武北峰
摘要: 英语专业学生在英语写作过程中基本上可以避免明显的语法错误,然而很多文章读起来缺乏连贯性和条理性,结构松散或不完整。本文从Halliday和Hasan提出的关于语篇衔接的理论出发,分析英语专业学生在写作过程中出现的衔接问题,探究其成因,并提出教学建议。
关键词: 英语专业英语写作教学语篇结构衔接分析
一、引言
作为外语学习的四大基本技能之一,写作一直以来备受英语教师和研究者的关注。尽管国内英语写作研究已经取得了喜人的成果,但英语写作教学还存在很多问题。纵观英语专业学生的习作,一个突出的问题是,大多数学生的英语作文读起来总是不通顺、不连贯,文章缺乏连贯性和条理性,结构松散或不完整。许多英语教师及研究人员对大学生英语写作中出现的错误进行研究和分析大多局限于语法、拼写等表层层面,而对语篇结构等深层次的错误分析,例如衔接、连贯和篇章结构方面等的研究不多。这些表层层面的研究对于已经基本掌握英语运用的英语专业学生来说意义不大。本文从语篇衔接的角度分析英语专业学生在写作过程中出现的错误,通过对这些错误的分析,追溯其根源,从而提出在英语写作过程中尽量避免出现此类错误的建议。
二、衔接理论
“衔接”是Halliday于1962年首次提出的概念。1976年他与Hasan合作发表了《英语的衔接》,从而使衔接作为语篇分析中的术语被广泛使用。Halliday认为,衔接概念是一个语义概念,它指形成语篇的意义关系。当在语篇中对某个成分的意义解释需要依赖于对另一个成分的解释时便出现了衔接。其中一个成分“预设”了另一个,也就是说除非借助另一个成分,否则无法有效地说明它。这时,衔接的关系就建立起来了,而这两个成分,即预设者和被预设者,至少有可能组成一个语篇。[1]Halliday和Hasan把衔接分为5类:指称(reference),替代(substitution),省略(ellipsis),连接(conjunction)和词汇衔接(lexical cohesion)。后来,Halliday又把替代和省略合并在一起,省略实际上是零位替代形式。
指称衔接关系指用代词等语法关系表示语义关系,即词指称事物。指称衔接关系可分为三类:人称指称关系、指示指称关系和比较指称关系。
省略指语篇中一些句子中的基本结构成分的缺省、省略可分为名词型、动词型和小句型三类。替代和省略十分相似,不同的是替代有省略词而省略没有,替代也可分为名词型、动词型和小句型三个类别。
连接关系是通过连接词,副词或词组实现的,Halliday和Hasan把连接分成四类:增补型、转折型、原因型和时间型。
词汇衔接指通过词汇选择在篇章中建立一个贯穿篇章的链条,从而建立篇章的连续性。词汇衔接中的词汇关系可分为重述和搭配两种。
三、学生写作中出现的衔接问题
(一)指称
学生写作中的指称错误集中出现在人称指称关系上,而人称指称关系中的错误主要体现在以下三个方面。
(1)人称代词指称不明,例如:
Certainly,private cars are not the only reason for the environment pollution,but they are the part and they should have duty to prevent our environment.
在此例中,斜体字部分的两个人称代词所指不明,读者容易产生一些困惑,他们是指private cars还是 those driving private cars?
(2)人称代词混用,例如:
Furthermore,they can not strike a balance between study and running business.You may easily be burned out and feel exhausted after work.How can you be bursting with vigor again to your professional subjects with tiring state?
在上面的例子中反复出现了they和you两个人称代词,作者在这里没能保持上下文中人称代词的一致性,从而给读者带来很多困惑和不解。
(3)名词和代词不一致,例如:
As a college student,we lack the experience and social practice to run a company successfully.
在此例中,a college student和we在语法上是不一致的,如果主语是we,前半部分就应改为college students。
(二)替代和省略
替代和省略的使用可以使学生的文章避免过多累赘,简洁明了。然而,很多学生在写作过程中缺少对这两种手段的运用,例如:
Some people think that private car owners should be taxed for pollution.Great pollution has been taken into the air and peoples health must be put in a bad condition.No doubt clean air is important,so is mans health.On the contrary,some other people dont think private car owners should be taxed for pollution.
Some students hire cleaners to solve these problems,for they think that hiring cleaners can save their time to do something more important.
在上面的两个例子中,斜体字部分都可以同过替代的方式加以简化,如On the contrary,some other people dont think so.
Some students hire cleaners to solve these problems,for they think that it can save their time to do something more important.
(三)连接
(1)连接词的缺失,这种错误主要体现在增补型、转折型、原因型的连接关系上,如:
We live in the same planet,it is our responsibility to make the sky blue,river clean and grass green.
University is also a platform for students to realize their dreams,they build a good example among other students and encourage them to work hard.
以上的两个例子中的前后两个部分都缺少了诸如and,so这样的连接词,从而使句子的前后连接不符合语法规则。
(2)时间型连接关系的缺失或错误运用,如:
Some people think that young people should live with their parents.When the young people grow up,their parents also get older and they should be take care.If young people live with their parents,their parents can help them to do something as cooking,cleaning,taking care of their children and so on.
此例中共包含三个句子,第一句点明了此段的主旨,后两句是对主旨的详细阐述,如果作者能够加上一些时间型连接词,文章在结构上就会更加清晰、条理。如下:
Some people think that young people should live with their parents.There are two reasons to support their point of view.Firstly,when the young people grow up,their parents also get older and they should be take care.Secondly,if young people live with their parents,their parents can help them to do something as cooking,cleaning,taking care of their children and so on.
(四)词汇衔接
学生在词汇衔方面的问题主要体现在重述不当上,如:
There is a problem whether young people should live with their parents or not after young people have grown up.And it has become a heated topic between young people and old people.Different people have different views.
在上面的例子中,young people共重复了三次,people则重复了五次之多。
四、衔接问题对大学英语写作教学的启示
由此可见,英语写作教学除了需要重视语法规则的学习之外,更要注重英语语篇规则的介绍和学习。语篇不是一个语法单位,而是一个语义单位,它是一些意义相关的句子为到达一定的交际目的通过一定手段连接而成的。英语写作教学,尤其是英语专业写作教学应该系统地向学生介绍语篇衔接和连贯的知识,以及基本的语篇衔接手段,通过讲解、示例和作文分析,使学生逐步将语篇衔接知识应用到写作过程之中。
参考文献:
[1]Halliday,Hasan.Cohesion in English[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.P4-5.
[2]Halliday and Hasan.1989.Language,context,and text:aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective.London:Oxford University Press.
[3]黄国文.语篇分析概要.长沙:湖南教育出版社,1987.
[4]胡壮麟.语篇的衔接与连贯.上海:上海外语教育出版社,1994.