16S rDNA-变性梯度凝胶电泳技术与临床培养方法对比分析儿童阑尾炎组织菌群多样性

2014-01-24 05:37杨静丽余加林王政力唐小丽
中国循证儿科杂志 2014年1期
关键词:条带阑尾阑尾炎

杨静丽 余加林 王政力 艾 青 刘 东 唐小丽

·论著·

16S rDNA-变性梯度凝胶电泳技术与临床培养方法对比分析儿童阑尾炎组织菌群多样性

杨静丽 余加林 王政力 艾 青 刘 东 唐小丽

目的 从分子生物学的角度初步探讨儿童阑尾炎组织的菌群多样性,为全面认识儿童阑尾炎病原菌提供新的视角。方法 对 10例阑尾炎组织标本和4例正常阑尾组织标本病理切片后,行革兰染色观察菌群情况,采用激光捕获显微切割技术(LCM)直视下分离组织中的细菌,经DNA提取、PCR扩增后,进行变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分析并与临床培养结果对比。结果 ①临床培养法:阳性率为70%,共检测到 4个菌属,以大肠埃希菌最多见,各标本菌属0~2种,且均可由DGGE检出。②DGGE方法:共检测到14个菌属,包括可培养菌属和无法培养的菌属,以革兰阴性菌为主;10例阑尾炎标本包含的细菌种类和数目均有差异,各标本菌属平均9.6(6~12)种;变形菌门比例为73.9%。在正常阑尾组织中,各标本菌属数在2~7种,变形菌门比例为52.9%,且发现假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属等7个菌属仅在阑尾炎病灶中检出。结论 阑尾炎病灶区是以革兰阴性菌为主的多种细菌混合感染,检测到的细菌种类较正常阑尾多。应用LCM联合PCR-DGGE技术病原菌检出率较高,可为组织病原学研究提供新的思路。

阑尾炎; 激光捕获显微切割技术; 变性梯度凝胶电泳; 菌群多样性

阑尾炎是儿外科最常见的急腹症,可发生在任何年龄。目前认为,阑尾腔梗阻和病原菌入侵是引发阑尾炎的主要病因,甚至有研究认为病原菌感染是导致阑尾炎的最重要因素[1~3]。因此认识感染灶菌群多样性对儿童阑尾炎的科学诊疗有重要作用。目前国内外大多采用传统脓液细菌培养的方法对阑尾炎病原菌进行研究,但人体内60%~80%细菌无法培养[4],许多潜在致病菌无法被检出。由培养方法得出病原学资料是否全面地反映了感染灶菌群情况,值得进一步探讨。为此,本文首次报道采用激光捕获显微切割技术(LCM) 直视下对已发生细菌移位进入阑尾壁组织的感染灶进行精确切割分离,并结合目前研究菌群多样性的遗传指纹图谱技术——变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(DGGE)进行菌群多样性分析。

1 方法

1.1 病理标本 调取2012年6~10月重庆医科大学附属儿童医院(我院)病理科石蜡包埋的阑尾组织标本。选取临床和病理均诊断为阑尾炎,且同时具有阑尾脓液培养结果的标本为阑尾炎组(10例);选取在我院行剖腹探查后行阑尾切除且阑尾病理正常的标本为对照组(4例)。我院术后阑尾脓液采集、培养和鉴定按《全国临床检验操作规程》进行,检出病原菌采用美国BD公司Phoenix-100进行菌种鉴定[5],由我院临床检验科微生物实验室专业技术员完成。

1.2 组织病理学检查 阑尾炎组和对照组石蜡切片后在MMI膜(基因公司)铺片,经常规脱蜡、脱水,37℃过夜干燥,革兰染液(庞通公司)染色后,显微镜下观察细菌的形态,并由高倍到低倍光镜记录细菌的位置。

1. 3 细菌分离 应用MMI cellcut Plus激光捕获机(瑞士)对阑尾炎组和对照组阑尾组织中细菌切割分离,包括高度精确的激光发生器(波长337 nm)、倒置显微镜和电子计算机。由于MMI膜不能封片,因此不能在倒置显微镜下清晰观察细菌。在倒置显微镜(400倍)直视下对记录到的细菌进行显微切割,切割完毕后自动弹射到固定在膜片上方具有吸附作用的EP管盖上。

