内脏伤害性刺激在脊髓突触后背柱神经元的信号转导机制*

2012-07-31 14:06郭瑞娟吴安石
中国病理生理杂志 2012年2期
关键词:伤害性敏化信号转导

郭瑞娟,王 云,吴安石,岳 云

(首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院麻醉科,北京 100020)

内脏痛是急慢性胃肠道、盆腔、泌尿道和其它实体器官疾病的最常见症状之一。许多疾病伴发的内脏性疼痛十分顽固,如肠道激惹综合征、间质性膀胱炎、胰腺炎、子宫内膜异位症和癌性内脏痛等,给临床医师带来了极大的挑战。内脏疼痛机制十分复杂。近年来,一系列的临床和基础研究发现起源于脊髓突触后背柱(postsynaptic dorsal column,PSDC)神经元、位于脊髓中央区域的PSDC通路是一条重要的传导内脏性疼痛的重要通路[1-3]。现就这方面的研究进展作一综述。

1 脊髓背柱通路在内脏伤害性刺激脊髓传导中的作用

传统观念认为,脊髓侧索是一条传递伤害性信号的通路,而脊髓背柱-内侧丘系系统主要传递躯体精细触觉等非伤害性信息,不参与疼痛的感知过程。然而,越来越多的临床研究对这一观点提出质疑,因为在许多临床情况下,切断脊髓侧索并不能缓解内脏痛,而切断脊髓背柱却能获得明显的内脏痛止痛效果[1-2]。电生理实验已证实,切断下胸段脊髓背柱或损毁延髓背柱核能显著降低大鼠、猴丘脑腹后外侧核神经元对内脏伤害性刺激的反应。行为学研究表明,对高位颈髓行点状中线脊髓背柱离断术,可明显减轻腹腔注射醋酸后小鼠的躯体扭曲反应[4]。切断同侧背根神经或对侧脊髓侧索能防止皮下注射辣椒素(躯体痛)所引起的动物探索行为的减少,而切断脊髓背柱则无影响;与之相反,在给予内脏伤害性刺激(如炎症)前切断双侧脊髓背柱,可对抗内脏伤害性刺激引起的动物探索行为的减少,并且该效应可持续180 d之久。因此脊髓背柱参与内脏痛信息的上行传递,是内脏痛重要整合部位[5]。

2 PSDC神经元在内脏伤害性刺激脊髓传导中的作用

脊髓背柱是由初级传入纤维的分支即部分直接投射到薄束核的初级传入纤维与PSDC神经元的轴突两部分组成的[3]。近期的研究表明,伤害性内脏刺激能够激活PSDC神经元,提示PSDC神经元可能参与内脏痛觉的传递[6]。如有研究表明胸段PSDC神经元在心脏伤害性感受中起重要作用,可传递心脏机械性的伤害信息[7-8]。PSDC神经元轴突投射到薄束核,由直肠扩张或腔内炎症所引起的薄束核神经元的放电主要依赖于PSDC神经元的激活[9]。形态学研究证实,PSDC神经元的胞体主要位于脊髓III、IV板层及脊髓灰质中央导水管周围[10]。脊髓内注射谷氨酸受体阻断剂6-氰基-7-硝基喹喔啉-2,3-二酮(6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione,CNQX)以减弱脊髓水平的突触传递后,由伤害性结肠扩张所引起的薄束核神经元放电减少,提示在传递内脏伤害性信息的过程中,PSDC神经元比脊髓背柱中的初级传入纤维发挥更重要的作用。Palecek等[6]应用免疫组织化学法检测伤害性刺激后,原癌基因蛋白c-Fos表达在脊髓丘脑束神经元和PSDC神经元的变化情况。他们发现,伤害性输尿管扩张刺激后,出现c-Fos表达的PSDC神经元的比例明显高于脊髓丘脑束神经元,提示在内脏痛传导中PSDC神经元比脊髓丘脑束神经元有更重要的作用。研究还发现PSDC神经元与薄束核、脑干腹后内侧核(rostral ventromedial medulla,RVM)形成一个闭合“扩增环”(amplication loop),来自RVM的下行纤维直接易化PSDC神经元对内脏伤害性刺激的传递,导致PSDC神经元的敏化[11]。这些研究证实了PSDC神经元在内脏信息处理过程中的关键作用,见图1。

