糖尿病患者口腔种植修复的研究进展

2025-02-05 00:00:00吴晨晨王欣芝
现代养生·下半月 2025年1期
关键词:种植糖尿病

【摘要】" 近年来,全球糖尿病患病率呈升高趋势,糖尿病所致缺牙使糖尿病患者口腔种植修复需求不断增加。然而糖尿病的高血糖状态可导致微血管病变,增加种植体周围疾病的发生风险,影响种植骨结合及种植成功率。因此,总结糖尿病对口腔种植的影响及提高糖尿病患者种植治疗成功率的措施,可为糖尿病患者口腔种植提供临床参考,为未来糖尿病种植研究提供新思路与新方法。

【关键词】" 糖尿病;种植;种植体周围炎

中图分类号" R783.4" "文献标识码" A" " 文章编号" 1671-0223(2025)02--06

Advances in oral implant restorations for patients with diabetes mellitus Wu Chenchen,Wang Xinzhi. Stomatology Hospital,School of Stomatology,Zhejiang University School of Medicine,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases,Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province,Cancer Center of Zhejiang University,Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province,Hangzhou 310000,China

【Abstract】" In recent years,the prevalence of diabetes has increased globally, and diabetes-induced edentulism has increased the demand for oral implant restorations for diabetic patients.However,the hyperglycemic state of diabetes mellitus can lead to microangiopathy,increase the risk of peri-implant disease,and affect implant osseointegration and implant success.Therefore,summarizing the effects of diabetes mellitus on oral implantation and measures to improve the success rate of implant treatment in diabetic patients can provide clinical reference for oral-implantation in diabetic patients,and provide new ideas and methods for future research on diabetic implantation.

【Key words】" "Diabetes mellitus; Dental implant; Peri-implantitis

口腔种植修复是一种具有良好固位性、舒适度及咬合功能的修复方式,已成为牙缺失修复的首选治疗方法[1]。种植体的表面特性、形态设计和种植手术方案的改进使口腔种植成为一种安全且高度可预测的手术。然而随着种植体植入患者数量的增加,相应的并发症也随之出现。糖尿病是一种常见且日益严重的健康问题,被认为是种植牙植入相对危险因素,分为1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)、妊娠期糖尿病及其他糖尿病[2]。国际糖尿病联合会最新数据显示[3],2021年,全球20~79岁成年人糖尿病患病人数约为5.37亿,以T2DM为主,到2045 年,这一数字预计将增加46%,达到7.83亿,成为发病率最高的慢性非传染性疾病[3-4]。糖尿病作为口腔种植修复治疗的相对禁忌证,是一种因胰岛素分泌不足或功能缺陷引起的复杂的全身慢性代谢性疾病,其高血糖状态会导致微血管和大血管病变,是牙周炎发生、种植体植入后骨整合延迟、种植体周围炎症发生和种植体存活率低的潜在危险因素[5-6]。糖尿病患者牙周炎发生率几乎是其他人群的3倍,而牙周炎又会引起缺牙,导致糖尿病患者种植需求增加[7-9]。一项Meta分析指出,糖尿病患者的牙齿脱落比健康个体多约2颗[10]。因此,研究糖尿病与口腔种植的关系及提高糖尿病患者种植成功率的措施具有重要意义。本文就糖尿病对口腔种植的影响、提高糖尿病患者种植治疗成功率的措施进行综述。

1" 糖尿病对口腔种植的影响

1.1" 糖尿病对种植体周围疾病的影响

糖尿病会导致血清、细胞和组织中晚期糖基化终末产物过度积累。晚期糖基化终末产物与其受体结合可激活核因子κB,诱导产生活性氧、肿瘤坏死因子-α及白细胞介素-6等炎性细胞因子[11-14],引起组织损伤和种植体周围疾病,影响种植体稳定性。有研究显示[15],高血糖患者的晚期糖基化终末产物水平显著升高,且探诊出血、探诊深度、边缘骨吸收值等均较差。探诊出血、探诊深度、边缘骨吸收值等临床及影像学参数可作为种植体周围炎的评估手段,因此晚期糖基化终末产物被认为是患有种植体周围炎的糖尿病患者炎症的潜在标志物[16]。尽管近年来种植牙治疗取得了巨大的进步,提高了患者的生活质量和满意度,但种植体周围疾病引起的并发症仍存在[17-18]。

