彭 洁,郭 媛
(山东大学齐鲁医院心血管内科,山东济南250012)
ATP结合盒转运体A1基因变异与冠心病的研究进展
彭 洁,郭 媛*
(山东大学齐鲁医院心血管内科,山东济南250012)
脂质代谢异常是冠心病的发病机制之一,ATP结合盒转运子A1(ABCA1)在胆固醇的逆向转运及高密度脂蛋白生成中起重要作用。ABCA1基因变异可引起脂质代谢紊乱,促进动脉粥样硬化及冠心病的发生发展。本文就近年来对ABCA1基因变异与冠心病关联性及其参与冠心病发病机制方面的研究做一综述。
ATP结合盒转运体A1;高密度脂蛋白;基因多态性;冠心病
冠心病(coronary artery disease,CAD)是由环境和遗传等多因素影响的复杂病,脂质代谢异常是动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)发生的重要机制,其中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)水平低是 CAD的独立危险因素。ATP结合盒转运子 A1(ATP-binding cassette transporter A1,ABCA1)在胆固醇的逆向转运(reverse cholesterol transport,RCT)及启动高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein,HDL)生成中起主要作用。ABCA1基因变异可引起脂质代谢紊乱,还可影响CAD炎性反应过程,从而促进CAD的发生发展。
ABCA1基因位于人类染色体9q31.1,长度为149 kb,包括50个外显子和49个内含子,转录的起始位点位于密码子上游315 bp处[1]。ABCA1基因的功能为编码ABCA1蛋白,该蛋白可促进磷脂及胆固醇从外周细胞到达无脂质的载脂蛋白A1(apoli-poprotein A1,apoA1),形成 HDL粒子,在 RCT及HDL生成的起始步骤中起重要作用[2]。ABCA1基因的表达主要受肝X受体(liver X receptor,LXR)/视黄酸 X受体(retinoid X receptor,RXR)的调控。来源于脂蛋白的固醇及氧化固醇刺激LXR/RXR与ABCA1基因启动子区的调控元件DR-4结合,诱导ABCA1的基因转录[3]。
2.1.1R219K:近年不同地区的研究结果多支持R219K与CAD有显著相关性,且可能与HDL-C水平有关。Doosti等[4]发现R219K与伊朗人 CAD有相关性,GG基因型与AA型相比显著增加CAD风险,并导致HDL-C水平降低,是CAD的独立危险因素。Rejeb等[5]也发现R219K与增加突尼斯人HDL-C水平有关。Ma等[6]荟萃分析认为R219K与亚洲人高HDL-C水平及减少高加索及亚洲人CAD发病率相关,是 CAD保护因素。Jiang等[2]认为R219K的K等位基因可降低CAD易感性,且其频率在东方人(40%)高于西方人(25%),但 Nebel等[7]未发现R219K与德国北部早发冠心病(premature coronary artery disease,PCAD)及HDL-C水平有关。
2.1.2I883M:Kyriakou等[8]对英格兰南部CAD患者研究表明,I883M与血管事件有关,而Martin[9]未发现其与CAD及HDL-C有相关性。Jensen等[10]研究发现I883M与高HDL-C水平有关,但Nebel等[7]发现I883M与德国北部PCAD有关,且与HDL-C水平无相关性。
2.1.3ABCA1基因编码区其他多态性位点:Kyriakou等[8]发现V825I、R1587K与血管事件有关。Cao等[11]发现V825I的GG及GA基因型携带者HDL-C及ApoA1水平较AA型低,但只限于男性。Catakoglu等[12]未发现A2589G及G3456C与土耳其心血管事件有关。Rejeb等[5]在突尼斯人发现G2706A的A等位基因携带者CAD风险明显降低,G1051A的A等位基因携带者HDL-C水平高,G2868A与冠脉狭窄无相关性。
Kyriakou等[8]认为-565C/T与AS严重程度有关,-17C/G及-191G/C与 CAD有关联。刘凌等[13]发现-17C/G可降低冠脉事件发生率,-191G/C对血脂没有影响,-477C/T可降低HDL-C及ApoA1水平,增加CAD发病率,且中国人-191G/C发生率(25%)高于欧洲人(22%),但其对欧洲 CAD影响更显著。Martin[9]发现-477C/T在男性PCAD中起重要作用,CC基因型预后最差,但对HDL-C没有影响。Jensen[10]发现-17C/G与CAD有相关性,-565C/T及-191G/C在年轻女性与CAD风险呈负相关,对血脂无明显影响,且-565C/T和-191G/C之间存在连锁不平衡。