1. 4 DNA提取 使用QIAamp DNA Micro kit(QIAGEN,德国)试剂盒提取DNA,按照说明书要求进行操作。

1. 5 PCR扩增 以双蒸水为空白对照,采用巢式PCR对阑尾炎组及对照组收集细菌的16S rDNA V3区进扩增:第1步:F5′-TCAGATTGAACGCTGGCGGC-3′,R5′-TATTACCG-CGGCTGCTGGCA-3′;第2步:F5′CGCCCGCCGCGCGCGG-CGGGCGGGGCGGGGGCACGGGGGGCCTACGGGAGGCAGC-AG-3′,R5′-ATTACCGCGGCTGCTGG-3′(上海生物工程公司)[6]。PCR扩增体系:第1步(25 μL):premix(TaKaRa) 12.5 μL,下游引物(上海英俊生物工程公司)各1 μL (10 μmol·L-1),DNA模板4 μL,ddH2O 6.5 μL;第2步(50 μL):premix 25 μL,上下游引物各1 μL,DNA模板2 μL,ddH2O 21 μL;反应条件:第1步:94℃ 3 min,94℃ 30 s,65℃ 1 min, 72℃ 1 min,34个循环,72℃ 7 min;第2步:94℃ 3 min,94℃ 30 s,65℃ 1 min, 72℃ 1 min,29个循环,72℃ 7 min。扩增后用2%琼脂糖电泳检测PCR的扩增片段。

1.6 DGGE 采用BIO-RAD Dcode Universal Mutation System电泳系统进行电泳分析。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶浓度为8%,变性梯度范围为35%~65%,PCR产物上样量为20 μL,运行条件:1×电泳缓冲液60℃,85 V,16 h。用SYBR green Ⅰ(百泰克公司)染色30 min,在Bench-Top3UV紫外透射仪下观察和记录凝胶条带,用无菌刀片对优势条带进行切割。DGGE图谱一个泳道反映一个样本菌群情况,同一水平条带代表一种细菌,不同位置条带代表不同种细菌,条带亮度一定程度反映细菌相对量,较亮条带代表优势条带[6]。采用Quantity one软件对PCR-DGGE图谱进行条带检测识别,并分析物种丰富度(S),S值越大代表检测到菌种越多。通过生物多样性数据(BIO-DAP)分析香农-威纳指数(H′)[7],菌落种类越多H′越大。

1.7 条带回收、克隆、测序 回收的优势条带用30 μL ddH2O浸泡过夜回收DNA,用“不含GC夹子”的引物(F5′-CCTACGGAGGCAGCAG-3′,R5′-ATTACCGCGGCTGCTGG-3′)进行PCR扩增,胶(TaKaRa试剂盒 )后克隆,送上海生物工程有限公司测序,结果与Http://blast. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Blast比对,分析细菌种类。

2 结果

2.1 一般情况 阑尾炎组10例中,年龄2~14岁,男8例,女2例,化脓性阑尾炎2例、坏疽性阑尾炎4例、坏疽性阑尾炎伴穿孔4例;对照组4例(男3例,女1例),年龄3~8岁。

2.2 阑尾组织病理学结果 如图1A,B显示,阑尾炎组阑尾炎性组织中含有大量革兰阳性(红色染色)和革兰阴性菌(蓝色染色),根据形态分为杆菌、球菌等,多分布在阑尾组织黏膜层及黏膜下层。黏膜连续性中断,组织结构破坏,病灶区可见较大量细菌侵入。对照组正常阑尾组织黏膜连续,组织结构完整,黏膜层及黏膜下层几乎观察不到细菌,仅在黏膜层表层观察到少量革兰阳性和革兰阴性菌(图1C,D)。

2.2 激获分离细菌 阑尾炎组10例在倒置显微镜下均可观察到阑尾结构破坏严重,坏死的组织中可见大量细菌;对照组4例组织结构完整。阑尾炎组可激光分离到大量细菌(图2),对照组仅收集到少量细菌。

图1 阑尾组织病理学检查所见(革兰染色)

Fig 1 The gram staining of patients appendix tissue

Notes A(1 000×) and B (40×): showed the histological structure of patients appendicitis tissue under the light microscope, a lot of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, bacilli and cocci in shape were mainly distributed in mucous layer and submucous layer of appendicitis tissue. The continuity of mucous layer interrupted, the structure of tissue distroyed, invasion of lots bacteria was found; C(1 000×) and D(40×): showed the histological structure of normal appendix tissue under the light microscop. The continuity of mucous layer was normal and the structure of tissue was intact. Almost no bacteria were found in mucous layer and submucous layer, only a few gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were observed on the surface of mucous layer

图2 激光捕获分离细菌过程(×400)

Fig 2 The process of separating bacteria from surrounding tissues by LCM(×400)

