Research progress on patient⁃reported outcome measures for patients with neck and shoulder dysfunction after cervical lymph node dissection
Keywords"" "neck lymphatic dissection; neck and shoulder function; patient⁃reported outcome; evaluation tools; review
摘要" 对国内外颈淋巴结清扫术后颈肩功能障碍患者报告结局测量工具进行综述,旨在为我国临床护理人员选择和开发颈淋巴结清扫术后颈肩功能障碍患者报告结局测量工具提供参考。
关键词" 颈淋巴清扫术;颈肩功能;患者报告结局;评估工具;综述
doi:10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2024.17.016
头颈肿瘤(head and neck cancer,HNC)是全球范围内的第七大恶性肿瘤[1],严重威胁居民健康和生命[2],其治疗的核心方法是颈淋巴结清扫(neck dissection,ND),旨在治疗或预防头颈肿瘤病人颈淋巴结转移[3]。病人颈淋巴结清扫术后多发颈部或肩部疼痛、活动度降低、力量减弱、僵硬及颈部感觉丧失等颈肩功能障碍[4⁃9],严重影响日常生活能力和生活质量。由于这种负面影响显著而持久,部分头颈肿瘤病人即使治愈,颈肩功能障碍仍然存在,临床实践中以颈肩功能情况作为康复终点被认为是片面的[10],患者报告结局(patient⁃reported outcomes,PROs)成为重要的临床终点指标[11]。现对国内外颈淋巴结清扫术后颈肩功能障碍患者报告结局测量工具(patient⁃reported outcome measures,PROMs)进行综述,以期为完善我国颈淋巴结术后病人临床结局评估并构建适合我国头颈肿瘤病人的PROMs提供参考。
1" PROMs概述
PROs指没有医护人员的解释,病人使用PROMs从自身角度评估疾病和(或)治疗对其症状、功能和健康相关生活质量的影响[12],PROMs测量可以及时发现并了解病人健康困扰,对提高病人生活质量具有重要意义[13⁃14]。PROMs可以筛查病人术后是否存在颈肩功能障碍及其对生活质量的影响,是康复锻炼方案制定及效果评价的基础。
2" 常用的PROMs
尽管评估工具中有许多针对特定疾病的PROMs,但是针对头颈肿瘤颈淋巴结清扫术后颈肩功能障碍的PROMs较少,根据评估工具主要针对的疾病部位可以分为以下3类。
2.1 针对肩部功能评估的PROMs
2.1.1 肩关节功能评价量表(Constant⁃Murley Score,CMS)
1987年,Constant等[15]编制了针对肩关节手术治疗效果评估的CMS量表,用于颈肩疾病及颈淋巴结清扫术术后肩功能测定,显示出较好的心理测量特性[16⁃17]。量表总分100分,包括主观评估和客观评估2部分,其中疼痛(15分)和日常生活活动(20分)由病人主观评价,关节活动度(40分)和肌力(25分)由医生使用关节活动度(ROM)测量尺及徒手客观测量。目前,该量表已被翻译为土耳其语、丹麦语等版本[18⁃20],Yao等[21]将该量表汉化,内部一致性Cronbach′s α系数为0.739,重测信度为0.827,与视觉模拟量表评分(VAS)的相关系数为0.97,与健康调查简表(SF⁃36)的相关系数为0.135,已有研究将该量表应用于颈淋巴结清扫术后病人肩功能的评估[22⁃24]。该量表突出的优点是采用主观和客观相结合的方法评估肩功能,评估结果准确性高,但存在耗时长、需要专业人员和仪器测量等问题,从而限制了其在临床和研究中的使用人群和场所。
2.1.2 肩关节疼痛和功能障碍指数问卷(Shoulder Pain and Disability Index,SPADI)
1991年,Roach等[25]编制了与肩部病理相关的疼痛及功能障碍评估量表SPADI,有研究证实该量表在头颈肿瘤颈淋巴结清扫术后颈肩功能的评估中具有良好的心理测量特性[26]。量表由13个条目组成,分为疼痛(5个条目)和功能障碍(8个条目)2个维度,功能障碍项目包括一些日常活动,例如洗头、穿衣和拿取物品等。使用VAS对每个条目进行评分。每个维度分数转换为100分,分数越高表示疼痛和肩功能障碍越严重。完成SPADI评估大约需要7 min。目前,该量表已被翻译为希腊语、西班牙语、丹麦等版本[27⁃32],Yao等[33⁃34]将SPADI汉化,其2个维度的平均内部一致性分别为0.89,0.91,重测信度分别为0.91,0.87;与VAS的相关系数分别为0.40,0.85,与SF⁃36的相关系数分别为0.36,0.61,Yao等[33⁃34]的研究还验证了SPADI与CMS的相关系数为0.69,量表信效度较好。该量表适用于任何病因引起的肩部疼痛及功能障碍病人的评估,易于理解、评分简单,但是量表更关注疼痛及疼痛对活动受限的影响,2个维度的相关性强,造成重复评价。由于肩痛只是颈淋巴结清扫术后并发症之一,且疼痛变化与是否保留脊髓副神经有很大关系,所以颈淋巴结清扫术后采用SPADI评估病人颈肩功能情况不够全面。
