宾语从句的用法

刘 华

在主、从复合句中充当宾语的从句叫作宾语从句。宾语从句是初中英语教材中的重点语法之一，同时也是各地中考的命题热点之一。要学好宾语从句，掌握以下几点是关键：

一、宾语从句的语序

无论是表示陈述还是表示疑问，宾语从句都要使用陈述句语序，即主语在前，谓语在后。例如：

He said that he had left his watch at home. 他说他把手表忘在家里了。

The teacher asked me what I was going to do this evening. 老师问我今天晚上准备干什么。

They asked me where I came from. 他们问我是从哪里来的。

She wanted to know which shop offered the best service.

她想知道哪家商店提供的服务最好。

I dont know if he lives here. 我不知道他是否住在这里。

二、宾语从句连接词的选用

宾语从句的连接词可分为三类：

1． 连词that。that本身无意义，只起连接作用，在句中不作任何成分，在口语或非正式文体中，that常被省略。例如：

They promised (that) they would do their best. 他们答应他们将尽最大努力。

The manager said (that) he didnt like my work. 经理说他不喜欢我的工作。

He told me (that) the firm could not pay such large salaries.

他告诉我公司付不起如此巨额的工资。

I am sure (that) it will be fine tomorrow. 我肯定明天是晴天。

2. 连词if和whether。if 和whether意为“是否”，在从句中只起连接作用，不作任何句子成分。例如：

I dont know if/whether they will come tomorrow. 我不知道他们明天来不来。

Please make sure if/whether there is a flight leaving for Shanghai.

请弄清楚是否有飞往上海的航班。

He asked me if/whether I had seen the film. 他问我是否看过这部影片。

Do you care if/whether you win or not? 你对自己是否会赢很介意吗？

if 和whether一般情况下可互换，但在介词后，与不定式或or not连用时多用whether而不用if。例如：

It depends on whether we have enough money. 那要看我们是否有足够的钱。

Im not interested in whether shell come or not. 她来不来，我不感兴趣。

I dont know whether or not it is right to do so. 我不知道这样做是否正确。

Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能告诉我是去还是留？

3. 连接代词who, whom, whose, which, what和连接副词when, where, how, why等。连接代词或连接副词在从句的前面，起连接主句和从句的作用，从句用陈述语序。它们在从句中充当一定的成分，并保留原来的词义。例如：

Do you know who won the first prize? 你知道谁得了一等奖？

Do you know whom she is waiting for? 你知道她在等谁？

Please tell me whose book this is. 请告诉我这是谁的书。

Please tell me which book I should read first. 请告诉我首先应看哪一本书。

He wanted to know what had happened. 他想知道发生了什么事。

We cant remember when the building was built. 我们不记得这幢楼是什么时候建造的。

Do you know where the nearest post office is? 你知道最近的邮电局在哪里吗？

I dont know why he was absent from school. 我不知道他为什么没有来上学。

We have learned how an automatic production line is formed.

我们已经知道自动化生产线是如何形成的。

三、宾语从句时态的呼应

宾语从句的时态必须与主句的时态保持一致，通常有以下几种情况：

1． 主句的谓语动词是一般现在时、一般将来时或祈使句时，宾语从句的谓语动词可根据具体情况使用任何一种时态。例如：

She says she often goes there on foot.

She says she will go there tomorrow.

She says she went there yesterday.

She says she has been there twice.

2. 当主句的谓语动词是一般过去时时，宾语从句的谓语动词要用过去时态的某种形式，如过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时或过去将来时。例如：

She said she went there.

She said she had been there twice.

She said she would go there.

但如果宾语从句叙述的是客观事实、真理等时，从句谓语动词的时态不受主句谓语动词时态的限制，仍使用一般现在时。例如：

The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.

老师告诉我们光的传播速度比声音快。

The teacher told the students that the earth is round. 老师告诉学生们地球是圆的。

The teacher said that China lies in Asia. 老师说中国位于亚洲。

The science teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun.

科学老师告诉我们地球围绕太阳旋转。