Collage as an Artistic Medium拼贴：一种艺术

伊莎贝拉·迈耶/文　谢红/译

Viewed under the guise of mixed media， Collage Art typically explored the highs and lows that encompassed the elements of formal art.

披著混合介质的外衣，拼贴艺术通常所探究的高雅和低俗含有大量正统艺术元素。

A collage is a piece of art that incorpor- ates a variety of materials. Derived from the French verb coller， meaning “to glue，” collage （pronounced ko·laje） is a work of art made by gluing things to the surface. It is similar to découpage， a 17th-century French practice of decorating furniture with pictures.

拼贴画是一种包括多种材料的艺术品。拼贴（collage，发音为ko·laje）一词源自法语动词coller，义为“黏合”，是将物体粘贴到某种表面而创作出的艺术品。它类似于17世纪法国的剪贴画（découpage）——用图片装饰家具的做法。

Collage within art was first coined by Cubist artists Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso. Existing as the first two artists who worked with different mediums in an attempt to make art， Braque and Picasso began their cutting-edge assemblages around 1910.

拼贴作为一种艺术形式，最早是由立体派画家乔治·布拉克和巴勃罗·毕加索确立的。作为最早尝试用不同材料进行艺术创作的艺术家，布拉克和毕加索于1910年左右开始创作前卫的拼合艺术品。

The first example of Collage Art appeared within Braque’s 1912 artwork titled Fruit Dish and Glass， where he glued down imitation wood-grained wallpaper. Following in Braque’s footsteps， Picasso began to add newsprint to his oil paintings which made reference to the current events that were taking place， as well as gluing rope around the edge of some canvases. Pioneers of the Collage Art movement， both Braque and Picasso composed their works from glued bits of colored paper， newspaper， and found objects.

第一件含有拼贴元素的艺术品是布拉克1912年的《水果盘和玻璃杯》，他将仿木纹的墙纸贴到了画布上。紧跟布拉克的步伐，毕加索将报纸融进了他的油画，使画作得以与当时的时事产生某种关联，他还在一些画布的边缘粘上了绳子。作为拼贴艺术运动的先驱，布拉克和毕加索两人在创作过程中都使用彩纸、报纸和随手得来的物品。

A variety of materials， such as paper， cloth， paint， found objects， magazine and newspaper clippings， and sections of other artworks and text were incorpor-ated together before being glued onto a canvas or board to create an entirely new composition. This style essentially brought forth the production of a different form of art， which allowed new types of artworks to be created. These materials were considered to be such a bold intermingling of artistic elements that the return of the collage medium was thought to revolutionize modern art.

各种各样的材料，比如纸张、布片、颜料、拾得物、报刊剪报、其他艺术品和文字的片段，组合在一起贴到画布或木板上，成为全新的作品。这种创作方法催生出新的艺术形式，创造出新型的艺术品。这些材料被认为是各种艺术元素的大胆混合，以至拼贴技法的回归被视为现代艺术的革命。

Collage Art has been referred to as one form of mixed media art. The process of collage was viewed as a mixture of both elevated and diminished elements that existed within formal art， with this mixture referring to the traditional definition of art as well as art that was produced for mass consumption and commercial use.

拼贴艺术已被看做混合介质艺术的一种。拼贴的过程被视为传统艺术中高雅与通俗元素的融合。这种融合既符合艺术的传统定义，也满足大众消费和商业用途的需求。

Collage Art allowed artists to experiment with existing materials such as newsprint， magazines， tickets， propaganda， and photographs in order to create new works of art.

拼贴艺术允许艺术家们尝试用现成的材料如报纸、杂志、票券、传单和照片等创作新的艺术作品。

The incorporation of a variety of materials allowed collage artwork to frankly question society’s tendency to detach fine art from ordinary objects through juxtaposing elements of high and low culture within works. Whether these compositions were purposeful or random， the comparison created by the contrast of different elements has long captivated the attention of artists.

