转型发展，港口如何给力

本刊记者 殷 毅

转型发展，港口如何给力

本刊记者 殷 毅

● 岸电，看上去很美。

● 困难，远不止技术和标准，“合作共赢”也许才是那道最难迈过的坎。

● 港口资源整合，心态开放很重要。

李令红全国人大代表，宁波港集团有限公司总裁，宁波港股份有限公司董事长。

船舶停靠码头，排放的大量废气和有害物质对港口和周边地区环境带来较大的污染。治理这一污染源目前最有效的方法就是由港口向靠泊船舶提供岸电，只要技术方案得当，港航双方在环境和经济两方面均可以实现双赢。目前船舶使用岸电还处于试用阶段，大范围推广前，还有许多困难需要克服，有技术层面的，也有政策层面的。

技术层面主要有，一是靠港船舶与岸电采用的电制（频率和电压）不相匹配。我国港口电网通用的频率为50赫兹，分为10kV、6kV和380V等电压等级；而靠泊船舶的频率，既有50赫兹，也有60赫兹，电压除了我国的电压等级外，还有11kV、6.6kV、690V和440V等欧美国家电压等级，组合起来的种类可达10余种，匹配难度很大。二是船岸电缆对接的标准尚不统一。由于技术方案不同，船岸之间连接的电缆有一根的，也有多根的，电缆的接口形式、电压等也不同，造成船岸对接困难；三是由于船舶内部改造难度大费用高，船方改造设施的动力不足。

政策层面，需要政府加大政策引导力度，通过制定具体的激励政策，如可操作的船舶减排奖励政策，促使港航双方企业共同研发、试用和推广船舶岸电技术。但使用岸电不能是“剃头挑子一头热”，港口方面动起来了，船方的行动也要跟得上。据了解，目前不少船方对岸电缺乏了解，心存疑虑。

我认为，岸电在大范围推广前需要做的是继续加大船舶岸电技术的研究，积极参与船舶岸电标准的制定和宣传推广。同时，呼吁政府有关部门加大对船舶岸电的政策支持力度。这方面，国外港口有先进经验可以借鉴，如美国洛杉矶港务局就出台了“新建的码头必须建设岸电设施，靠泊船舶必须进行岸电改造，否则不予靠泊”的规定。出台类似规定，必须由政府部门牵头，统一对一定区域内的港口和船舶进行规范。此外政府有关部门还可以出台可操作的船舶接岸电减排奖励政策细则等，以鼓励靠泊船舶使用岸电。

至于港航双方如何更好地实现岸电技术和设备的对接，我认为需要落实的是港航双方要加强技术交流和沟通，选择最适合的技术，并有计划地对现有船舶和码头设施进行改造；在国际标准出台后，在新建码头和新建船舶预留或建设符合国际标准的岸电设施；双方共同制定靠泊船舶接岸电安全操作规程，确保接岸电期间人员和设备的安全。最后，双方要商定合理的电费标准，确保经济上实现双赢；要进一步提高认识，树立强烈的共建绿色港航的政治意识、大局意识和责任意识，自觉地开展好节能减排工作。

常德传全国人大代表，青岛港（集团）有限公司董事局主席、总裁，被誉为中国港口管理界的“教父”。

推广岸电对港口来说绝对是一个发展的大方向、好方向。它会使港口的水更清、天更蓝、躁音更小，符合我们国家建设环境友好资源节约型社会的大方向。目前船舶使用岸电尚属试验和试用阶段。据说连云港港、宁波港和上海港都上了岸电项目，效果很好。对于船舶停靠使用岸电，从技术层面讲，目前急需解决的是电源、电压和投入的问题。岸电属高压电，具体的技术问题很多；同时投入后如何核算，港航双方如何分享节能减排成效，也是上岸电项目需要解决的一个重要问题。

我们国家各港口情况都有所不同。上岸电项目港口的投入是巨大的。对港口来说，我认为投入后如何回收这个问题是目前各港口重视的大问题，也是亟待解决的最主要问题。因为船舶使用岸电投入的不是几百万而是几千万的问题，这个数字对我们青岛港这样的大企业来说都很有难度。对于船舶停靠使用岸电，我们曾多次测算，但都因为投入大、投入后不知如何推开、各种技术未能得到很好解决而暂用没有上。所以说，投入问题不解决就无法实现港口使用岸电。我们当前最应该做的就是好好“核算”如何“回收”。

目前，港口的发展已进入第二个阶段，即经营集中。第一个阶段是大家分散建港，造成资源的浪费。港口经济必须有规模效应，不能太分散。今后港口资源的整合要进入第三个阶段，就是靠市场的力量、资本的力量。靠市场的力量，从市场需求的角度出发，进行资源的整合，靠资本的收购、兼并来进行。

