thelephora aurantiotincta

212.干巴革菌Thelephora ganbajun

牛舌菌科Fistulinaceae

213.牛舌菌Fistulina hepatica

齿菌科Hydnaceae

214.美味齿菌Hydnum repandum

215.烟紫肉齿菌Sarcodon fuligineo-violaceum

216.褐白肉齿菌Sarcodon fuligineo-albus

217.粗糙肉齿菌Sarcodon scabrosus

218.黑白栓齿菌Phellodon niger

219.耳匙菌Auriscalpium vulgare

220.环纹亚齿菌Hydnellum concrescens

猴头菌科Hericiaceae

221.猴头菌Hericium erinaceum

地花菌科Scutigeraceae

222.大孢地花菌Albatrellus ellisii

多孔菌科Polyporaceae

223.肉桂色集毛菌Coltricia cinnamomea

224.多年生集毛菌Coltricia perennis

225.松杉暗孔菌Phaeolus schweinizii

226.朱红栓菌Trametes cinnabarina

227.血红栓菌Trametes sanguinea

228.硫磺菌Laetiporus sulphureus

229.桦褶孔菌Lenzites betulina

230.黄褐多孔菌Polyporus spp.

231.黄多孔菌Polyporus elegans

232.莲座状稀孔菌Oligoporus floriformis

233.毛云芝Coriolus hirsutus

234.漏斗大孔菌Favolus arcularius

235.匙形大孔菌Favolus spathhulatus

236.木蹄层孔菌Fomes fomentarius

灵芝科Ganodermataceae

237.松杉灵芝Ganoderma tsugae

异担子菌纲Heterobasidiomycetes

木耳目Auriculariales

木耳科Auriculariaceae

238.木耳Auricularia auricula

239.皱木耳Auricularia delicata

240.黑皱木耳Auricularia moellellerii

241.毛木耳Auricularia polytricha

银耳目Tremellales

银耳科Tremellaceae

242.橙耳Tremella cinnabarina

243.胶质刺银耳Tremellodon gelatinosum

花耳目Dacrymycetales

花耳科Dacrymycetaceae

244.掌状花耳Dacrymyces palmatus

245.桂花耳Guepinia spathularia

腹菌纲Gasteromycetes

鬼笔目Phallales

鬼笔科

246.黄裙竹荪Dictyophora mulicolor

笼头菌科Clathraceae

247.五棱散尾鬼笔Lysurus mokusin

马勃目Lycoperdales

地星科Geastraceae

248.袋形地星Geastrum saccatun

249.硬皮地星Geastrum hygrometricum

马勃科Lycoperdaceae

250.网纹马勃Lycoperdon perlatum

251.梨形马勃Lycoperdon pyriforme

252.长刺马勃Lycoperdon echinatum

253.白鳞马勃Lycoperdon mammaeforme

254.头状秃马勃Calvatia craniiformis

硬皮马勃目Sclerodermatales

硬皮马勃科Scleroderma

255.黄硬皮马勃Scleroderma flavidum

美口菌目Calostomatales

美口菌科Calostomataceae

256.日本美口菌Calostoma japonicum

鸟巢菌目Nidulariales

鸟巢菌科Nidulariaceae

257.隆纹黑蛋巢菌Cyathus striatus

258.白绒红蛋巢菌Nidula niveotomentosa

259.白蛋巢菌Crucibulum vulgare

子囊菌亚门Ascomycotina

核菌纲Pyrenomycetes

麦角菌目Clavicipitales

麦角菌科Clavicipitaceae

260.蛹虫草Cordyceps militaris

肉座菌目Hypocreales

肉座菌科Hypocreaceae

261.竹生肉球菌Engleromyces goetzii

炭角菌目Xylariales

炭角菌科Xylariaceae

262.黑柄炭角菌Xylaria nigripes

263.鹿角炭角菌Xylaria hypoχylon

球壳菌目Sphaeriales

球壳菌科Sphaeriales

264.炭球菌Daldinia concentrica

柔膜菌目Helotiales

地舌科Geoglossaceae

265.黄地锤菌Cudonia lutea

266.黄地勺菌Spathularia flavida

锤舌菌科Leotiaceae

267.小绿钉菇Chlorencoelia aeruginascens

盘菌目Pezizales

肉盘菌科Sarcosomataceae

268.大胶鼓Galiella celebica

269.浅脚瓶盘菌Urnula craeterium

胶陀螺科Bulgariaceae

270.胶陀螺菌Bulgaria inguinans

盘菌科Pezizaceae