多种材质的组合，高雅与低俗的并置，让拼贴作品可以直白地質疑社会中将艺术与日常生活相隔离的倾向。不管这些作品是有心还是无意，不同元素间的对比所形成的反差一直吸引着艺术家们的注意力。

Since images have the ability to take on new meanings within different contexts， the art of collage was able to easily overturn traditional meanings that were typically associated with art， as well as imply multiple meanings simultaneously. In doing so， Collage Art created works that did not simply fit into a single and rigid analysis. The style of collage held much artistic potential， which in turn made the movement incredibly accessible for all types of artists.

由于图像在不同的语境中可以有不同的解读，拼贴艺术不仅能轻易颠覆外界赋予艺术的传统意义，而且能同时承载多重含义。在这种情况下，拼贴艺术作品不适合进行单一且刻板的鉴赏和分析。拼贴艺术风格包含巨大的艺术潜力，而这也不可思议地使所有类型的艺术家都能从这场运动中有所借鉴。

Many innovative artists ranging from the modernism and contemporary era have made use of collage to query the supposedly traditional duty of the artist within the works they created. Through using found and mass-produced objects， images， and materials that were not made by the artists themselves， Collage Art was able to undermine the customary importance that was placed on an artist’s hand in the making of their original work.

通常认为，艺术家的所谓传统责任应该在他的作品中有所体现，但许多富于革新精神的现代主义和当代艺术家利用拼贴艺术对这一点提出质疑。通过使用现成的和大批量生产的物品、图像、并非出自艺术家自己之手的素材，拼贴艺术得以削弱传统上认为艺术家本身技能对于原创作品的重要性。

Collage Art influences and style

拼贴艺术的影响和形式

The style of collage differs depending on the techniques and materials that an artist uses. For example， photomontage1 made exclusive use of photos in their artworks; decoupage involved gluing cut colored paper or images onto an object; assemblage referred to a three-dimensional collection of objects， and papiers collés described collages that were made only from bits of paper.

拼贴艺术的形式取决于艺术家使用的技巧和材料。比如，蒙太奇摄影作品只拿照片做素材；剪贴工艺是将裁切的彩纸或图像装饰到其他物品上；集合艺术是三维空间的元素组合；而纸贴画（papiers collés）则是完全用纸片创作的拼贴作品。

Collage as commentary

拼贴作为评论载体

What collage offers artists that cannot be found in flat work alone is the opportunity to add commentary through familiar imagery and objects. It adds to the dimension of the pieces and can further illustrate a point. We have seen this often in contemporary art.

相比于平面作品，拼贴为艺术家提供了通过熟悉的影像或物品发表评论的机会。它增加了作品的维度，可以更进一步阐述某种观点。这在当代艺术中已屡见不鲜。

Many artists find that magazine and newspaper clippings， photographs， printed words， and even rusty metal or dirtied cloth are great vehicles for conveying a message. This may not be possible with paint alone. A flattened pack of cigarettes glued onto a canvas， for instance， has a higher impact than simply painting a cigarette.

许多艺术家发现，报纸杂志的剪报、照片、印刷的文字、甚至锈迹斑斑的金属或脏污的布片都是信息传递的极佳载体，而仅靠颜料可能无法做到这一点。比如，将一盒压扁的香烟粘在画布上，遠比简单地画根香烟上去更有冲击力。

The possibilities of using collage to address a variety of issues are endless. Quite often， the artist will leave clues within the elements of a piece to allude to anything from social and political to personal and global concerns. The message may not be blatant， but can often be found within the context.

利用拼贴作品来探讨各种事务的可能性是无穷尽的。艺术家们时常在作品中留下线索指向从社会和政治事务到个人和全球关注的方方面面。其中寓意可能并非一目了然，但常常在作品场景中找到。

（译者为“《英语世界》杯”翻译大赛获奖者）