种植体周围疾病包括种植体周围黏膜炎和种植体周围炎[19]。种植体周围黏膜炎仅累及种植体周围软组织,其特征是探诊时出血[20]。种植体周围黏膜炎被认为是种植体周围炎的先兆,若能及时干预治疗,可有效控制炎症,避免其侵袭到骨组织;若炎症持续发展,可引发种植体周围炎[21-22],损害种植体周围硬组织,导致种植体周围进行性骨质流失[23]。Abduljabbar等[24]研究显示,与对照组相比,糖尿病前期和T2DM患者的种植体周围探诊出血、探诊深度和边缘骨吸收值更差;与糖尿病前期患者相比,控制不佳的T2DM患者种植体周围探诊出血、探诊深度和边缘骨吸收值更差。多项研究数据表明,与非糖尿病患者相比,糖尿病患者的边缘骨吸收值和探诊深度增加[25-29],边缘骨吸收值随着糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c)水平的升高而增加[30-31],糖尿病患者种植体周围炎症的风险增加[32-34]。但也有研究指出伴有明显糖尿病的患者种植体周围炎风险并没有增加[35-38]。Alberti等[39]为研究糖尿病对种植体失败和种植体周围疾病的影响,纳入204例患者共929个种植体,种植后平均随访时间为5.7±3.38年。结果显示,种植体周围炎发生率为11.3%,其中糖尿病患者种植体周围炎发生率为5.3%,糖尿病患者和非糖尿病患者种植10年成功率分别为96.51%和94.74%,比较差异无统计学意义。因此,认为糖尿病与种植体周围炎的发生之间没有关联。Renvert等[40]对270名受试者进行长期跟踪调查发现,有T2DM病史与种植体周围炎的发生之间无明显相关性。

不同研究对糖尿病与种植体周围炎发生之间的关系得出不同结论,可能的原因是未明确研究对象的血糖控制程度且缺乏长期性。Promsudthi等[41]研究发现,与血糖控制良好的糖尿病患者相比,血糖控制不佳的糖尿病患者种植体周围疾病发生风险增加。Aguilar-Salvatierra等[42]将糖尿病患者分为血糖控制良好(HbA1c 6%~8%)、中度控制(HbA1c 8%~10%)和控制不佳(HbA1c>10%)三组,在种植体植入后2年开始评估,发现随着HbA1c的升高种植体周围炎症患者数量增加,表明糖尿病是种植体周围炎发生的危险因素。