2.1.3 肩部残疾问卷(Shoulder Disability Questionnaire,SDQ)
该量表于1994年开发,1998年修订[35],2000年再次修订[36],主要用于肩部软组织疾病相关疼痛及功能障碍的自我评估,有研究将该量表用于颈淋巴结清扫术后相关肩功能障碍的评估[37],且被证实具有较好的心理测量特性[26]。量表包含16个条目,与上肢活动疼痛相关的条目13个,涉及睡眠、需要揉肩及肩痛引发烦躁的条目3个。评分以“是”“否”或“不适用”回答,对应为1、0分及不计分,最后得分为总分/适用项目的总数×100,分数越高表示残疾程度越高。完成SDQ评估需要的时间很短(lt;5 min),量表内部一致性Cronbach′s α系数为0.76~0.91,与SPADI的相关系数为0.78[26, 38]。目前,该量表已被翻译为韩语版本[39],国内尚未检索到汉化版本。SDQ主要反映涉及《国际功能、残疾和健康分类》(ICF) 领域的功能,能够区分自评临床稳定和改善的受试者及初级卫生保健人群肩部不适的差异,且与SPADI类似,该工具主要关注疼痛以及疼痛对活动受限的影响,而不是活动受限本身。
2.1.4 简易肩部测试(Simple Shoulder Test,SST)
该量表用于已诊断为肩部疾病病人的肩部功能改善情况及病情严重程度评估[40]。量表包含12个条目,由主观条目和实际活动两部分组成,以“是”“否”回答,“是”计1分,“否”计0分,最高分为12分,分数转换为满分100分。完成SST评估大约需要3 min。量表内部一致性Cronbach′s α系数为0.85,组内相关系数(ICC)为0.97,0.99[38]。SST与SPADI和手臂、肩膀和手部残疾问卷(The Disability of Arm,Shoulder and Hand,DASH)的相关系数均高于0.70[41],尚未检索到其应用于头颈肿瘤病人中相关的心理测量特性数据。目前,该量表已被翻译为荷兰语、西班牙、阿拉伯语等版本[42⁃46],尚未检索到汉化版本。Kirkley等[40]认为,量表测量结果为二分类变量,不能准确反映结果变化,亦不能区分病人颈肩功能障碍的严重程度。
2.2 针对上肢功能评估的PROMs
2.2.1 DASH
1996年,Hudak等[47]编制了针对上肢任何关节、不同原因出现的症状及功能的评估量表,有研究证实DASH是评估头颈肿瘤颈淋巴结清扫术前和术后肩功能的有效工具[48],Goldstein等[49]的研究表明该量表与SPADI相关系数超过0.70,且能够区分手术是否有神经损伤以及神经损伤后恢复和未恢复的病人。量表包含30个条目,其中6个条目评估症状(3个条目评估疼痛、1个条目评估刺痛/麻木、1个条目评估虚弱、1个条目评估僵硬),24个条目评估功能(21个条目评估身体功能、3个条目评估社交/角色功能)。采用Likert 5级评分法,1分表示没有困难,5分表示非常困难,最终得分转换为100分,得分越低表示肩功能越好。完成DASH评估大约需要13 min。目前,该量表已被翻译为菲律宾语、荷兰语、法语等版本[50⁃56]。汉化版有繁体中文版本[57⁃58]和简体中文版本[59],简体中文版量表的组内相关系数、Cronbach′s α系数分别为0.94,0.96,国内尚未检索到该量表用于头颈肿瘤颈淋巴结清扫术后病人的相关研究。DASH能够区分手术是否损伤神经以及神经损伤是否恢复,但是该量表测量的是上臂整个区域情况,包括手臂、肩和手,而不是针对特定肩部的量表,因此它比大多数量表包含的条目多,除了条目针对性差、影响病人作答体验外,还需要花费较多时间完成填写。
2.2.2 ASES
该量表是评估与病人上肢相关的疼痛和功能的一种通用工具[60⁃61],于1994年获得ASES研究委员会批准。量表包含11个条目,分为疼痛(1个条目)和功能(10个条目)2个维度,10个功能条目关于特定的日常生活活动、1个关于工作的问题及1个关于娱乐的问题。疼痛评分使用VAS,0分为没有疼痛,10分为非常疼痛;功能评分按照0分(无法做到)到3分(没有困难就可以做到)进行评分,总分根据疼痛和功能维度的权重进行计算,分数越高表示疼痛和功能障碍程度越低。完成ASES评估大约需要4 min。量表内部一致性Cronbach′s α系数为0.61~0.96[38],ASES的ICC为0.84~0.96[38, 62],与CMS、SST、SPADI和DASH的相关系数均高于0.70,证明了量表结构的有效性,尚未检索到其应用于头颈肿瘤病人中相关的心理测量特性数据。目前,该量表已被翻译为德语、希腊语、西班牙语等多种版本[63⁃70],2021年国内学者将该量表汉化[71],未检索到该量表用于头颈肿瘤颈淋巴结清扫术后病人的相关研究。ASES评估病人肩部和肘部困难,因此与颈部清扫无关的肘部问题病人无法作答或作答困难。
