玛丽·林肯：白宫购物狂

As we are enjoying a day off of work in honor of Abraham Lincoln and George Washington,2 its worth revisiting Lincolns troubled wife, Mary Todd Lincoln. Most Americans think of Mary—if they think of her at all—as crazy. In 1875, she was publicly tried for insanity by her only living son and found guilty.3 Then she spent months in an asylum4 against her will. As one contemporary summed it up, “She was not like ladies in general.”5

Was she actually mentally ill or merely an eccentric with an ahead-of-her-time independent streak?6 The latter would be a tidy 21st-century conclusion, but the real answer is not so pat.7 Her supporters, including W.A. Evans, the author of the 1932 biography Mrs. Abraham Lincoln: A Study of Her Personality and Her Influence on Lincoln, would say that Mrs. Lincoln was unfairly maligned8. Many of her most serious troubles were financial, not emotional. Some modern biographers like Jason Emerson diagnose her with bipolar disease, others, like Jean Baker, believe Mary had narcissistic personality disorder.9

There is evidence to support the notion that Mary was not quite so straightforwardly batty10 as those diagnoses suggest. Part of her bad reputation was the result of truly terrible luck. Perhaps because of her liberated behavior, the press was never willing to cut Mary any slack11 during these hard times. While her husband, Abraham, served as a wartime president, she was rumored to be a Confederate spy, an unloved bride, a neglectful mother, and a frivolous fame-seeker.12 Three of her four sons died prematurely, and her husband was assassinated in front of her on Good Friday.13 Even in her grief she received less sympathy than other presidential widows: Critics sniffed that she sobbed too loudly and wore black too long.14

Her treatment in the press was a preview of the way modern first ladies are criticized: Like Nancy Reagan, who consulted an astrologer during her years in the White House, Mary was fascinated by faddish spiritualism.15 Like Michelle Obama, her bold fashion choices—colors too bright, necklines too low—drew constant commentary.16 (“She had her bosom on exhibition, a flower pot on her head,” one snide17 critic wrote after a White House party.) And like Hillary Clinton, she was said to meddle18 in her husbands political affairs.

Unlike the criticism of her grieving style or her cleavage, the rumors about Mary Lincolns improprieties with money were not always unfair.19 When her husband was an Illinois lawyer and the couple lived in Springfield, gossips said she haggled with the fruit peddler in the market with unladylike ferocity.20 In Washington, she began what sympathetic recent biographer Jean Baker calls “the painful personal battle between spending and saving.” Spending usually won. She was excoriated in the papers for embarking on an insensitive shopping trip to New York and Philadelphia during the earliest days of the Civil War.21 She used up her congressionally allotted, four-year, $20,000 decorating budget within the first year of her husbands presidency.22 She spent $3,195 on china alone (echoes of another Nancy Reagan scandal).23 Her debts mounted with astonishing speed, and soon she was begging for extended lines of credit, often ordering more merchandise at the same time.24

Mary was mostly able to hide her serious debts from Honest Abe25 while he lived, but after his assassination, she was understandably terrified about her finances. The “Harrison precedent,” named for William Henry Harrison26, established that a presidential widow would receive her husbands salary only for the remainder of the year of her husbands death. Abraham Lincoln left an estate27 of$85,000, but since he hadnt written a will, his wife would only receive a third of that—the customary“widows portion.”

She spent the last 17 years of her life in a constant struggle for cash, living in a series of boarding houses on a stream of income that would have been enough for a more frugal widow.28 But Mary Lincoln was not a frugal widow. She barraged her financial manager with letters requesting her pension payments, which never seemed to arrive with enough speed, and her shopping continued unabated.29 Near the end of her life, she was known in Chicago as an oddball who would buy multiples of any item—10 pairs of gloves, 12 pairs of curtains.30

One of Marys most devastating31 scandals involved the public sale of her wardrobe in New York in 1867. Openly displaying used clothes was not something a respectable woman would do in those days. It was a humiliating disaster. One newspaper called her a“mercenary prostitute,” and one reporter sniffed that some of the gowns were sweat-stained.32 Critics loudly suggested that she had offered access to her husband in exchange for her expensive stash of finery.33 The sale made Mary “one of the most unpopular women in America,” according to Baker.

And that was before her trial for insanity. While recent biographers have made the case that Mary was a quirky proto-feminist who did not behave the way women were supposed to in the 19th century, her pattern of manic shopping sprees, bizarre religious fervor, and prolonged depression tracks with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder.34 In the period leading up to the trial, she became involved with a spiritualist sect known for inducing trances and hosting noisy séances.35 When she returned to Chicago after a chaotic period of travel, her purchases escalated36.