1.2" 糖尿病对种植骨结合的影响

骨结合是种植牙的生物学基础,指牙槽骨与种植体结合的过程。成骨细胞在种植体表面的黏附和分化是骨与种植体相互作用的第一阶段,对骨结合的形成至关重要[43]。

糖尿病患者除了因种植体周围炎导致牙槽骨吸收外,其代谢受损、骨愈合机制障碍以及微血管病变引起的血管供应减少和有毒代谢物的存在均会干扰细胞的正常功能。这些因素共同作用降低成骨细胞的活性,抑制其分化过程,同时增强破骨细胞的分化,从而影响骨组织的形成和吸收速度[44]。糖尿病患者骨吸收代谢紊乱会直接影响骨愈合及种植体周围骨组织的重建。有研究表明,高血糖会影响骨再生并使骨愈合延迟,导致种植体修复失败[45-46]。Song等[47]以大鼠为研究对象将其分为对照组、T2DM组和血糖波动组,将种植体植入大鼠股骨内,评估高血糖对骨结合的影响,并在体外研究了不同条件(正常、对照、高糖和血糖波动)下大鼠成骨细胞的变化,证实了高血糖状态及血糖波动可抑制成骨细胞的活性,从而抑制骨结合。Al Zahrani等[48]进行了一项为期7年的前瞻性研究,比较T2DM控制良好患者与控制不佳患者种植牙周围牙槽骨流失情况,结果表明与控制良好的T2DM患者相比,控制不佳的T2DM患者牙槽骨流失率更高。Gómez-Moreno等[49]进行了一项为期3年的研究,分析不同血糖水平的T2DM患者种植体周围组织的变化,结果显示种植体边缘骨质流失随着HbA1c水平的升高而增加。也有研究表明[50],与非糖尿病患者相比,糖尿病患者可能会发生种植骨结合不良,使种植体周围骨质流失增多,影响种植体存活率。张新华等[51]将糖尿病种植患者作为试验组,非糖尿病种植患者作为对照组,对比分析术中及术后4周患者种植体稳定性和边缘骨吸收情况,术后4周时试验组患者种植体稳定数值显著低于对照组,边缘骨吸收值显著高于对照组。Oates等[52]将纳入的T2DM患者按HbA1c水平分为控制良好(HbA1c 6.1%~8%)、中度控制(HbA1c 8.1%~10%)、控制不佳(HbA1c≥10%)及健康对照组(HbA1c≤6%),调查T2DM对骨结合的影响,结果显示,糖尿病控制不佳的患者在最初2~6周种植体稳定性较低,在接下来的几周内种植体稳定数值开始升高,但达到基线所需时间是健康对照组的2倍。

以上研究表明,糖尿病可增加牙槽骨流失的发生风险,影响新骨生成、种植骨结合及种植体稳定性[53],对种植牙治疗效果产生不利影响。

1.3" 糖尿病对种植成功率的影响

现阶段对糖尿病患者种植成功率的研究结果仍存在差异。尽管随着时间的推移,种植成功率逐渐升高,但种植失败的潜在风险仍不可忽视。有研究显示[54-56],糖尿病对种植成功率具有显著的负面影响。French等[57]对4247名患者共植入10871个种植体,平均每例患者植入2.56个种植体并进行长达22年的随访研究发现,糖尿病患者种植牙失败的风险比非糖尿病患者高2倍。但有研究显示,糖尿病对种植成功率不存在负面影响[58-59]。一项研究对糖尿病前期患者与血糖正常的个体(对照组)进行为期12个月的随访,结果显示糖尿病前期患者和对照组植入种植牙的成功率相当[60]。Ormianer等[61]研究中度控制的T2DM患者种植成功率及种植体周围骨质流失的变化,平均随访时间为8.7年,最短为4.9年。结果显示种植体成功率和骨质流失程度与非糖尿病人群报告的结果相比,差异无统计学意义。

上述不同研究糖尿病患者种植成功率不同,其原因可能是在研究过程中存在诸多无法控制的变量,导致结果产生差异。

2" 提高糖尿病患者种植治疗成功率的措施

血糖控制是糖尿病种植患者常见的干预措施。HbA1c是评估过去2~3个月内血糖控制程度的客观指标,糖尿病种植患者须将HbA1c纳入风险评估。目前有证据显示[62],种植体植入前后血糖水平控制良好可以改善种植骨结合,降低种植体周围炎发生风险,提高种植治疗成功率。在临床上,胰岛素给药仍是糖尿病管理的主要方法[63]。胰岛素可以调节糖代谢,控制血糖平衡[64]。糖尿病种植患者使用胰岛素治疗可以改善种植体植入后的骨再生[65]。有研究比较了血糖控制良好与血糖控制不佳患者的种植成功率,得出糖尿病控制良好组种植成功率高于控制不佳组,且种植体周围并发症更少[66]。Tan等[67]对不同HbA1c水平的患者种植体存活率及临床和生化参数进行系统评价,得出结论,HbA1c低于8%的患者前3年种植体存活率较高(92.6%~100%);HbA1c高于8%的患者种植体存活率(86.3%~100%)受到影响,边缘骨流失及种植体周围炎风险更高;血糖控制较好的患者与健康对照者种植体存活率相似(93.2%~96.4%)。Bencze等[68]研究表明,与健康对照者和控制良好的T2DM患者相比,控制不佳的T2DM(HbA1c>8%)或糖尿病前期患者可能面临更高的种植体周围疾病风险及更严重的种植体周围状况。因此,建议糖尿病患者实现良好的血糖控制、提高糖尿病种植患者复查频率并实施个性化宣教,以确保糖尿病患者种植体周围健康。

