肖寒
要說山东人能吃辣,估计很多人都会摇头。在大众的印象里,吃辣是云贵川渝一带的口味,以咸鲜本味著称的山东并非食辣区。然而,位于鲁南地区的枣庄,地域不广却偏偏食辣尤甚,说十菜九辣都不为过。
辣味,在五味之中独占鳌头,在中国的美食地图上几乎占据了半边天。殊不知辣椒属于外来品种,进入中国只有短短300多年,直到清朝时期才有入菜记录,至于何时传到黄河中下游的枣庄,无证可考。据推断,辣椒是随明代京杭大运河通航被带入枣庄,再加上运河南北交流,很早就形成了枣庄菜与鲁菜同中有异,而异大于同的事实。
那么,枣庄缘何全民吃辣?究其原因,一说,古代枣庄大部分地域曾两次归属古楚国管辖,楚治时间较长,且楚人食辣,大抵枣庄人的血液里也流淌着食辣的基因。又说,明代枣庄地广人稀,山西移民众多,山西人食辣又嗜醋,其生活习惯和口味爱好被完整地保留并流传至今。再者,成立于光绪年间的中兴煤矿公司汇聚了天南地北的人,鼎盛时期多达数万人,这些人不仅刺激了矿区周边餐饮市场的繁荣,又因井下潮湿,养成了食辣味以排湿气的习惯。
枣庄人从小便被灌输着“能吃辣,能当家”的思想,然后就开始学习吃辣。食者一顿无辣不下饭,做者一菜无辣怕没味,这是枣庄人普遍的饮食习惯和口味爱好。枣庄菜以鲜辣、香辣著称,辣咸鲜香是其灵魂,有很多有名堂的辣菜,其中辣子鸡成了枣庄人的最爱。
相传在清朝晚期,临城(今薛城)人徐子华曾为宫中御厨,其告老还乡后开了一家餐馆,根据自己多年御厨的经验心得创造出“辣子鸡”这道菜,因而餐馆每日高朋满座。他创造出来的辣子鸡辣中有香、辣而不过,吃起来满头大汗,令食客流连忘返。此后,辣子鸡便成了枣庄人家餐桌上必不可少的一道美食,“炒盘辣子鸡喝酒”“上盘辣子鸡吃饭”,成了枣庄人日常里的口头禅。
烹炒辣子鸡选料讲究,做法也特别。鸡肉多选用本地特有的孙枝鸡,肉质紧致嫩滑,嚼起来筋道爽口。辣椒品种虽多,枣庄人专爱“一窝蜂”,这种辣椒种在山坡地或平原地,施用羊粪、麻糁、豆粕,椒果皮薄籽少、辣味浓烈,嫩时鲜香,老硬时辣香,红熟时甜香。每年农历七月十五前后,农村遍地的鲜辣椒渐渐变紫泛红,这时摘下几串辣椒,再逮一只散养的仔鸡,鲜嫩的鸡肉加入大量鲜辣椒、米醋爆炒,滋味十足。值得一提的是,各地辣子鸡调味很少有烹醋的,烹醋却让枣庄辣子鸡有了灵魂,这更加印证了“山西移民”一说。
一盘辣子鸡中,鸡肉和辣椒各半,一口下去,鸡肉鲜嫩多汁,独有的辣味充斥唇齿之间,越嚼越浓。不嗜辣者,吃到一半的时候便会辣得不住哈起气来,为了能继续大快朵颐,必须喝几口凉水解解辣。在枣庄的饭馆里,常能听到一句话:“忒适味了!”边吃边脱口而出的这句枣庄方言,是食客对辣子鸡的欲罢不能,也是枣庄人对辣子鸡香辣鲜味的由衷赞叹。
对于山东人来说,吃鸡的方法有很多种,在枣庄周边地区,就有临沂的王小二炒鸡、济宁的马集烧鸡,但唯独枣庄因吃辣子鸡获得了一个响亮的头衔——中国辣子鸡之乡。2016年,枣庄被中国烹饪协会授予“中国辣子鸡之乡”荣誉称号;2021年,枣庄辣子鸡烹饪技艺入选山东省第五批省级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录。如今,枣庄辣子鸡已经成为一种具有浓厚地域情结的文化。自2017年开始,枣庄每年都会举行辣子鸡文化节,来自全国各地的上千名美食专家在炒鸡争霸赛现场一饱口福。
在枣庄当地厨师中流行着这样一句调侃的话:没有一只鸡能够活着离开枣庄,也没有一位炒不好鸡的厨师能留在枣庄。这句话不是说说而已。在枣庄,人们评价一位厨师的厨艺,一定是看他炒辣子鸡的水平;一个餐馆生意的好坏,也取决于它能给胃口刁钻的食客所提供的辣子鸡的味道;辣子鸡是宴席上齐菜的信号,再好的宴席,如果把“压轴菜”辣子鸡做砸了,前面所有的付出都将归零……一盘辣子鸡何以成为评判厨师能力的标准?还得食客移步当地亲自探寻答案。
编辑/郭晓娟
In the popular mind, spiciness is the flavor of Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and Chongqing, and Shandong famous for its salty and fresh flavor is not a spicy cuisine area. However, Zaozhuang in southern Shandong, though not vast in area, has lots of spicy food. In a manner of speaking, nine out of ten dishes are spicy.
The people of Zaozhuang have been instilled with the thought that“whoever eats spicy food can have a decisive say at home” since their childhood, thus learning to eat spicy food. Eaters may have no ap- petite when there is no spicy food; cooks add chilies to every dish, for fear of tastelessness. This is the general dining habit and taste preference of the people of Zaozhuang. Zaozhuang cuisine is famous for fresh & spicy, and spicy flavors, and spiciness, saltiness, freshness and fragrance are its soul. There are many famous spicy dishes, among which, Spicy Chicken is the natives favorite.
For the people of Shandong, there are many ways of eating chicken. In surrounding areas of Zaozhuang, there is Wang Xiaoer Stir-Fried Chicken from Linyi, Maji Roast Chicken from Jining. But only Zaozhuang won a resounding title because of eating Spicy Chicken. In 2016, Zaozhuang was awarded the honorary title of “Land of Spicy Chicken in China” by the China Cuisine Association. Now, Zaozhuang Spicy Chicken has become a culture with a strong regional complex. Since 2017, Zaozhuang has held the Spicy Chicken Culture Festival every year. Thousands of gourmets from all parts of China could feast their eyes at the stir-fried chicken competition.