3 PSDC神经元传导内脏伤害性信息的信号转导通路

Figure 1.Dorsal column(DC)pathway of visceral pain transmission.The dorsal column pathway is composed of branches of primary afferent fibers,some of which project directly to the dorsal column nuclei(DCN),and of the axons of postsynaptic dorsal column(PSDC)neurons.Pelvic viscera nociceptive input activates the postsynaptic dorsal column neurons of the spinal cord and is relayed to higher centers.PSDC neurons receiving pelvic visceral input send their axons in the midline of the dorsal column to synapse in the nucleus gracilis.Then,the pathway crosses the midline in the lower brainstem to ascend to the ventral posterolateral(VPL)nucleus of the thalamus.DRG:dorsal root ganglion.图1 内脏痛的背柱传导通路

伤害性内脏刺激如结肠内给予芥末油、辣椒素等可提高脊髓伤害性神经元活动,激活细胞表面伤害感受性受体。Palecek等[12]观察到,PSDC神经元在内脏炎性痛时,出现神经激肽-1(neurokinin-1,NK-1)受体表达。另有研究证实,膀胱刺激可使PSDC神经元NK-1受体表达上调,鞘内注射NK-1受体阻断剂能显著降低扩张炎症结肠所诱发的腹肌收缩[13]。研究表明,内脏初级传入纤维富含P物质等肽类物质,P物质受体(NK-1受体)基因敲除小鼠出现内脏痛感觉缺失[9]。这些研究证明NK-1受体在PSDC神经元对内脏伤害性信号传递中扮演重要角色。据此,Wang 等[14]、Nichols等[15]和 Allen等[16]提出采用鞘内注入靶向毒素P物质-皂草素(substance P-saporin,SP-Sap)可选择性损毁表达NK-1受体的脊髓PSDC神经元,从而有效治疗顽固性内脏疼痛。脊髓内注射α-氨基-3-羟基-5-甲基-4-异唑丙酸(α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid,AMPA)受体阻断剂CNQX可阻断PSDC神经元对伤害性结肠扩张的反应,提示AMPA受体也参与内脏伤害性信息在PSDC神经元传递。

在动物疼痛模型中,第二信使系统将细胞外伤害性信号从胞膜转导至核内。伤害性受体的激活可引发细胞外钙内流进入伤害感受性神经元,后者进而激活细胞内多重蛋白激酶级联反应,如钙/钙调素依赖性激酶II(calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases II,CaMKII)、蛋白激酶 A(protein kinase A,PKA)和蛋白激酶C(protein kinase C,PKC),这些第二信使在中枢敏化的发展和维持中具有重要作用。Wu等[17]发现在大鼠结肠内注射芥末油诱导内脏痛后,PSDC神经元出现PKA和磷酸化cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(phosphorylated cAMP respone element-binding protein,p-CREB)的显著表达,而鞘内给予PKA抑制剂H89能抑制p-CREB的表达,提示PKA中介的信号转导通路参与PSDC神经元对内脏痛的处理。研究表明,PKA可通过磷酸化谷氨酸受体的丝氨酸/组氨酸残基,提高谷氨酸受体活性,参与中枢敏化的形成[18-19]。N-甲基 -D-天冬氨酸(N-methyl-D -aspartic acid,NMDA)受体 NR1亚单位和AMPA受体的GluR1亚单位可被PKA磷酸化,两者都参与内脏痛维持和发展。在内脏痛动物模型,性激素如雌激素可通过PKA中介的NMDA受体NR1亚单位的磷酸化增加NMDA受体的活性[20]。PKA可中介AMPA受体的GluR1亚单位丝氨酸845位点的磷酸化,从而促进GluR1亚单位从胞浆向突触胞膜的运输,增强内脏痛时谷氨酸突触的传递效能[19]。这些研究提示,内脏痛时 PSDC神经元内PKA的激活也可通过磷酸化NMDA受体NR1亚单位和AMPA受体的GluR1亚单位,增强受体的功能,导致PSDC的敏化。PKA还可中介疼痛刺激诱发的伤害性神经元基因表达,参与脊髓转录依赖性中枢敏化。如PKA的激活可磷酸化转录因子CREB和c-Fos等,p-CREB进入核内可启动基因转录,促进NK-1受体的表达,而NK-1受体的表达在内脏疼痛的脊髓传导中具有重要作用[21]。内脏痛时PSDC神经元内PKA的激活可增加CREB诱导的NK-1受体的表达,NK-1受体进一步参于PSDC神经元的敏化。上述内脏痛时PSDC神经元信号转导途径见图2。