糖尿病患者感染控制也是种植成功的重要环节。有研究指出[69],糖尿病患者种植术后使用含漱液可减少种植体周围黏膜炎的发生,降低种植体周围炎的发生风险。此外,还可以通过激光治疗[70]、手动或超声刮治等控制感染,但此类研究较少,缺乏相关依据证明其长期疗效[71]。

为了提高糖尿病患者种植成功率,新的治疗手段及方法开始研究,期望能在糖尿病种植患者中得到成效。纳米羟基磷灰石(nano-hydroxyapatite,n-HA)具有良好的生物活性及降解性能,且无细胞毒性及免疫抗性,其化学成分和晶体结构与人体骨骼和牙齿的矿物成分非常相似[72]。研究证实,n-HA能参与体内代谢,诱导、刺激局部骨细胞的增殖和分化[73],具有加速骨愈合的作用[74-75]。n-HA作为种植体涂层材料显示出较好的应用前景,它可以诱导与骨骼的化学反应,改善骨组织与种植体表面涂层的整合[76-77],增强种植骨结合[78]。有研究[79]通过采用软模板法制备了n-HA,用作种植体表面涂层材料,并以n-HA为涂层、随机选取种植体植入兔股骨中,于3周后进行观察。结果显示种植体表面完全被杆状HA粒子(宽10~15nm,长100~200nm)所覆盖,n-HA涂层和非涂层植入物显示出相似的骨组织与种植体接触方式,但有n-HA涂层的种植体周围组织质量明显提高,导致矿化程度增加。其可能原因是钙和磷酸盐从表面释放到周围的新骨中,致使矿化度增加[80]。由此可见,n-HA材料可以促进骨修复,具有良好的生物相容性。

3" 小结

近年来糖尿病患者的种植成为研究热点,包括糖尿病对种植的影响、糖尿病患者种植体周围炎的治疗、提高糖尿病种植成功率的措施等。糖尿病是种植体周围炎产生的高风险因素之一,也可影响种植体植入后骨结合。虽然目前的种植技术已相对成熟,但对特殊疾病患者,如糖尿病患者,其种植后还存在一定的失败率。目前,临床使用多种方式提高糖尿病患者种植成功率,如胰岛素的使用、激光治疗、n-HA材料的使用等,但具体疗效还缺乏长期性的研究,尤其是HA纳米颗粒的使用。虽然许多研究者试图使用具有n-HA涂层的种植体来改善口腔种植的骨结合,但n-HA的使用也可能显示出未知的不良影响,如由于纳米涂层导致的不稳定性,这也将成为今后研究的重点。

4" 参考文献

[1] Wagner J,Spille JH,Wiltfang J,et al.Systematic review on diabetes mellitus and dental implants:An update[J].Int J Implant Dent,2022,8(1):1.

[2] Petersmann A,Müller-Wieland D,Müller UA,et al.Definition, classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus[J].Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes,2019,127(S01): S1-7.

[3] Harreiter J,Roden M.Diabetes mellitus:Definition, classification, diagnosis, screening and prevention (Update 2023)[J].Wien Klin Wochenschr,2023,135(Suppl 1):7-17.

[4] Refardt J,Winzeler B,Christ-Crain M.Diabetes insipidus:An update[J].Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am,2020,49(3):517-531.

[5] Jiang X,Zhu Y,Liu Z,et al.Association between diabetes and dental implant complications:A systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Acta Odontol Scand,2021,79(1):9-18.

[6] Nourah D,Aldahlawi S,Andreana S.Should the quality of glycemic control guide dental implant therapy in patients with diabetes? Focus on implant survival[J].Curr Diabetes Rev,2022,18(4):e060821195367.

