张满胜
现如今,中国有很多人在学英语。要说中国学英语的人比美国人口还多,这恐怕一点也不为过。但在中国,真正能熟练用英语进行交流的人并不多。具体来说,能够大致看懂英文的人较多,而能够流利地说英文和写英文的人较少。我们拿上面“中国学英语的人比美国人口还多”这个中文句子为例,请读者将之译成英文。翻译这句话时,要用到英语中的比较句型。下面笔者提供三种不同版本的译文。
1. The number of people learning English in China is larger than the population of the United States. (“主—系—表”句型)
2. There are more people learning English in China than there are people in the United States. (There be句型)
3. More people learn English in China than live in the United States. (“主—谓—状”句型)
上面三个句子中,例1最简单,相信很多读者都会这么翻译,例2相对较难,例3是最难的。读者要想译出例2、例3这样结构的比较句,需要在英语比较句方面有较深厚的功底。本期笔者就与大家探讨一下比较句中的倍数比较句型,希望对读者有所启发。
问题导入
上文使用的例句都是than比较句,现在我们将例2改为“as … as”比较句,请看原句和改写后的句子。
4. a. There are more people learning English in China than there are people in the United States.
b. There are as many people learning English in China as there are people in the United States.
我们知道,改写后得到的b句含义是“中国学英语的人与美国人口一样多”,与原句的含义不一样。现在,我们在a句和b句的基础上分别添加诸如three times这样的倍数词来进行比较,即能得出下面两个句子。
5. a. There are three times more people learning English in China than there are people in the United States.
b. There are three times as many people learning English in China as there are people in the United States.
现在问题来了:这里a句和b句的含义是否相同?如果我们将例5两个句子的three times替换成分数a third,又可以得出下面两个句子。
6. a. There are a third more people learning English in China than there are people in the United States.
b. There are a third as many people learning English in China as there are people in the United States.
问题又来了:这里a、b两句的含义是否相同呢?
以上两个问题涉及英语中的倍数比较。带着这两个问题,我们下面一起来探讨倍数比较句型的结构与含义。
倍数比较结构及其衍生句型
倍数比较结构有两种,一种是“倍数/分数+形容词”,一种是“倍数/分数+名词”。下面笔者来进行具体阐述。
结构一:倍数/分数+形容词
因为形容词的比较结构主要是“than比较”和“as … as比较”这两类,所以,最核心的倍数比较句型有两个:一个是“倍数/分数+形容词比较级+ than”,另一个是“倍数/分数+ as +形容词+ as”。我们把倍数(以three times为例)与分数(以a third为例)分开列举,于是便有了下面的倍数比较句型。
① A is three times bigger than B. (倍数+形容词比较级+ than)
② A is three times as big as B. (倍数+ as +形容词+ as)
③ A is a third bigger than B. (分数+形容词比较级+ than)
④ A is a third as big as B. (分数+ as +形容词+ as)
值得注意的是,twice (两倍)不能用在“倍数+形容词比较级+ than”结构中,只能用在“倍数+ as +形容词+ as”结构中。也就是说,我们不能说“A is twice bigger than B”,而应该说“A is twice as big as B”。英语中有个使用比较结构的俚语为“as large as life and twice as natural”(出自刘易斯·卡罗尔的《爱丽丝梦游仙境》),字面意思是“和真人一样大而且有真人的两倍那么自然”,真正含义是“正是其人,如假包换”。当某人激动地告诉别人自己遇到了某个名人时就会用到该俚语。比如你和别人提起自己在乘飞机时遇见了某位电影明星,就可以这样强调:“Its him as large as life and twice as natural.”这里的“twice as natural”不能说成“twice more natural”。
结构二:倍数/分数+名词
在“倍数/分数+形容词”的倍数比较结构中,有些形容词可以替换成名词,这样便有了“倍数/分数+名词”这一倍数比较结构。以上文结构一中的句型①~④为例,例句中的形容词big对应的名词是size,于是我们可以把结构一中的比较句型改写成以下两个句型。
⑤ A is three times the size of B. (倍数+名词)
⑥ A is a third of the size of B. (分数+名词)
结构一中的形容词与结构二中的名词的常见转换包括以下几组:big→size、long→length、wide→width、deep→depth、many→number、much→amount。
以上笔者只是列举了六种倍数比较的句型结构,并没有说明这六种句型如何翻译。比如在上面①~⑥这六种句型中,A与B的大小该如何判断呢?如果我们假设B=1,那么上面六个句型中的A分别等于多少呢?在答案公布之前,读者可以先自己判断一下。
倍数比较句型的含义
上文所说的六种句型的倍数关系如下所示。
①“A is three times bigger than B”的倍数关系:B=1,A=3
②“A is three times as big as B”的倍数关系:B=1,A=3
③“A is a third bigger than B”的倍数关系:B=1,A=1
④“A is a third as big as B”的倍数关系:B=1,A=
⑤“A is three times the size of B”的倍数关系:B=1,A=3
⑥“A is a third of the size of B”的倍数关系:B=1,A=
你都答对了吗?如果都答对了,那你真是牛人!如果你没有都答对,那太正常了,因为英语毕竟是你的外语。
关于倍数比较的问题,人们在翻译时一直存在误解。比如对于句①“A is three times bigger than B”,许多人都认为这句话应该翻译为“A比B大三倍”,但这样翻译的话,就意味着“B=1,A=4”,这与原句意思不符,所以这样翻译是错误的,这句话只能译成“A是B的三倍大”。也就是说,句①与句②的含义是一样的。此外,句⑤与句①、句②两个句子的含义也是一样的。
从上面的答案我们看出,句③和句④意思不同,这两个句子与句①、句②的区别在于倍数词不同。也就是说,当倍数词小于1时,“as … as”比较句与than比较句的含义不同。
句③“A is a third bigger than B”意思是“A比B大三分之一”,所以,若B=1,则A=1 。
句④“A is a third as big as B”意思是“A是B的三分之一”,所以,若B=1,则A= 。
从上面的倍数关系我们看出,句④与句⑥意思相同,即句⑥“A is a third of the size of B”可译成“A是B的三分之一”。
综上所述,英语中的倍数比较句型有六种,如下表所示。
问题解答
根据上述结论,我们可知,文章开头例5中的a句(There are three times more people learning English in China than there are people in the United States.)和b句(There are three times as many people learning English in China as there are people in the United States.)的含义一样,都表示“中国学英语的人是美国人口的三倍”。同时我们还可以采用上文表格中的句型三“倍数+名词”来对其改写,即写成:“The number of people learning English in China is three times the population of the United States.”
然而,上文例6中的a句(There are a third more people learning English in China than there are people in the United States.)和b句(There are a third as many people learning English in China as there are people in the United States.)的含义不同。a句的含义是“中国学英语的人比美国人口还要多三分之一”,而b句的含义为“中国学英语的人是美国人口的三分之一”。同时,我们可以用表格中的句型六来将b句改写成如下形式:“The number of people learning English in China is a third of the population of the United States.”
JOKE
Where Do Babies Come From?
On the way back from a cub scout meeting, my grandson innocently said to my son, “Dad, I know babies come from mommies tummies, but how do they get there in the first place?” After my son hemmed and hawed a while, my grandson finally spoke up in disgust, “You dont have to make up something, Dad. Its okay if you dont know the answer.”