剖析九种状语从句

周新丽

用作状语的从句称为状语从句。状语从句常用于修饰动词、形容词或副词等，按其意义和作用主要可以分为以下几种：

（一）时间状语从句

1. when, while, as

when为“当……时”的意思，指某个具体的时间，表示一件事跟着另一件事发生；while为“当……的时候”的意思，强调主句中的动作与从句中的动作在某一段时间内同时发生；as表示“当……时”或“一边……，一边……”的意思，也强调两件事同时发生。例如：

(1)Well have a big party for him when he gets here.

(2)I hurt my back while I was shoveling snow.

(3)He whistles while he works.

(4)Tom slipped as he was getting off the train.

2. before, after

before表示“在……之前”的意思，一般主句动词的动作发生在从句动词的动作之前；after表示“在……之后”的意思，一般主句动词的动作发生在从句动词的动作之后。例如：

(1)Ill read for a while before I go to bed.

(2)She got a new job after she studied computer.

(3)Shes going to watch TV after she finishes washing the dishes.

3. till, until

till, until为“直到……为止”的意思，until更为正规。在句首多用until。例如：

(1)He waited till his mother returned.

(2)I watched him until he disappeared.

(3)We danced and danced until a lot of them joined in.

★用till和until时要注意主句中的动词是否有持续性，如果动词没有持续性，是瞬间动词，主句要用否定式表示状态。在否定句中经常译为“直到……才”。例如：

(1)She wont get a better job until she learns English.

直到她学了英语，她才可以得到一份较好的工作。

(2)I didnt begin to work until she had gone. 直到她走了我才开始工作。

4． since, ever since

since, ever since表示“从……起”或“自从……以来”的意思。

since从句一般用过去时，表示动作的起点；主句用完成时，表示动作的延续。例如：

(1)Shes had several jobs since she first began to work.

(2)Hes learned a lot since he began working there.

(3)Ever since Maurice arrived, he has been sitting quietly in the corner.

如果主句中的动词不表示动作的延续而表示目前的状态，可用一般现在时。例如：

It is twenty years since she began to teach English.

5. as soon as, once, directly

as soon as, once, directly表示“一……就……”的意思。例如：

(1)As soon as Martina saw the fire, she telephoned the fire department.

(2)Onec my daughter reaches the age of sixteen, she will be able to drive.

6. no sooner…than…, hardly…when…

no sooner…than…, hardly…when…表示“刚……就……”的意思。例如：

(1)He had no sooner arrived than he began to complain.

(2)We had hardly got into the country when it began to rain.

★如果no sooner, hardly放在句首，句子要倒装，把had提到主语前面。例如：

(1)No sooner had he arrived than he began to complain.

(2)Hardly had we got into the country when it began to rain.

★no sooner, hardly引导的从句用过去完成时，主句用过去时。

7. the moment, the day, the next time

the moment表示“一……就……”的意思；the day表示“那天……”的意思；the next time表示“下一次……”的意思。例如：

(1)Everyone was talking but stopped the moment Mr. Smith entered the room.

(2)The next time Paul flies to New York, he will visit his uncle.

(3)The day I was in Beijing , the weather was hot.

★时间状语从句中动词时态的使用很关键，时间状语从句中的将来时要用一般现在时来表示。例如：

(1)When my aunt arrives for a visit tomorrow, she will see my good friend for the first time.不可以说：When my aunt will arrive for a visit tomorrow, she will see my good friend for the first time.

(2)The next time Paul flies to New York, he will visit his uncle.不可以说：The next time Paul will fly to New York, he will visit his uncle.

★如用by the time引导状语从句，它的主句一般用完成时。例如：

(1)By the time I go to bed tonight, I have finished my work for the day.

(2)By the time he graduated from high school, he had attended seven different schools.

★时间状语从句中的将来完成时用现在完成时来表示。例如：

(1)When I have been here for a year Ill ask for a rise.不可以说：When Ill have been here for a year Ill ask for a rise.

(2)When we have had lunch well go for a walk.不可以说：When well have had lunch well go for a walk.

（二）地点状语从句

where, wherever

where指在某个地点，wherever指在任何一个地方。例如：

(1)Keep your tool box where you can get it.

