浅谈高中英语主动形式表被动意义

赵彦涛

摘要：中学英语里有许多用动词的主动形式表示被动含义的例子，其中有很多是固定用法，还有一些有规律可循，在被动语态和主动语态中都会出现，旨在提高学生的综合运用能力，是中学生学习英语的一个难点。

关键词：动词不定式固定结构

英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。但在英语中有许多用动词的主动形式来表示被动含义的例子。中学生学习英语时对这一点往往感到十分茫然。其实用动词的主动形式来表示被动意义也不乏那么几类，只要总结到一起也就不难了。现将高中英语中用动词的主动形式来表示被动含义的几种情况总结如下：

一、动词不定式作定语时分为两种情况：

1.不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。

Have you got a key to unlock the door?

I have no one to help me, for I am a new comer here.

2.不定式和它前面修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。

The students have a lot of homework to do every day.

I have a letter to write.

注意：在这种情况下，不定式和所修饰的词要构成逻辑上的动宾关系。这个不定式的动词必须是及物动词，否则应加上适当的介词。

The old man only has a cold room to live in and a dog to talk to.

I have no paper to write on.

I need a chair to sit on.

如果这个不定式和被修饰的词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，但和该句的主语不能构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式要用被动形式。

——Manager, do you have something to be typed at this moment?

——No, thanks. I will call you if any.

I am going to Beijing. Do you have anything to be taken to Beijing?

二、动词不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式。

English is easy to learn.

He is hard to get along with.

The room is comfortable to live in.

That question is not difficult to answer if we change the word poetry to songs.

三、在“疑问词＋不定式”结构中，不定式往往用主动形式。

How to solve the problem is very important.

My question is when to start.

I do not know what to do next.

四、need, want, requir, deserve, be worth 后的V-ing形式作宾语。

Your method needs improving.

The book is worth reading.

五、有些不及物动词可用主动形式表被动含义，这类动词常见的有：clean, wash, wear, read, write, sell等。以上这些动词大多有“……起来”之意，句子的主语常是物，且此“物”常具有某种内在的特点，使动词所表示的动作得以或难以实现。使用时与副词搭配构成如下结构：sth.+v.+adv.

The cloth washes easily.

The books sell well.

The floor cleans easily.

六、feel, sound, look, smell, taste+adj.有“……起来”之意； prove/turn out (to be)+adj.有“证明是，结果是”之意。

The blackboard feels smooth.

The food tastes delicious.

What he said proved (to be) true.

七、在一些固定结构中，如：generally speaking, judging from, considering等, 其逻辑主语为说话者，与句子的主语无被动关系。

Judging from his accent, he is from Hebei Province.

Frankly speaking, I am not interested in English.

Considering he has only just started, he knows quite a lot about it.

八、固定短语：be to blame/be to let 用主动形式表示被动含义。

The parents are to blame for the spoiled child.

The car is to let.

近几年来，动词主动形式表被动含义的用法已成为英语高考的热点，现将相关的高考试题总结如下：

1. As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area ____.

(07陕西)

A． need repairing B. needs to repair

C. needs repairing D. need to repair

2. The mother did not know ____ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out.

A. who B. when C. how D. what

3. I have worked with children before, so I know what ____ in my new job.

(2000NMET19)

A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects

4. Shes having a lot of trouble with the computer, but she doesnt know whom to ____.

(07重庆)

A. turn to B. look for C. deal with D. talk about

5. Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one ____. (06安徽)

A. blamed B. blaming C. to blame D. to be blamed

解析：AABAC。第一小题考查need当“需要”讲的用法，物作主语，sth.+need+doing/to be done; 第二，三，四小题考查的是“特殊疑问词+不定式”的用法；第五小题考查不定式作定语，相当于(who is) to blame。

总之，英语知识很琐碎，我们在学习时要善于总结归类，使知识条理化，发现他们之间的规律，便于我们学习。

参考文献：

1. 全日制普通高级中学《英语教学大纲》，人民教育出版社，2000

2. 邹为诚：《综合英语教程》，高等教育出版社，2005

3. 《全日制普通高级中学教科书》（必修），人民教育出版社