271.橙黄网孢盘菌Aleuria aurantia

272.红毛盘菌Scutellinia scutellata

273.兔耳侧盘菌Otidea leporina

274.林地盘菌Peziza sylve0tris

马鞍菌科Helvellaceae

275.皱柄白马鞍菌Helvella crispa

276.灰褐马鞍菌Helvella ephippium

277.棱柄马鞍菌Helvella lacanosa

278.马鞍菌Helvella elastica

279.赭鹿花菌Gyromitra infula

2.2优势科苍山共有大型真菌50科,将含9种及以上的科定为优势科,共7科,占科总数的14%。其中种类最多的为牛肝菌科(44种,占种总数的15.77%);其次是红菇科(34种,占种总数的12.18%);第三为鹅膏菌科(24种,占种总数的8.60%);其他依次为多孔菌科(14种)、枝瑚菌科(9种)、珊瑚菌科(9种)和丝膜菌科(9种)。这7个科共有种类143种,占苍山大型真菌总数的51.25%。见表1。

2.3优势属苍山共有大型真菌114属,其中种数≥10的有4属(占属总数的3.50%),共78种,占种总数的27.96%,见表2。而种数在2~9种的有39属(占属总数的34.21%)。

表1 苍山大型真菌优势科的统计

表2 苍山大型真菌优势属的统计

3 讨论

从调查结果可知,苍山国家自然保护区内大型真菌资源丰富,其中,以香菇、侧耳、美味牛肝菌、桃红牛肝菌、鸡油菌、枝瑚菌、鸡枞菌、变绿红菇(青头菌)等为代表的食用菌;以云芝、灵芝、裂褶菌、猴头菌等为代表的药用菌以及以花褶伞、丝盖伞、鹅膏菌等为代表的毒菌在该区域内均有分布。此外,在苍山的114属大型真菌中,经济价值较大的属为口蘑属Tricholoma、牛肝菌属Boletus、红菇属Russula、乳菇属Lactarius、木耳属Aurcularia、鸡油菌属Cantharellus、侧耳属Pleurotus、离褶伞属Lyophyllum、香菇属Lentinus、裂褶菌属Schizophyl⁃lum、白蚁伞属Termitomyces、丝膜菌属Cortinarius、枝瑚菌属Ramaria、肉齿菌属Sarcodon。

大型真菌资源是生物多样性的重要组成成分,开发利用不当而引起的环境恶化和资源破坏会对生物多样性造成威胁。调查过程中发现,在大理地区,人们在采收利用经济价值比较高的大型真菌资源时往往存在过度采集及掠夺性采摘的情况,从而破坏了大型真菌的自然更新和再生能力。因此,在大型真菌采集过程中应该遵循轮采轮挖、采大留小的原则,同时注重人工驯化、栽培方法的研究,以达到对苍山大型真菌资源的可持续利用。

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*通信作者:苏鸿雁,教授.

(责任编辑 毛本勇)

Investigation on the Resources of Macrofungi in Cangshan Mountain National Nature Reserve

LUO Zonglong,SU Xijun,DAI Qi,TAO Xingchen,SU Hongyan*
(College of Agriculture and Biology Science,Dali University,Dali,Yunnan 671003,China)

Objective:To find out the resources of macrofungi in Cangshan Mountain National Nature Reserve.Methods:The methods of Zonation survey and Classical taxonomic were adopted to identify the species of macrofungi in Cangshan Mountain.Results:The investigation indicated that there were 2 subphyla,5 classes,50 families,114 genera,279 species of macrofungi in Cangshan Mountain National Nature Reserve.Conclusion:The resources of macrofungi are abundant in Cangshan Mountain National Nature Reserve.Among the species found in this area,Tricholoma matsutake,Hericium erinaceus,Cantharellus cibarius,Russula virescens,Termitomyces albuminosus,Lactarius deliciosus are famous species with potential value for utilization.

Cangshan Mountain;resources;investigation;macrofungi

Q948:S646

A

1672-2345(2014)06-0054-06

10.3969∕j.issn.1672-2345.2014.06.014

国家自然科学基金资助项目(31060019);云南省教育厅重大专项资助项目(ZD2010010);云南省中青年学术带头人资助项目(2012HB-042);云南省高校滇西生物多样性科技创新团队基金资助项目(云教函〔2011〕93号);大理学院质量工程项目(TDⅠ-05)

2013-09-06

2013-09-26

罗宗龙,主要从事大型真菌资源研究.

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