At home one morning waiting for a delivery of eight pairs of curtains, a lawyer sent by her only surviving son, Robert, arrived bearing a writ of arrest and a demand to come immediately to the courthouse.37 The abrupt nature of her arrest adds to the contemporary impression of Robert as the villain of his mothers story. But Mary had exhibited genuinely troubling behavior in the months leading to her incarceration38. One doctor testified that he had witnessed her “possessed with the idea that some Indian spirit was working in her head and taking wires out of her eyes,” and she was paranoid39 that Robert was in mortal danger. In this light, its easy to sympathize with his decision, even if he was also partly motivated by embarrassment and convenience.

Mary never reconciled with40 her son. In 1882, Congress finally passed a bill, in response to her strenuous lobbying,41 to increase her pension to $5,000 a year, plus $15,000 in back payments. She died of a stroke that summer before she could collect a penny of it. She had once apologized for “managing my money with the dullness of a woman,” and on that matter, like in so many others, she was not quite correct: There was nothing dull about Mary Lincoln.

1. shopaholic: 购物狂。

2.指每年2月的第三个星期一，该日为“总统日”，用以纪念美国历史上两位伟大的总统乔治.华盛顿和亚伯拉罕.林肯（因为他们的生日均在2月）。后来推而广之用来纪念美国所有已故总统。

3. try: 审讯，审理；insanity: 精神错乱，精神病。

4. asylum: 精神病院。

5. 正如其同时代的一个人总结的：“她总的来说就不像女士。”

6. eccentric: 怪人；streak: 特征，倾向。

7. tidy: 相当好的，令人满意的；pat: 正好的，恰当的。

8. malign: 诽谤，中伤。

9. diagnose: 诊断；bipolar: 两极的，躁狂与抑郁状态交替的；narcissistic:自恋的；disorder: （身心、机能）失调，紊乱。

10. straightforwardly: 肯定地；batty: 疯狂的。

11. cut sb. some(any) slack: 放某人一马。

12. 而因其丈夫的身份为战时总统，她被谣传为南部邦联的间谍、不受宠的新娘、疏于职守的母亲和一个轻浮的追名逐利者。

13. prematurely: 过早地；assassinate: 暗杀；Good Friday: （基督教）受难日（复活节前的星期五）。

14. 即使在哀悼期间，她得到的同情也比别的总统寡妇少，批评者嗤笑她哭得声音过大、穿黑衣时间过久。

15. preview: 预演，预习；astrologer: 占星师；faddish: 流行的；spiritualism:唯心论，招魂术。

16. neckline: （女装的）领口、开领；commentary: 批评，议论。

17. snide: 挖苦的，嘲弄的。

18. meddle: 干涉，干预。

19. cleavage:（妇女的）乳沟；impropriety: 不得体，不适当。

20. 当她的丈夫在伊利诺伊州当律师、他们夫妇住在斯普林菲尔德市时，有流言说玛丽在市场里和水果商贩凶猛地讨价还价，毫无淑女形象可言。ferocity: 凶猛，残暴。

21. excoriate: 严厉指责,痛斥；embark on: 着手，开始做某事。

22. 她在其丈夫总统任期的第一年就花光了国会分拨的四年2万美元的装饰经费。

23. china: 瓷器；echo: 重复，效仿。

24. mount: 增加；line of credit: 商店等给予顾客的赊帐最高额；merchandise: 商品。

25. Honest Abe: “诚实的亚伯（林肯的小名）”，是林肯的绰号。

26. William Henry Harrison: 威廉·亨利·哈里森，美国第9任总统

[1841]。

27. estate: 遗产，财产。

28. boarding house: 提供膳食的寄宿处；stream: 一连串；frugal: 节俭的。

29. barrage: 接二连三地提出要求；pension: 养老金；unabated: 不减弱的，不减退的。

30. oddball: 古怪的人；multiple: 倍数。

31. devastating: 毁灭性的，令人震惊的。

32.一家报纸说她是“贪财的妓女”，还有个记者嗤笑她的一些衣服带着汗渍。

33. stash: 藏匿；finery: 华丽的服饰。

34. quirky: 古怪的，离奇的；proto-feminist: 原型女性主义者；manic: 狂躁的；spree: 无节制的狂热行为；bizarre: 古怪的；track: 留下印迹。

35. sect: 教派，派别；trance: （招魂术所谓的）鬼魂附体；séance: 降神会（一种以鬼神附体者为中心人物设法与鬼魂通话的集会）。

36. escalate: 逐步升级。

37. writ: 书面命令，令状；courthouse: 法院大楼。

38. incarceration: 监禁，禁闭。

39. paranoid: （似）患妄想狂的，（似）多疑的。

40. reconcile with: 与……和解。

41. strenuous: 费力的；lobbying: 游说。