Notes A:Selecting the destination area by 400× inverted microscope (The selected oval zone contained plenty of bacteria ), B: The process of laser cutting ,C:After cutting completed, D:The cutting region on the collecting tube cap

2.3 PCR-DGGE图谱分析 图3显示,阑尾炎组10例共鉴定出21条优势条带,优势条带的位置、亮度和数量均与对照组4例存在差异。阑尾炎组21个优势条带进行细菌种类分析,DGGE胶回收优势细菌DNA片段序列比对显示,与Blast序列一致性达到85%~100%(表1)。

图3 阑尾炎组和对照组DGGE图谱

Fig 3 TDGGE profiles of 14 cases of appendix tissues

Notes A-J represented 10 samples of appendicitis respectively,K-N represented 4 samples of normal appendix tissue respectively,lane 11 was the blank contral; 1-21 represented 21 predominant bands with gel extraction(corresponding bacterial genera see table 1

表1 DGGE胶回收优势细菌DNA片段序列比对结果

Tab 1 The types of bacterial communities in appendix tissue corresponding the bands in Fig3

2.4 菌群多样性分析 阑尾炎组和对照组DGGE胶回收优势条带,可归纳为14个菌属(表2)。10例阑尾炎标本共检测出14个菌属,以革兰阴性菌为主;各标本菌属数在6~12种,平均每例标本检测到9.6个菌属;DGGE图谱共识别优势条带119条,其中88个(73.9%)优势条带对应的菌属为变形菌门, 24个(20.2%)为厚壁菌门,7个(5.9%)为放线菌门。对照组4例菌属数在2~7种;DGGE图谱中共识别优势条件17条,其中9个(52.9%)对应的菌属为变形菌门,8个(47.0%)为厚壁菌门。对比两组检测到的菌属,发现假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、克雷伯菌属、沙雷氏菌属、(霍氏)肠杆菌属、链球菌属和链霉菌等7种菌属仅在阑尾炎组检出;肠球菌属、埃希菌属、乳酸杆菌属在两组均可检出。

表2 DGGE胶回收优势细菌属出现频率

Tab 2 The frequency of predominant genera after gel extraction in all specimens

进一步对比10例阑尾炎术后脓液临床培养结果,阳性率为70%,各标本菌属数为0~2种,以大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌多见,可归纳为4个菌属,且均可由DGGE检出(表3)。

阑尾炎组10例物种丰富度S值在6~17,平均11.9±3.8,H′为2.38±0.40;对照组4例物种丰富度S值仅为2~7,H′均<2(表3);两组S值和H′差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。对DGGE图谱进行聚类分析,显示阑尾炎组10例聚为一簇,对照组4例聚为一簇,提示两组标本的菌群结构具有显著差异(图4)。

图4 阑尾标本DGGE聚类分析

Fig 4 Similarity index of DGGE profiles obtained from 14 cases of appendix tissues

Notes A-J represented 10 samples of appendicitis respectively,K-N represented 4 samples of normal appendix tissue respectively,lane 11 was the blank contral

Notes S.A. represented suppurative appendicitis without perforation;G.A.represented gangrenous appendicitis without perforation;G.A.&P. represented gangrenous appendicitis with perforation. 1) Number was corresponding to the bacterial genre of Tab 2

3 讨论

细菌在阑尾炎发生过程中起着重要作用,然而临床培养方法严重低估了感染灶病原菌群情况。目前已有越来越多的学者采用分子生物学方法对许多熟知的疾病病原菌进行重新审视[8~11],阑尾炎亦不例外[2, 3]。DGGE技术利用不同DNA片段解链和梯度变性胶的特性将不同序列、不同长度的DNA片段区分开,可检测到仅一个碱基差异的DNA片段,能够有效、快速和全面的检测菌群多样性。为了更精确地探究病灶区的情况,研究者[12~14]还采用LCM的方法直视下对感染灶组织取样,较传统全组织提取方法更准确,确保PCR 扩增的模板来源于感染灶的病原菌而避免非病灶区细菌干扰。本研究将LCM和 16S rDNA-DGGE技术首次联合应用于儿童阑尾炎组织菌群多样性研究, 为全面认识儿童阑尾炎病原菌提供新的视角。

本研究中10例阑尾炎脓液临床培养结果仍以大肠埃希菌最常见(6例),与国内外研究结果一致[2, 15~18]。但临床中时常会遇到同一份标本连续两次培养结果及其药敏试验截然不同的困惑。考虑临床培养法常根据经验选取培养板上分离出的1~2个菌落做生化鉴定,难免造成致病菌未能被检出,或者出现同一标本两次结果不同。因此,单纯由培养作为检出致病菌的“金标准”是值得商榷的。

