John Murtagh,杨 辉
译者按:在全科医学服务中,我们经常会遇到“糊涂”的老年人,甚至有些老年人会出现精神症状。其中一个要考虑到的原因是老年人中非常常见的低钠血症。低钠血症的主要原因可能是利尿剂使用过度,或皮质激素缺乏,或功能衰竭。因此,全科医生首先要采集病人的用药史,并通过实验室检查确定低钠血症,同时要进行必要的鉴别诊断。
一位82岁的老年男性病人来诊所看病,病人是由常年照顾他的女儿带来的。老人就诊的原因是48 h以来萎靡不振、思维混乱、恶心、呆滞。18个月前,老人患卒中,不过程度属于轻度,得到稳定的恢复,直到3 d前还感觉不错。他没有出现跌倒和失禁问题。
老人目前服用的药物包括降低胆固醇的辛伐他汀(simvastatin)20 mg,1次/d;利尿/降压药吲哒帕胺(indapamide)2.5 mg,1次/d;镇静药替马西泮(temazepam)10 mg,夜间服用。
体检发现老人一般躯体状况良好,不过经常对时间、人物和地点出现定向障碍。他的表现提示可能有谵妄的情况,因此对他进行简易精神状态检查。他的生命体征为:体温37 ℃;脉搏72次/min,规律;血压140/80 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa);呼吸14次/min;血氧饱和度97%。其他体检包括心血管检查、神经系统检查、呼吸系统检查,结果都正常。血糖仪读数为6.2 mmol/L。
4.1 提问1:你可以做哪些鉴别诊断?
4.2 提问2:你应该安排哪些实验室检查?
5.1 解答1:鉴别诊断包括药物不良反应,特别是利尿剂造成的电解质紊乱、镇静剂造成的不良反应。并需要考虑到肾衰竭。
5.2 解答2:你应该安排如下实验室检查:全血常规检查;尿液检查,包括尿常规和尿培养检查;血清电解质检查;肾功能检查。
实验室检查的结果如下:全血常规检查:正常;尿液检查:正常;血清电解质检查:血钠120 mmol/L(参考值范围为134~146 mmol/L),血钾4.0 mmol/L(参考值范围为3.4~5.3 mmol/L);肾功能检查:尿素4.5 mmol/L(参考值范围为3~8 mmol/L),肌酐0.07 mmol/L(参考值范围为0.04~0.12 mmol/L)。
7.1 提问3:这个病人低钠血症的最可能原因是什么?
7.2 提问4:低钠血症的其他原因是什么?
7.3 提问5:你应该怎样管理这个病人?
8.1 解答3:造成这个病人低钠血症(并继而造成思维混乱)的最可能原因是使用利尿剂吲哒帕胺,这个药物属于噻嗪类利尿剂。其他利尿剂也可能造成同样的问题,因此密切观察病人利尿剂的使用情况是非常重要的。
8.2 解答4:其他可能造成低钠血症的原因有:(1)抗利尿激素分泌综合征,如甲状腺功能减退、癌症;(2)肾功能衰竭导致钠潴留,如肾炎;(3)水摄入过多,如饮水过多或水潴留、充血性心力衰竭;(4)其他药物,如血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂、抗癫痫药。
8.3 解答5:对这位病人,应该采取如下管理措施:(1)停止使用利尿剂吲哒帕胺;(2)安排病人入院治疗;(3)限制水和液体摄入;(4)通过静脉点滴给予等渗氯化钠溶液(如果体液减少)。
译者注:
1谵妄:急性发作的症状,表现为意识清醒程度降低,注意力下降,定向力下降,情绪激动或呆滞,睡-醒周期紊乱,甚至出现妄想或幻觉。
2定向力:对周围环境(包括时间、地点、人物)的察觉和识别能力以及对自身状态(包括姓名、年龄、职业等)的察觉和识别能力。
·WorldGeneralPractice/FamilyMedicine·
A 82 year old man is brought in by his carer daughter because over the past 48 hours he has become lethargic,confused,nauseated and drowsy.He had suffered a stroke 18 months ago but it was not severe and he has been making steady progress and recently felt well up to about 3 days ago.He has not had any falls or incontinence.
His medication is the cholesterol-lowering agent simvastatin 20 mg once daily,the diuretic agent indapamide 2.5 mg daily,the hypnotic temazepam 10 mg at night.
On examination he looks well physically but is disorientated in time,person and place.The routine mini-mental state examination had to be modified as his condition suggested delirium.His vital signs were temperature 37 ℃,pulse 72/min regular,BP 140/80 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),respiration 14/min,oxygen saturation 97%.The rest of the physical examination including the cardiovascular,neurological and respiratory systems was normal.Blood glucose reading (glucometer) 6.2 mmol/L.
4.1 Question 1:What are your differential diagnosis?
4.2 Question 2:What investigations would you perform initially?
5.1 Answer 1:Differential diagnoses include an adverse drug reaction particularly to the diuretic (including electrolyte disturbance)and the sleeping pill; kidney failure.
5.2 Answer 2:Blood tests to consider are:Full blood examination,urine analysis,serum electrolytes,kidney function tests.
The investigations with normal ranges are as follows:Full blood examination:normal.Urine:normal.Sodium 120 mmol/L(134-146 mmol/L),Potassium 4.0 mmol/L(3.4-5.3 mmol/L).Urea 4.5 mmol/L(3-8 mmol/L),Creatinine 0.07 mmol/L(0.04-0.12 mmol/L).
7.1 Question 3:What is the most likely cause of low serum sodium ( Hyponatremia) in this patient?
7.2 Question 4:What are other causes of Hyponatremia?
7.3 Question 5:How would you manage this patient?
8.1 Answer 3:The most likely cause of this man′s low serum sodium -causing confusion-is his diuretic treatment with indapamide which is a thiazide type drug.Other diuretics can cause this problem so careful follow up of patients on diuretics is important.
8.2 Answer 4:Other causes of Hyponatremia:(1)Inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion syndrome e.g.hypothyroidism,lung cancer.(2)Kidney failure to conserve salt e.g.nephritis.(3)Water excess e.g.orally or retention e.g.CCF.(4)Other drugs e.g.ACE inhibitors,anti-epileptics.
8.3 Answer 5:The treatment should be:(1)Stop the suspect drug-indapamide.(2)Admit to hospital.(3)Restrict water and fluid intake.(4) Administer isotonic saline via intravenous drip (if volume depletion).