2.3 针对颈肩功能及生活质量评估的PROMs
2002年,Taylor等[72]编制了针对颈淋巴结清扫术后颈肩功能相关生活质量的特异性自我报告量表颈淋巴结清扫损伤指数量表(Neck Dissection Injury Index,NDII),共10个条目,评估病人颈淋巴结清扫术后是否出现颈部和肩部的疼痛和僵硬、是否影响病人自理、参与社会活动、工作或娱乐活动能力,采用Likert 5级评分法,每个问题评分从1分(非常多)到5分(完全没有),得分最终转化为100分,分数越高表示生活质量越好。完成评估大约需要5 min。量表重测相关系数为0.91(Plt;0.001),内部一致性Cronbach′s α系数为0.95,重测信度为0.94,信效度较好。目前,该量表已在国外广泛应用,被翻译成丹麦语[73]、意大利语[74],均具有较好的信效度,国内尚未检索到汉化版本。Goldstein等[37]对头颈肿瘤颈淋巴结清扫术后颈肩功能障碍7份评估问卷进行回顾,认为NDII是唯一专门针对手术治疗的头颈肿瘤病人开发和验证的量表,能够区分择区性颈清扫术(SND)和改良颈清扫术(MRND)之间不同程度的颈肩功能损伤。除此之外,与上述肩功能及上肢功能评估量表相比,NDII评估内容更全面,不仅关注颈淋巴结清扫术后病人颈肩总体不适,而且包括病人总体活动水平及社会参与领域相关项目(例如工作以及参与社交和娱乐活动的能力)的评估。
3" 国外PROMs研究现状
国外针对头颈肿瘤颈淋巴结清扫术后颈肩功能评估的PROMs较多,根据评估部位不同,分为针对肩部功能、上肢功能、颈肩功能及生活质量评估3类。使用评估肩部功能的PROMs,病人可以报告出现的肩部相关症状及影响,如疼痛、活动障碍等,通过SDQ病人还可以报告与肩部功能障碍相关的睡眠、是否需要揉肩及疼痛引发的烦躁等问题,可以较好地反映病人术后肩部问题及影响,但是此类问卷只关注了颈淋巴结清扫术后病人出现的肩部症状,对于颈淋巴结清扫术后常出现的颈部症状没有评估,评估内容欠全面是此类问卷主要的问题。使用评估上肢功能的PROMs,病人可以报告与上肢功能障碍的相关问题及影响,包括手、手臂、肘部及肩部等部位,但是由于涉及部位多,条目的针对性较差或有些问题作答困难。NDII是针对颈淋巴结清扫术后颈肩功能及生活质量的PROMs,病人使用该工具可以报告术后出现的颈肩问题及生活质量影响,评估内容全面、针对性好,是针对颈淋巴结清扫手术的特异性PROMs。
对应用于头颈肿瘤颈肩功能障碍评估的PROMs进行回顾,发现CMS、SPADI、SDQ、DASH、NDII均显示出较好的心理测量特性,未检索到SST、ASES在头颈肿瘤颈肩功能障碍病人中应用的心理测量特性数据,因此后2个工具在此类病人中的应用效果需进一步证实。
4" 我国PROMs研究现状
用于头颈肿瘤颈肩功能障碍评估的PROMs中,CMS、SPADI、DASH及ASES国内已有汉化版本,用于头颈肿瘤颈淋巴结清扫术后的PROMs仅有CMS和SPADI,这2个量表都是针对肩部功能的评估,由于颈淋巴结清扫术后病人除了肩部功能障碍外,颈部也会出现僵硬、疼痛、活动及力量减弱等不适,因此只关注肩部功能的PROMs评估内容较为局限,不能全面反映此类病人术后可能出现的问题及影响。除此之外,作为在国内应用的颈淋巴结清扫术后肩部功能评估PROMs,2个量表也分别存在一定不足:CMS包括客观和主观评估两部分,作为PROMs的主观内容较为简单,只有疼痛和日常生活活动内容,无法全面评估病人肩功能障碍的主观感受及影响,量表评估结果主要依赖于客观评估;SPADI更关注病人术后肩功能疼痛及疼痛对病人影响,但是疼痛只是颈淋巴结清扫术后病人肩功能障碍并发症之一,评估内容不够全面。
5" 小结
目前,国内尚缺乏针对头颈肿瘤颈淋巴结清扫术后颈肩功能的特异性PROMs,通过对应用于国内外颈肩功能障碍评估的PROMs进行回顾,发现NDII是唯一专门针对手术治疗的头颈肿瘤病人开发的工具,可评估病人术后颈部和肩部可能出现的问题及对生活质量的影响,具有良好心理测量属性,国内尚未检索到NDII汉化版本。因此,临床护理人员未来可将其汉化,做好经济、文化等的跨文化调试,促进我国头颈肿瘤病人术后标准化、精准化、个性化管理,为后续相关描述性及干预性研究提供评估标准。
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