联合应用LCM 和16S rDNA-DGGE技术比临床培养方法更全面反映病灶区复杂的细菌构成情况。本研究通过对阑尾炎组优势条带测序,共检测到14种菌属,除肠球菌和链球菌属外,其余均为革兰阴性菌,提示了阑尾炎为革兰阴性为主的多种细菌混合感染:不仅包括临床培养常见菌属(埃希菌属、假单胞菌属等),还包含临床培养法未检测到的菌属,此类细菌在疾病发生发展过程中发挥的作用研究甚少[4]。

对比阑尾炎组和对照组,发现两组均能检测出细菌,但检出细菌种类、菌属分布比例、细菌数量及在组织中分布位置均有明显差异,阑尾炎病灶区组织结构破坏严重,黏膜连续性中断,大量致病菌移位,穿过黏膜层进入黏膜下层、肌层,并可能进一步进入血液循环、腹腔,而导致败血症、弥漫性腹膜炎的发生;而对照组仅有少量细菌分布于黏膜表层,组织结构完整。阑尾炎组检测到的菌属较对照组明显增多,且假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、克雷伯菌属、沙雷氏菌属、(霍氏)肠杆菌属、链球菌属和链霉菌属仅在阑尾炎组检出,检出率为20%~100%,上述菌属很可能是阑尾炎组病灶区的“潜在致病菌”。统计阑尾炎组中细菌以变形菌门(71.3%)为主,较对照组(60.0%)有明显升高,Forsberg等[19]报道临床许多疾病的主要致病菌属于变形菌门,与本研究结果一致。因此,通过对比正常组织,分子生物学方法检出的阑尾炎组织菌群情况,可为阑尾炎及其继发引起的并发症(尤其是培养结果阴性)的临床抗生素选择提供一定的依据。

由于收集正常儿童阑尾组织为对照组非常困难,标本量较少,可能会对本研究结果有一定影响。

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(本文编辑:丁俊杰)

Comparative study on 16S rDNA-DGGE versus conventional clinical culture in analysis of children's appendicitis tissue bacterial floras

YANG Jing-li,YU Jia-lin, WANG Zheng-li,AI Qing,LIU Dong,TANG Xiao-li

( Department of Neonatology,Children′s Hosptial of Chongqing Medical University,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing,Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014,China)

YU Jia-lin,E-mail:yujialin486@sohu.com

ObjectiveTo explore the microbial diversity in children's appendix tissue with inflammation by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) ,compared with clinical culture method.MethodsThe bacteria on pathological sections of 10 cases of appendicitis and 4 cases of normal appendix tissue were observed and recorded after gram staining, thereafter separated from the surrounding tissue by laser Capture microdissection(LCM). After DNA extraction and PCR amplification, the microbial community diversity was analyzed through DGGE.ResultsThe positive rate of bacterial culture was 70%. 4 bacterial genera were detected in 10 cases of appendicitis, and each specimen contained range from 0 to 2 bacterial genera. Using sequencing fragment of DNA, 14 bacterial genera were detected in 10 cases, each sample contained 9.6 genera on average, ranged from 6 to 12, including cultivable and uncultivable bacteria. Protei accounted for 73.9% of all the detected bacteria in appendicitis. Regarding to normal tissue, each specimen ranged from 2 to 7 genera. Protei accounted for 52.9% of all the detected bacteria. Pseudomonsa spp, Acinetobacter spp, Klebsiella spp and Serratia spp etc. could only be detected in the inflammatory tissue.ConclusionLCM combined with PCR-DGGE increase the detection rate of the pathogenic bacteria to analyze the microbial diversity of inflammatory appendices tissue. It may help to provide more information about the actual condition of bacterial floras. The microbiota in inflammatory appendix tissue is different from normal control tissue. Most of the floras detected in appendicitis group were members of Proteobacteria which might contain the "potential pathogenic bacterium".The results provide some evidence for reasonable choices of antibiotics.

Appendicitis; Laser capture microdissection; Denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis; Microbial community diversity

国家自然科学基金:81370744,81070513

重庆医科大学附属儿童医院新生儿中心,儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室,儿科学重庆重点实验室,重庆市儿童发育重大疾病诊治与预防国际科技合作基地 重庆,400014

余加林,E-mail: yujialin486@sohu.com

10.3969/j.issn.1673-5501.2014.01.005

2013-12-27

2014-01-25)

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