[7] Quadri MFA,Fageeh HI,Ibraheem W,et al.A case-control study of type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontitis in Saudi Arabian adults[J].J Multidiscip Healthc,2020,13:1741-1748.

[8] Turner C.Diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease:The profession's choices[J].Br Dent J,2022,233(7):537-538.

[9] Preshaw PM,Bissett SM.Periodontitis and diabetes[J].Br Dent J,2019,227(7):577-584.

[10] Stöhr J,Barbaresko J,Neuenschwander M,et al.Bidirectional association between periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus:A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies[J].Sci Rep,2021,11(1):13686.

[11] Wu YY,Xiao E,Graves DT.Diabetes mellitus related bone metabolism and periodontal disease[J].Int J Oral Sci,2015,7(2):63-72.

[12] Sonnenschein SK,Meyle J.Local inflammatory reactions in patients with diabetes and periodontitis[J].Periodontol 2000,2015,69(1):221-254.

[13] Singh R,Barden A,Mori T,et al.Advanced glycation end-products:A review[J].Diabetologia,2001,44(2):129-146.

[14] AlQahtani MA,Alayad AS,Alshihri A,et al.Clinical peri-implant parameters and inflammatory cytokine profile among smokers of cigarette, e-cigarette, and waterpipe[J].Clin Implant Dent Relat Res,2018,20(6):1016-1021.

[15] Alrabiah M,Al-Aali KA,Al-Sowygh ZH,et al.Association of advanced glycation end products with peri-implant inflammation in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients[J].Clin Implant Dent Relat Res,2018,20(4):535-540.

[16] Al-Sowygh ZH,Ghani SMA,Sergis K,et al.Peri-implant conditions and levels of advanced glycation end products among patients with different glycemic control[J].Clin Implant Dent Relat Res,2018,20(3):345-351.

[17] Klinge B,Klinge A,Bertl K,et al.Peri-implant diseases[J].Eur J Oral Sci,2018,126(Suppl 1):88-94.

[18] Rokaya D,Srimaneepong V,Wisitrasameewon W,et al.Peri-implantitis update:Risk indicators,diagnosis,and treatment[J].Eur J Dentist,2020,14(4):672-682.

[19] Araujo MG,Lindhe J.Peri-implant health[J].J Clin Periodontol,2018,45(Suppl 20):S36.

[20] Heitz-Mayfield LJA,Salvi GE.Peri-implant mucositis[J].J Clin Periodontol,2018,45(Suppl 20):S237-245.

[21] Schwarz F,Derks J,Monje A,et al.Peri-implantitis[J].J Clin Periodontol,2018,45(Suppl 20):S246-266.

[22] Berglundh T,Armitage G,Araujo MG,et al.Peri-implant diseases and conditions:Consensus report of workgroup 4 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions[J].J Clin Periodontol,2018,45(Suppl 20):S286-291.

[23] Caton JG,Armitage G,Berglundh T,et al.A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions-Introduction and key changes from the 1999 classification[J].J Clin Periodontol,2018,45(Suppl 20):S1-8.

[24] Abduljabbar T,Al-Sahaly F,Al-Kathami M,et al.Comparison of periodontal and peri-implant inflammatory parameters among patients with prediabetes,type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-diabetic controls[J].Acta Odontol Scand,2017,75(5):319-324.

[25] Chakraborty P,Mukhopadhyay P,Bhattacharjee K, et al. Periodontal disease in type 1 diabetes mellitus:Influence of pubertal stage and glycemic control[J].Endocr Pract,2021,27(8):765-768.

[26] Zainal Abidin Z,Zainuren ZA,Noor E,et al.Periodontal health status of children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus:A systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Aust Dent J,2021,66(Suppl 1):S15-26.

[27] Jensen E,Allen G,Bednarz J,et al.Periodontal risk markers in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes:A systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Diabetes Metab Res Rev,2021,37(1):e3368.