基因的剪接点突变可造成外显子跳跃及突变,进而影响其功能。Rhyne等[14]对1名同时有PCAD家族史及低HDL-C水平的男性研究发现两种新的ABCA1剪接变异体,分别位于第7及32外显子与内含子交界处,造成第59个氨基酸碱基对T>C突变及终止密码子过早截断。体外实验验证了突变对ABCA1基因功能的影响,使RCT的初始步骤发生了改变。
循环HDL-C水平增加1 mL/L,可减少2% ~3%的心血管病风险[15]。ABCA1促进细胞内的胆固醇和磷脂转运到ApoA1,负责50%以上的胆固醇的转运[16]。体内动力学研究表明[3],ABCA1基因敲除小鼠成熟HDL-C代谢率明显低于野生型,由此推测ABCA1基因的表达不仅是apoA1的合成的关键,也是apoA1释放出HDL的重要影响因素。ABCA1基因变异可导致脂质转运体功能障碍,使胆固醇和磷脂流出减少,进而使apoA1不能与之有效结合,很快经肾脏清除。由此HDL-C合成障碍,导致巨噬细胞内大量胆固醇沉积并侵入血管壁,构成CAD的病理基础。Demina等[17]研究发现,人类 AS区的ABCA1基因表达明显上调,且病例组巨噬细胞来源的泡沫细胞中ABCA1表达是对照组的2倍,表明ABCA1可使巨噬细胞清除过多的胆固醇,增加循环HDL-C水平,发挥抗AS的作用,但在晚期AS斑块巨噬细胞中没有ABCA1的表达,其机制有待进一步研究。
Ross等[18]认为AS是一种炎性反应疾病,内皮细胞损伤后,可释放多种炎性因子和趋化蛋白,如IL-1等,诱导炎性细胞和脂质在局部积聚;还可释放β-转 化 生 长 因 子 (transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)等生长调节因子,刺激平滑肌细胞和巨噬细胞增生。研究表明[19],IL-1β能抑制ABCA1基因的表达,而IL-10和TGF-β可促进其表达,相反ABCA1也可做为抗炎受体,抑制炎性因子的表达。Zhu等[20]发现,ABCA1基因敲除小鼠与野生型相比,可增强 Toll样受体(toll-like receptor,TLR)2、TLR4、TLR7及TLR9的活性,而TLR2、TLR4可激活核转录因子-κB(nuclear factor κB,NF-κB),导致与CAD相关的炎性因子的合成与释放,表明ABCA1可能是炎性反应和RCT相互作用的分子基础。此外,apoA1和HDL可减弱中性粒细胞的CD11b激活,减少其扩散迁移及黏附于血小板,而ApoA1的这种抗炎作用也是通过ABCA1介导的[21]。
综上所述,有关ABCA1基因变异的研究,可以从遗传角度解释其作用机制的改变,但仍存在样本量小,缺乏对基因功能研究等问题。基于ABCA1基因表达在脂类代谢等方面的作用,相关的药物也在积极研制中,如LXR/RXR受体激动剂、ApoA1模仿肽等,为冠心病的治疗提供新的途径。
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Research progress of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 genovariation association with coronary artery disease
PENG Jie,GUO Yuan*
(Dept.of Cardiology,Qilu Hospital of Shandong University,Jinan 250012,China)
Abnormal lipid metabolism plays an important role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease(CAD),ATP-binding cassette transporter A1(ABCA1)is the rate limiting step in the reverse cholesterol transport and high density lipoprotein production.ABCA1genovariation can cause abnormal lipid metabolism,promoting the development of atherosclerosis and CAD.This paper is about the research progress ofABCA1genovariation and its effect on the pathogenesis of CAD.
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1;high density lipoprotein;gene polymorphism;coronary artery disease
R 541.4
A
1001-6325(2012)09-1107-04
2011-08-18
2011-11-29
山东省自然科学基金(2009ZRA01110)
*通信作者(corresponding author):guoyuan_cn@163.com