把握语篇大意,巧解短文改错

胡圣平

高考英语试题中的“短文改错”从词汇、语法、篇章等方面来考查考生在语篇中综合运用英语知识的准确性和在特定语境中对语言使用进行评价的能力,因此,它要求考生必须掌握足够的词汇和语法知识,并灵活运用以判断、发现和纠正错误,但它又不是单纯的语法检测,还要求考生具有一定的阅读分析与逻辑推理能力,在语篇和上下文理解中运用语言知识去解决实际的语言问题。

短文改错不同于单句改错,解题时,考生要在读懂全文的基础上,对短文进行逐句研究,仔细推敲词汇用法、句子结构和篇章逻辑,将存在的错误改正,因此,切不可孤立地依行改错,既要看该行所在的整句,也要顾及前后句甚至全文。

根据笔者指导考生做短文改错题的多年体会与实践,我觉得考生在理解短文大意基础上,将短文分解成句、将句分解为行,在每行中,通过下列“查一致”逐句逐行来找错、改错,颇有成效。

1. 查词性与词形是否一致

主要指在短文改错题中出现的词性混用现象,如:可数名词与不可数名词混用,形容词与副词混用。

It is dishonest and foolishly to help.

解析:foolishly改为foolish。is后要用形容词作表语,且与dishonest一致。

Football is not too badly as long as I watch it with my dad!

解析:badly改为bad。要用形容词作表语。

2. 查时态是否一致

检查该行中谓语动词的时态与上下文、特定语境或该句的时间状语是否一致。

Since long ago many adults and children called their friends together.

解析:called前加have。由since long ago可知,谓语动词要用现在完成时。

One of them was that they can earn money.

解析:was改为is。文章说的事情是现在的事实,所以用一般现在时。

3. 查并列平行结构是否一致

由并列连词或词组连接的结构,词性、时态等形式要保持前后一致。

All over the world men and woman, boys and girls enjoy sports.

解析:woman改为women。and前后的名词复数一致。

I put my book under my desk, opening it and started looking for the answer.

解析:opening改为opened。联系上下文此处应用opened作并列谓语。

4. 查主谓语是否一致

检查该行中的谓语动词在人称、数上是否与主语保持一致。

There are advantage for students to work…

解析:advantage改为advantages。与are一致。

Earning their own money allow them to spend much on what they like.

解析:allow改为allows。动名词作主语,谓语动词要用单数。

5. 查该行中的中心词与其修饰词是否一致

主要指修饰名词的冠词或代词,修饰形容词的副词,修饰比较级的副词等。

She looked at me serious and said…

解析:serious改为seriously。行为动词look要用副词来修饰。

That was a dinner we had waited for several month.

解析:month改为months。several修饰复数名词。

My first one job was to clean the tables in a small restaurant.

解析:去掉one。first表示第一个,不能再与one连用。

6. 查语态是否一致

检查该行中的谓语动词或非谓语动词是及物动词还是不及物动词,由此判断动词语态是否正确。

After the drive, it was cost just over 2 to put the car…

解析:去掉was。此句为主动语态。

Much larger values are destroying.

解析:destroying改为destroyed。values是动词destroy的动作承受者, 应用被动语态。

7. 查各种搭配是否一致

主要指在该行中的习惯用语、词组、动词与其宾语搭配等是否正确。

…decide if or not each of us meets the requirement.

解析:if改为whether。if不能与or not连在一起使用。

Some students may also to save up for their college or future use.

解析:去掉to。情态动词后面要用动词原形。

The medicine had so a bitter taste that I took it unwillingly.

解析:so改为such。句式such+a/an+单数可数名词+that…

8. 查代词指代是否一致

检查该行中用于指代的代词在人称、数、格、性等与上下文是否一致。

It is good manners for them to help each other if we have any difficulty with our work.

解析:them改为us。从上下文可知是针对我们。

I thought that was dull to watch a game which was uninteresting to us.

解析:that改为it。只有it可用作形式主语或宾语。

Some students may also save up for our college or future use.

解析:our改为their。与some students 相对应的形容词性物主代词是their。

9. 查比较结构是否一致

检查该行中如有比较结构,看形容词或副词的级是否正确。

Both the diet and the exercise will help me to lose weight and feel more better.

解析:去掉more或将more改为much。比较级前much用于加强语气。

So he decided to make a best car himself.

解析:best改为better。依据句意要用比较级。

What I learned from the job, in the hard way, was much more important as what I earned.

解析:as改为than。构成more…than结构。

10. 查行文逻辑是否一致

这类错误较难发现,要求通篇考虑行文逻辑,错误主要涉及并列连词、从属连词、肯定与否定等。

I dont know that they dont like to talk with me.

解析:that改为why。从上下文来看要用why引导宾语从句。

Not all people like to work and everyone likes to play.

解析:and改为but。此处句意表示转折关系。

They would have to ask their parents for money.

解析:would后加not。依据上句意思应该是否定。

短文改错题包含多项语法规则和语言技能,任何一处都有可能出现错误,而且常为学生在平时的写作中易出现的错误。因此,平时学习中,考生要多注意总结与积累,准确规范地使用英语,训练自己的改错能力,把握短文改错题的命题特点、考查重点等,则在考试时就会遇难不慌,较好地解答短文改错题了。