基于议论文语篇结构的命题规律微探

议论文是新课标要求考生掌握的文体之一，也是考试中绕不开的体裁之一，同样也是困扰考生的文体类型。一般而言，在阅读理解四选一的题型中，以议论文为体裁的语篇类型也是考生比较易于犯错误的题目。考生若能掌握议论文的篇章结构，理解其命题规律，那么答题的正确率也会显著提高。本文以2024年广州市普通高中毕业班综合测试 （二）B篇阅读为例，来阐释议论文的语篇结构及其命题规律，帮助考生驾驭该类型文本，提高答题的正确率。

一、 例析议论文的语篇结构

华南师范大学朱晓燕教授在其著作《英语教学中的语篇分析》一书中专门对议论文的结构进行阐释。朱教授认为议论文一般以影评、演讲、书评、社论等为主要内容，其特点是表达观点或立场以说服他人，通常包括三个部分：第一部分表明同意或反对的观点或立场；第二部分提出若干论据或者论证作为支撑材料，说明同意或反对的理由，即论据；第三部分重申自己的立场或观点。下面以2024年广州市普通高中毕业班综合测试 （二）B篇阅读为例来阐释议论文的结构特征，原文如下：

①Courage is a huge theme in my life， a quality I constantly seek， appreciate， and analyze. The root of “courage” is “cor，” the Latin word for heart. Originally， courage meant “to speak ones mind by telling all ones heart.” While courage is often associated with heroism nowadays， I believe true courage lies in being open and honest about who we are and how we feel．

②I recently witnessed an example of true courage. During a mountain-climbing trip with my 15-year-old daughter and some college students， I noticed her struggling to keep up with the group. Despite my suggestions to rest， she persisted until she couldnt breathe properly．

③Panicked， I called out to the front for help， but there was no response， and we had no cellphone signal. Fortunately， two students just came back to check out on us. They offered assistance and calmed us down. As we continued at a slower pace， they shared their own experiences， from starting out as beginners like my daughter to becoming consistently among the first to reach the peak．

④“You know，” one of them said， looking at my daughter， “I was just like you when I started. But with practice and proper pace， youll get there too.”

⑤“Yeah， dont let your lack of experience stop you，” the other added. “Its okay to admit when youre struggling or not feeling alright. In fact， its important to speak up and ask for help when you need it. Thats how we improve and grow.”

⑥Reaching the mountain top was a huge relief for both my daughter and me. However， the two students addressed the celebrating group directly， emphasizing the importance of staying together in tough environments. Their words led the group to apologize to us for overlooking our struggle．

⑦I was totally amazed at their bravery， and my daughter learned that its okay to be the least experienced in a group. Courage， Ive come to realize， has a ripple effect. Each time we choose courage， we inspire those around us to be a little braver and make the world a little better．

本文主要论证了真正的勇气在于自我的开放和坦诚，并以自己和女儿参加爬山的例子作为论据以佐证自己的观点。本文共有七个自然段（每个段落前面的序号即是段落序号），可以分为三个部分：第一部分即第一自然段作者首先追溯了“courage”一词的来源进而引出自己的观点：I believe true courage lies in being open and honest about who we are and how we feel；第二部分即第二至第六自然段讲述女儿在爬山时忽视自己的感受，坚持爬山直到即将晕倒，其他登山者发现之后鼓励女儿要尊重自己真实的感受，及时求助，不断训练，才能到达山顶。第三部分即最后一段作者及女儿都明白了“bravery”的意义及其好处。

根据以上分析可见，该议论文的结构是：提出论点（第一部分）——理由或例证（第二部分）——重申观点或立场（第三部分）。

二、 议论文的命题规律

分析了议论文的结构之后，那么其结构对解题有哪些帮助呢？议论文的命题有什么规律呢？现以上文的题目为例谈探析议论文的命题特征。该文章的四个题目如下：

24. Why does the author mention the original meaning of courage？

A. To argue for the true essence of courage.

B. To question the common belief of courage．

C. To show the changing meaning of courage.

D. To compare different interpretations of courage．

25. What did the two students suggest the daughter do？

A. Challenge her own limits.

B. Seek help whenever possible．

C. Keep to a suitable pace.

D. Stick with experienced climbers．

26. Which action in the mountain-climbing story is an example of true courage？

A. The mother asked the girl to rest.

B. The girl tried hard not to fall behind．

C. The group celebrated the reach of the top．

D. The two students pointed out the groups fault．

27. What does the author intend to tell us？

A. Kindness connects us all.

B. Being a beginner takes courage．

C. With courage， everyone can be perfect.

D. We dont have to be a hero to be brave．

第24题的问题是为什么作者要提及勇气的最初含义，干扰项最强的是D选项：对比勇气的不同释义，而正确答案是A：为了论证勇气的本质。显然这一题是在考查考生能否推断出作者的意图，能否抓住文章的论点。

第25题是关于两个学生对给女儿的建议是什么，很多考生选择了A选项：挑战自己的极限，说明考生尚未对第一段的论点有较为清晰的认知，如果挑战了自己的极限，证明并没有坦诚面对自己的真实感受，与文章论点不符，因此正确答案应是选项C。

第26题让考生选出哪一个是真正勇气的例子，ABC选项与论点：true courage lies in being open and honest about who we are and how we feel 不符，而D选项是两个学生坦诚指出自己团队的失误，与论点吻合，因此正确选项是D。

第27题考查作者的写作目的，也是考查考生对论点的理解，D选项与论点匹配。

综上分析，24题考查考生能否找到论点，27题直接考查考生对论点的理解程度，25和26题通过对论据的考查间接考查考生对论点的认识。可见，议论文的命题方式主要是考查对论点的把握，和对论据的理解。通过对议论文结构的分析发现，议论文的论点通常出现在第一段并在最后一段重申，而文章的中间部分通常是佐证材料即论据，因此考生要特别重视议论文的第一段和最后一段，找出论点，理解论点，理清论据，问题便能迎刃而解，答题的正确率也会相应提高。

【本文系中小学英语教学研究专项课题“基于深度阅读的高中英语写作任务活动的设计与实施研究”（批准号：GDJY-2022-A-yyb84）以及广东省教育科学研究项目重点课题“高中英语阅读教学中学科能力培养的行动研究”（批准号：2023ZQJK119）系列研究成果】

【作者简介：曾荣获湛江市直属中学高效课堂比赛一等奖；湛江市班主任能力大赛一等奖；主持申报的《高中英语阅读中思维能力培养的实践研究》荣获湛江市基础教育教学成果奖二等奖；在《基础外语教育》《广东教育》等权威期刊发表论文16篇】

责任编辑 吴昊雷