Figure 2.Neurochemical signal transduction pathways in PSDC neurons in response to visceral stimuli.The activation of nociceptive receptors causes a large influx of calcium into the nociceptive neurons and the increased calcium influx activates multiple intracellular protein kinases in turn.PKA regulates the phosphorylation of glutamate receptors.Another important role for the activation of PKA in PSDC neurons is its effect on painful stimulation-elicited gene expression through mediation of transcription factors,such as c-Fos and CREB.PKA in PSDC neurons might increase the expression of NK -1 receptors through mediation of CREB and contribute to the sensitization of PSDC neurons.图2 内脏痛时PSDC神经元的信号转导途径

另一个重要的第二信使PKC在脊髓伤害感受性神经元的长时程增强中具有重要作用。PKCγ的磷酸化参与内脏痛在PSDC神经元的信号转导。有研究发现,PKCγ在脊髓和薄束核都有表达,且薄束核90%的PKCγ阳性神经元和脊髓60%的PKCγ阳性神经元和AMPA受体GluR2/3亚单位存在共表达[22]。提示PKC可能参与内脏痛时PSDC神经元AMPA受体的调节。

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPKs)系统在调节神经元发育、分化和细胞外应激、炎症中扮演重要角色。许多研究证实,p38 MAPK可参与炎性疼痛和神经病理性疼痛的维持和发展[23-24]。脊髓细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2,ERK1/2)的激活参与维持牵涉性内脏痛痛觉过敏[25]。外周注射促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子2受体激动剂可抑制结直肠扩张诱导的内脏痛,且这一抑制效应依赖于脊髓ERK1/2活性[26]。ERK是否参与PSDC神经元对内脏痛的转导,还不清楚。最近,有研究表明伤害性刺激可导致位于脊髓III-IV板层的NK-1表达神经元内ERK的磷酸化,而PSDC神经元在内脏痛时表达NK-1受体且也位于脊髓III-IV板层[27]。另有研究证实,脊髓背角NK-1受体、NMDA受体、非NMDA受体和脑源性神经生长因子(brain-derived neurophic factor,BDNF)受体的激活与ERK的磷酸化相偶联[28-29]。结合这些研究推测 MAPK系统可能参与PSDC神经元的内脏信号转导,且主要与NK-1受体、谷氨酸受体活性的调节有关[30]。

4 总结

临床和基础研究证实脊髓背柱通路是传导内脏疼痛的重要通路。脊髓PSDC神经元是该通路的重要中转点,内脏痛时多种信号转导通路参与PSDC神经元的敏化。研究内脏痛时PSDC神经元敏化的分子机制,有助于发展针对性药物治疗措施,从而替代目前的神经外科手术损毁治疗,为内脏痛特别是顽固性内脏痛的治疗提供新途径。

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