从行政捏合到市场化资本式的整合，需要很长的过程，但是必然趋势。在市场和资本的逻辑下配置资源，未来的港口兼并模式并不是说一个区域就互相兼并，而是有同样的核心业务或者能够进行产业整合的机会，才会整合。这是资源整合的一个方面；另外，中国的港口界也不要把眼睛全盯在国内，国际舞台也很大。我一直在提倡我们的企业走出去，以“集团军”的方式走出去。现在，我们有的企业到国外去买矿山，但是买了之后发现，没有铁路，没有码头，矿石运不出来。我认为，中国企业应该集中力量搞“集团军”。政府可以协调，采矿的、修路的、建港口的等一起走出去。买矿、开矿的同时，修铁路、运营铁路、建码头、运营码头，再用船队把矿石运回来。放眼世界，不单打独斗，集团军作战，我们的企业才能大有作为。

于汝民全国人大代表，天津港(集团)董事长。

A large amount of waste gas and harmful substances exhausted by ships when berthing in the ports will greatly pollute the environment of the ports and the surrounding areas. The most effective measure to deal with such pollution is to provide shore power to ships berthing in the ports. As long as the technical solutions are appropriate, the ports and the ships will both be benef i ted in terms of environment and cost. At present, shore power is still in the trial stage.There still are a lot of diff i culties, both technical and policy,to overcome before widespread application.

Mr.Li Linghong, deputy to the NPC pointed out,technical diff i culties are: fi rstly, frequency and pressure of berthing ships do not correspond with shorebased ones. Chinese ports grids usually adopt 50 Hz of frequency and 10kV, 6kV and 380V of voltage;secondly, the standards for joints of ship and shore electric cables are not unif i ed; Thirdly, it is very diff i cult and costly to transform the internal space of ships and shipowners do not have the will to do so.

As regards policy, the government needs to strengthen policy guidance by formulating specific incentive policy,such as ship emission reduction award policy, to encourage ports and ships to jointly development, put on trial and promote the ship-shore power technology. But the use of shore power should not be the choice of one side, both the port and the ship should be involved and the ship side should keep the pace. It is known that a large number of shipowners have little knowledge and are doubtful about shore power.

Research on shore power technology and active participation in the development and publication of shipshore power standards should be increased before widespread promotion of shore power. Meanwhile, we should appeal to the relevant government departments to increase the policy support to the ship shore power. In this aspect, advanced experience of foreign ports can be referred to, for example, the Los Angeles Port Authority sets out that " the new terminals must build shore power facilities, and berthing ships must undertake shore power transformation, otherwise berthing will not be allowed".The introduction of similar provisions must be led by government department, and to be applied uniformly to the ports and ships within a certain region. Besides, the relevant government departments can also issue practical regulations of awarding berthing ships that use shore power.

As to how the port and ship can better achieve the connection to shore power technology and equipment,he thinks that the port and ship should enhance technical exchanges and communications in order to choose the most appropriate technology and to transform the existing ships and terminals according to plans. After the introduction of international standards, shore power facilities complying with international standards should be reserved and constructed in the newly built terminals and newbuildings. Both parties should jointly establish regulations for safe operation of berthing ships connecting to shore power in order to ensure the safety of people and equipment during the course of connecting to the shore power. Lastly, both parties should consult and decide on an appropriate fee in order to ensure economic benef i ts for both parties. A strong political sense of building green port, the sense of overall circumstances and the sense of responsibility should be established and emission reduction work should be carried out willingly.

Mr.Chang Dechuan, deputy to the NPC pointed out that,it is absolutely a general direction to extend shore power for ports. It could bring about cleaner water, blue sky and less noise, which accord with our general orientation of building an eco-friendly and resource-saving society. At present, shore power is still in the stage of test and trial.It is said that, Lianyungang Port, Ningbo Port, Shanghai Port all use shore power and have achieved excellent results. From the technical point of view, power supply,voltage and investment are the problems that need to be urgently solved. Shore power belongs to high voltage and it has many specif i c technical problems; at the same time,how to calculate after investment as well as how to share the effects of energy conversion between port and ship are the important problems to be urgently solved.

Chinese ports are different from each other. It will cost ports large amount of money to invest in shore power.For the ports, Mr. Chang Dechuan believes that, at present, the big issue is how to get the return. Since the investment of shore power project is tens of millions rather than millions, such an amount of investment is even diff i cult for a big enterprise like Qingdao Port.

How the Port Supports the Transformation Development

Reporter Yin Yi