(2)Ill drive you where youre going.

(3)You have the right to live where you want.

(4)Wherever he goes, Ill go, and I dont care what happens.

（三）原因状语从句

1. because

because表示原因。例如：

(1)I like my work very much because my job is interesting and important.

(2)I couldnt see her expression, because her head was turned.

2. since, as

since表示“既然”的意思，as表示“由于”的意思。例如：

(1)As I was feeling tired, I went to bed early.

(2)Since it was Saturday, he stayed in bed an extra hour.

(3)As there were no buses we had to take a taxi.

3. seeing(that), now(that)

seeing(that) now(that) 表示“鉴于，既然”的意思。例如：

(1)Seeing that he refused to help us, theres no reason why we should now help him.

(2)Now that we are alone, we can speak freely.

(3)Now that you are well again you can travel.

（四）条件状语从句

1. if, unless

if表示“如果”的意思；unless表示“如果不”，“除非”的意思。例如：

(1)If I work late, I get tired.

(2)If the water is boiling, it means the food is nearly ready.

(3)He will never get a good job unless he improves his language skills.

★祈使句＋and＋主句＝if条件状语从句＋主句。这是状语从句检测中较难的一点。例如：

(1)Sit down, and Ill make you a cup of tea. (If you sit down, Ill make you a cup of tea.)

(2)Ten minutes earlier, and we could have caught the last train. (If we had been ten minutes earlier, we could have caught the last train.)

2. providing (that)， provided (that)

providing (that), provided（that） 表示“假如，假设”的意思。例如：

Provided that the salary meets my expectations, I will accept the job offer.

3. as long as, so long as

as long as, so long as表示“只要”的意思。例如：

(1)Im happy as long as you are happy.

(2)I dont care, so long as she lets me enter her room.

(五)方式状语从句

1. as

as表示“像……一样”的意思。例如：

I have changed it as you suggested.

2. as if, as though

As if, as though表示“好像”的意思。例如：

(1)That house looked as if nobody was living in it.

(2)He looked at me as if I were mad.

(3)I cant understand why she likes him so much. It isnt as though hes good-looking at all.

（六）比较状语从句

as…as…，the same…as, such…as, not so (as)…as

as…as表示“像……一样”的意思，the same…as表示“和……一样，同样”的意思，such…as表示“像……这样的”的意思；not so (as)…as表示“不像……一样”的意思。例如：

(1)Some of our states are as big as France and England put together.

(2)His name is the same as his uncles (name)

(3)Hes not such a good student as she (is).

(4)She doesnt work as hard as I do.

(5)It did not take so long as he had feared.

（七）目的状语从句

that, so that, in order that

that, so that, in order that表示“为了……，以便”的意思。例如：

(1)Being it closer that I may see it better.

(2)She built a high wall round her garden so that her fruit wouldnt be stolen.

(3)The notice is written in several languages so that everyone may understand it.

(4)I lent him $30 in order that he might go for a holiday.

（八）让步状语从句

1. though, although, even though (even if)

though, although, even though都表示“虽然”的意思。although比though更为正式，even though（even if）更为强调。although已有“虽然……，但是”的含义，不需要在主句中加but。例如：

（1）Although, the traffic was bad, I arrived on time.

（2）I couldnt sleep although (though, even though) I was tired.

2． no matter how (what, who), however

no matter how (what, who)表示“无论怎样，不管什么，无论谁”的意思，however表示“不管怎样”的意思。例如：

（1）He had to get the car fixed no matter how much it cost.

（2）You cant go in no matter who you are.

（3）No matter what happened, we would say nothing.

（4）However much I tried, I failed to pass the examination.

(九)结果状语从句

so…that, such…that

so后跟形容词或副词，so…that表示“如此……以至于……”的意思；such后跟复数（或单数）名词或不可数名词，such…that表示“这样的（一个）……以至于……”的意思。例如：

(1)I was so tired that I went to bed at seven oclock.

(2)He worked so hard that he felt quite ill.

(3)It was such lovely weather that we spent the whole day in the garden.

(4)It was such a good book that I couldnt put it down.

(5)He gave such good reasons that I had to excuse him for his carelessness.