[28] Raedel M,Noack B,Priess HW,et al.Massive data analyses show negative impact of type 1 and 2 diabetes on the outcome of periodontal treatment[J].Clin Oral Investig,2021,25(4):2037-2043.

[29] Wu CZ,Yuan YH,Liu HH,et al.Epidemiologic relationship between periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus[J].BMC Oral Health,2020,20(1):204.

[30] Lv X,Zou L,Zhang X,et al.Effects of diabetes/hyperglycemia on peri-implant biomarkers and clinical and radiographic outcomes in patients with dental implant restorations:A systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Clin Oral Implants Res,2022,33(12):1183-1198.

[31] De Angelis P,Manicone PF,Gasparini G,et al.The effect of controlled diabetes and hyperglycemia on implant placement with simultaneous horizontal guided bone regeneration:A clinical retrospective analysis[J].Biomed Res Int,2021,2021:9931505.

[32] Soh NHBC,Duraisamy R,B A. Evaluation of osseointegration and crestal bone loss associated with implants placed in diabetic and other medically compromised patients [J].J Long Term Eff Med Implants,2020,30(4):247-253.

[33] Rekawek P,Carr BR,Boggess WJ,et al.Hygiene recall in diabetic and nondiabetic patients:A periodic prognostic factor in the protection against peri-implantitis?[J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2021,79(5):1038-1043.

[34] Weinstein T,Clauser T,Del Fabbro M,et al.Prevalence of peri-implantitis:A multi-centered cross-sectional study on 248 patients[J].Dent J (Basel),2020,8(3):80.

[35] Krennmair S,Hunger S,Forstner T,et al.Implant health and factors affecting peri-implant marginal bone alteration for implants placed in staged maxillary sinus augmentation:A 5-year prospective study[J].Clin Implant Dent Relat Res,2019,21(1):32-41.

[36] Okamoto T,Hoshi K,Fukada K,et al.Factors affecting the occurrence of complications in the early stages after dental implant placement:A retrospective cohort study[J].Implant Dent,2018,27(2):221-225.

[37] Krebs M,Kesar N,Begić A, et al.Incidence and prevalence of peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis 17 to 23 (18.9) years postimplant placement[J].Clin Implant Dent Relat Res,2019,21(6):1116-1123.

[38] Corbella S,Alberti A,Calciolari E,et al.Medium- and long-term survival rates of implant-supported single and partial restorations at a maximum follow-up of 12 years:A retrospective study[J].Int J Prosthodont,2021,34(2):183-191.

[39] Alberti A,Morandi P,Zotti B,et al.Influence of diabetes on implant failure and peri-implant diseases:A retrospective study[J].Dent J (Basel),2020,8(3):70.

[40] Renvert S,Aghazadeh A,Hallström H,et al.Factors related to peri-implantitis—A retrospective study[J].Clin Oral Implant Res,2014,25:522-529.

[41] Promsudthi A,Poomsawat S,Limsricharoen W.The role of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 in gingival tissues of chronic periodontitis subjects with type 2 diabetes[J]. J Periodontal Res,2014,49(3):346-354.

[42] Aguilar-Salvatierra A,Calvo-Guirado JL,González-Jaranay M,et al.Peri-implant evaluation of immediately loaded implants placed in esthetic zone in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2:A two-year study[J].Clin Oral Implants Res,2016,27(2):156-161.

[43] Ganeko K,Masaki C,Shibata Y,et al.Bone aging by advanced glycation end products:A multiscale mechanical analysis[J].J Dent Res,2015,94(12):1684-1690.

[44] Bergamo ETP,De Oliveira PGFP,Campos TMB,et al. Osseointegration of implant surfaces in metabolic syndrome and type-2 diabetes mellitus[J].J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater,2024,112(2):e35382.

[45] Kim JH,Lee DE,Choi SH,et al.Diabetic characteristics and alveolar bone loss in streptozotocin- and streptozotocin-nicotinamide-treated rats with periodontitis[J].J Periodontal Res,2014,49(6):792-800.

[46] Javed F,Romanos GE.Chronic hyperglycemia as a risk factor in implant therapy[J].Periodontol 2000,2019,81(1):57-63.

