模块１０ Ｕｎｉｔ ２语法：段落结构

吴　蝶

高考阅读理解的文章一般由3—5段构成，如何把握它们之间的关系以及段落内部的逻辑对于理解全文有很大关系。本文只讨论段落内部的逻辑。理解了这种逻辑，阅读时就能抓住重点，关注次重点，忽略次要细节，从而提高做题的正确率。段落的基本结构是：段落主题句（简称为TS，即topic sentence）；段落支持句（简称为SS，即supporting sentences）；段落总结句（CS，即concluding sentence）。有时，段落没有总结句，那么段落的结构就简化为：TSSS。还有的时候，段落开始没有主题句，而在段末有总结句，那么段落的结构就简化为：SSCS。使情况更为复杂的是：有时整个段落中没有明显的主题句和总结句，其主题是通过阅读者自己总结出来的。如:

A

Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer.Besides the most serious and terrible disease (illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems.For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”.Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds.Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful.Is it worth it?

这一段文章中主题句(topic sentence)是：Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.

支持句(supporting sentences):Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer.Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer， cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems.For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”.Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds.其中…show…, Besides,…, For example,… Finally,…等都是用来举例进一步陈述事实的。

总结句(concluding sentences) :Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful.Is it worth it?

这篇文章的机构是：TS-SS-CS 即：

B

Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent.On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal.And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness.So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance.

这段文章没有主题句，它的主题是通过总结句体现出来的。

支持句：Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent.On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal.And the man who knows“everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness.其中often, And, On the other hand 等都是用来陈述或强调事实。

总结句：So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance.

这篇文章的机构是：SS-CS. 即：

C

Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation.He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors.Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background.He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.

The main idea of this paragraph is that _________________ .

A.Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.

B.Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.

C.Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.

D.Tom received an excellent education.

答案是：D。

该篇文章中既没有主题句，也没有总结句，所提供的都是一些细节性的内容，但通过这些细节我们可以总结出它的主题。

练习:阅读下列短文，从每篇短文后所给各题的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

A

Modern day horse breeds come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes.This variety didnt exist in the horse population before domestication.The Shetland horse is one of the smallest breeds-typically reaching only one meter tall.With short, strong legs, the animals were bred to pull coal out of mine shafts (矿井) with low ceilings.Huge horses like the Clydesdale came on the scene around 1700.People bred these heavy, tall horses to pull large vehicles used for carrying heavy loads.(2008年北京卷)

The author uses the Shetland horse as an example to show________________.

A.it is smaller than the Clydesdale horse

B.horse used to have gentle personalities

C.some horses have better shaped than others

D.horses were of less variety before domestication

B

Advertisers (广告商) will sometimes use half-truths.Its against the law to make false statements so they try to mislead you with the truth.An advertisement might say, “Nine out of ten doctors advised their patients to take Yucky Pills to cure toothache.” It fails to mention that they only asked ten doctors and nine of them work for the Yucky Company.(2008年全国II)

What can we know from the example of the Yucky Pill advertisement?

A.False statements are easy to see through.

B.Half-truths are often used to mislead people.

C.Doctors like to act in advertisements.

D.Advertisements are based on facts.

C

If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention:“Color TV.Only ＄79.Two days sale.Hurry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy.You may discover that they are sold out.But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model.A much better set which is “just right for you”.It costs ＄395.This sales method is called “bait and switch”.Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one.Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale.

The paragraph could be entitled ______________________ .

A.Buying A TV Set

B.A Selling Method

C.Buyer Beware

D.TV On Sale

答案:A篇：D； B篇：B； C篇：B