[47] Song D,Wang C,Liang J,et al.Effect and mechanism of fluctuant glucose on restraining implant osseointegration in diabetes[J].Oral Dis,2024,30(3):1583-1590.

[48] Al Zahrani S,Al Mutairi AA.Crestal bone loss around submerged and non-submerged dental implants in individuals with type-2 diabetes mellitus:A 7-year prospective clinical study[J].Med Princ Pract,2019,28(1):75-81.

[49] Gómez-Moreno G,Aguilar-Salvatierra A,Rubio Roldán J,et al.Peri-implant evaluation in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients:A 3-year study[J].Clin Oral Implants Res,2015,26(9):1031-1035.

[50] D'Ambrosio F,Amato A,Chiacchio A,et al.Do systemic diseases and medications influence dental implant osseointegration and dental implant Health?An umbrella review[J].Dent J (Basel),2023,11(6):146.

[51] 张新华,李晓东,刘小明.糖尿病患者口腔种植修复临床预后与炎症因子的相关性分析[J].临床口腔医学杂志,2021,37(4):236-239.

[52] Oates TW Jr,Galloway P,Alexander P,et al.The effects of elevated hemoglobin A1c in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on dental implants:Survival and stability at one year[J].J Am Dent Assoc,2014,145(12):1218-1226.

[53] Pan Y,Xu J.Association between muscle mass, bone mineral density and osteoporosis in type 2 diabetes[J].J Diabetes Investig,2022,13(2):351-358.

[54] Castellanos-Cosano L,Rodriguez-Perez A,Spinato S,et al. Descriptive retrospective study analyzing relevant factors related to dental implant failure[J].Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal,2019,24(6):e726-738.

[55] Atarchi AR,Miley DD,Omran MT,et al.Early failure rate and associated risk factors for dental implants placed with and without maxillary sinus augmentation:A retrospective study[J].Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants,2020,35(6):1187-1194.

[56] Jagadeesh KN,Verma AK,Parihar AS,et al.Assessment of the survival rate of short dental implants in medically compromised patients[J].J Contemp Dent Pract,2020,21(8):880-883.

[57] French D,Ofec R,Levin L.Long term clinical performance of 10 871 dental implants with up to 22 years of follow-up:A cohort study in 4247 patients[J].Clin Implant Dent Relat Res,2021,23(3):289-297.

[58] Eskow CC,Oates TW.Dental implant survival and complication rate over 2 years for individuals with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus[J].Clin Implant Dent Relat Res,2017,19(3):423-431.

[59] Mayta-Tovalino F,Mendoza-Martiarena Y,Romero-Tapia P,et al.An 11-year retrospective research study of the predictive factors of peri-implantitis and implant failure:Analytic-multicentric study of 1279 implants in peru[J].Int J Dent,2019,2019:3527872.

[60] Al Amri MD,Abduljabbar TS,Al-Kheraif AA,et al. Comparison of clinical and radiographic status around dental implants placed in patients with and without prediabetes:1-year follow-up outcomes[J].Clin Oral Implants Res,2017,28(2):231-235.

[61] Ormianer Z,Block J,Matalon S,et al.The effect of moderately controlled type 2 diabetes on dental implant survival and peri-implant bone loss:A long-term retrospective study[J].Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants,2018,33(2):389-394.

[62] Carra MC,Blanc-Sylvestre N,et al.Primordial and primary prevention of peri-implant diseases:A systematic review and meta-analysis[J].J Clin Periodontol,2023,50(Suppl 26):77-112.

[63] Bahendeka S,Kaushik R,Swai AB,et al.EADSG guidelines:Insulin storage and optimisation of injection technique in diabetes management[J].Diabetes Ther,2019,10(2):341-366.

[64] Sheng C,Guo Y,Hou W,et al.The effect of insulin and kruppel like factor 10 on osteoblasts in the dental implant osseointegration in diabetes mellitus patients[J].Bioengineered,2022,13(6):14259-14269.

[65] De Molon RS,Morais-Camilo JA,Verzola MH,et al.Impact of diabetes mellitus and metabolic control on bone healing around osseointegrated implants:Removal torque and histomorphometric analysis in rats[J].Clin Oral Implants Res,2013,24(7):831-837.

[66] De Angelis P,Rella E,Manicone PF,et al.The effect of diabetes and hyperglycemia on horizontal guided bone regeneration:A clinical prospective analysis[J].Healthcare (Basel),2023,11(12):1801.

[67] Tan SJ,Baharin B,Nabil S,et al.Does glycemic control have a dose-response relationship with implant outcomes?A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis[J].J Evid Based Dent Pract,2021,21(2):101543.

[68] Bencze B,Cavalcante BGN,Romandini M,et al.Prediabetes and poorly controlled type-2 diabetes as risk indicators for peri-implant diseases:A systematic review and meta-analysis[J].J Dent,2024,146:105094.

[69] Todkar R,Sheikh S,Byakod G,et al.Efficacy of chlorhexidine mouthrinses with and without alcohol-a clinical study[J]. Oral Health Prev Dent,2012,10(3):291-296.

[70] 倪俊鑫,王利宏,赖思煜,等.Nd∶YAG激光治疗2型糖尿病患者种植体周围炎疗效研究[J].生物医学工程与临床,2022,26(3):343-348.

[71] 赵鹏飞,王琪.伴糖尿病患者种植骨缺损的病因及治疗的研究进展[J].国际口腔医学杂志,2019,46(2):244-248.

[72] Kim J,Kang IG,Cheon KH,et al.Stable sol-gel hydroxyapatite coating on zirconia dental implant for improved osseointegration[J].J Mater Sci Mater Med,2021,32(7):81.

[73] Geng YM,Ren DN,Li SY,et al.Hydroxyapatite-incorporation improves bone formation on endosseous PEEK implant in canine tibia[J].J Appl Biomater Funct Mater,2020,18:2280800020975172.

[74] Rajewska J,Kowalski J,Matys J,et al.The Use of lactide polymers in bone tissue regeneration in dentistry-A systematic review[J].J Funct Biomater,2023,14(2):83.

[75] Yudaev P,Chuev V,Klyukin B,et al.Polymeric dental nanomaterials:Antimicrobial action[J].Polymers (Basel),2022,14(5):864.

[76] DileepKumar VG,Sridhar MS,Aramwit P,et al.A review on the synthesis and properties of hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications[J].J Biomater Sci Polym Ed,2022,33(2):229-261.

[77] Matos GRM.Nanotechnology in dental implants of medically compromised patients:Is this the right way forward?[J].An Acad Bras Cienc,2022,94(suppl 4):e20220467.

[78] Munir MU,Salman S,Ihsan A,et al.Synthesis,characterization,functionalization and bio-applications of hydroxyapatite nanomaterials:An overview[J].Int J Nanomedicine,2022,17:1903-1925.

[79] Yazdani J,Ahmadian E,Sharifi S,et al.A short view on nanohydroxyapatite as coating of dental implants[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2018,105:553-557.

[80] Silva RCS,Agrelli A,Andrade AN,et al.Titanium dental implants:An overview of applied nanobiotechnology to improve biocompatibility and prevent infections[J].Materials (Basel),2022,15(9):3150.

[2024-08-07收稿]

猜你喜欢
种植糖尿病
糖尿病知识问答
中老年保健(2022年5期)2022-08-24 02:35:42
糖尿病知识问答
中老年保健(2022年1期)2022-08-17 06:14:56
糖尿病知识问答
中老年保健(2021年5期)2021-08-24 07:07:20
糖尿病知识问答
中老年保健(2021年9期)2021-08-24 03:51:04
糖尿病知识问答
中老年保健(2021年7期)2021-08-22 07:42:16
糖尿病知识问答
关于五角枫的种植艺术及养护分析
浅谈山区茶叶的种植技术及有效管理
浅谈有机农业种植中病虫害防治的原则和方法
浅析影响辣椒生长和种植的几个因素