刘松惠?刘珂珂?付连国?刘志荣
【摘要】男性感染人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)会严重影响其身体健康,HPV与尖锐湿疣、阴茎癌、肛门癌、口腔和口咽疾病密切相关。已有研究表明,HPV疫苗对男性HPV感染性疾病具有较好的预防效果,尤其是针对特殊人群。然而,男性接种HPV疫苗的认知程度低和HPV疫苗供应短缺,导致男性HPV疫苗接种率不理想。该文对男性HPV感染情况、接种HPV疫苗对男性HPV感染相关疾病的预防效果、男性接种HPV疫苗的可能障碍进行综述,并提出推广男性接种HPV疫苗的建议。笔者认为,应加强HPV疫苗接种相关知识健康教育,提供相关医疗咨询服务和疫苗开发,以提高男性HPV疫苗接种率。
【关键词】人乳头瘤病毒;疫苗;男性;尖锐湿疣;阴茎癌;肛门癌
A systematic review of research progress in preventive effect of HPV vaccine in men Liu Songhui△, Liu Keke, Fu Lianguo, Liu Zhirong.△Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China
Corresponding author, Liu Zhirong, E-mail: lzr@androl.cn
【Abstract】 Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in men can severely affect male health. HPV is closely associated with condyloma acuminatum, penile cancer, anal cancer, oral cavity and oropharyngeal diseases, etc. Studies have shown that HPV vaccine exerts favorable preventive effect on male infectious diseases, especially for special populations. However, low awareness of HPV vaccination among men and the shortage of HPV vaccine supply have led to unsatisfactory HPV vaccination rates among men. In this article, HPV infection in men, preventive effect of HPV vaccination on HPV infection-related diseases and potential barriers of HPV vaccination in men were reviewed. Suggestions were given to promote HPV vaccination in men. Health education about HPV vaccination, related medical counseling services and vaccine development should be strengthened to increase the HPV vaccination rate among men.
【Key words】Human papillomavirus; Vaccine; Male; Condyloma acuminatum; Penile cancer; Anal cancer
人乳頭瘤病毒(HPV)属于乳多空泡病毒科、乳头瘤病毒属,是一类无包膜、小的双链DNA病毒,病毒颗粒半径20~50 μm,具有二十面体立体对称的核衣壳结构,表面有72个壳微粒[1]。基因组含有8 000多个(约7.9 kb)核苷酸和碱基,其结构蛋白主要包括L1和L2蛋白,共同组成了HPV的衣壳(L1为主要蛋白,L2为次要蛋白)[2-3]。
HPV的基因组分别为7个早期基因(E区:E1、E2、E3、E4、E5、E6、E7)、2个晚期基因(L区:L1、L2)和非编码区(LCN),目前已经分离出207种HPV[1, 3]。HPV具有强烈嗜上皮性及组织特异性,可引起皮肤黏膜上皮细胞损害,导致上皮细胞发生病理改变,从而引起多种疾病。HPV感染是全球最常见的性传播疾病(STD)之一,可引起女性宫颈癌、口咽癌、肛门癌、外阴癌和阴道癌以及男性的口咽癌、肛门癌和阴茎癌等[4-5]。
一、男性HPV感染情况
HPV可以通过皮肤、口腔和生殖器接触传播,性伴侣数量、首次性交年龄、屏障式避孕药具使用、合并感染、男性生殖器感染等与HPV感染密切相关[6]。一项研究显示,有19.6%(166/847)未割包皮男性的阴茎检测到HPV,有5.5%(16/292)割包皮男性的阴茎检测到HPV[7]。潘连军等[8]发现, 配偶宫颈HPV感染的男性群体中,外生殖器HPV检出率达到83.5%。宫颈HPV感染阳性女性及其性稳定伴侣口腔和生殖器HPV的一致性可达到27%[9]。董正蓉等[10]在500例男性就诊者中发现,HPV阳性率为43.4%,其中尖锐湿疣患者、亚临床型尖锐湿疣患者以及无症状者的HPV检出率分别为96.5%、87.5%和17.8%。一项来自美国的调查研究显示,5 579名男性受访者中的口腔感染HPV率为10.1%[11]。一项来自欧洲的调查研究显示,男男性接触者(MSM)中HPV的任意亚型感染率为37.9%[6]。一项荟萃分析表明,MSM的肛门HPV感染率为85.1%[12]。
二、HPV疫苗对男性HPV感染相关疾病的预防效果
HPV疫苗接种是预防HPV感染相关疾病的主要一级预防措施[13]。目前我国已批准4种HPV疫苗,分别为国产二价HPV疫苗和进口二价、四价、九价HPV疫苗[14]。
1. HPV疫苗对男性尖锐湿疣的预防效果
尖锐湿疣是最常见性传播疾病之一,通常发生在生殖器、肛门以及耻骨、腹股沟、大腿内侧等区域[15]。一项纳入6 000名HPV疫苗接种者的荟萃分析显示,接种HPV疫苗后,15~19岁男孩肛门-生殖器疣检出率下降了48%,20~24岁男性下降了32%[16]。另一项大型研究显示,HPV四价疫苗可将HPV-6、HPV-11、HPV-16、HPV-18相关外生殖器病变的发生率降低90.4%,对尖锐湿疣预防效果为89.4%[17]。这些研究均表明HPV疫苗对男性尖锐湿疣具有较好的预防效果。
2. HPV疫苗对男性阴茎癌、肛门癌的预防
效果
阴茎癌是一种罕见的癌症,在高收入国家人群患病率为0.1/10万~1/10万[18]。大约40%的浸润性陰茎癌可归因于HPV感染,其中HPV-6、HPV-11、HPV-16、HPV-18是阴茎癌感染HPV中最常见的基因型[19]。随HPV感染的增加,原发性肛门癌发病率逐年递增,在男同性恋和双性恋人群中发生的比例较高。一项在16~26岁男性中进行为期10年随机对照研究显示,在异性恋男性人群中,接种HPV疫苗者感染HPV-6、HPV-11、HPV-16和HPV-18相关的阴茎癌、肛门上皮内瘤变和肛门癌的发生率,相比未接种者分别低43.4%、59%、7.7%[20]。一项横断面研究显示,与未接种HPV疫苗的MSM人群相比,已接种HPV疫苗的MSM人群的阴茎和肛门中HPV感染率下降21%[21]。一项HPV四价疫苗实验研究显示,HPV 四价疫苗对MSM人群预防肛门鳞状上皮病变的保护率达到82.4%[22]。
3. HPV疫苗对男性口腔和口咽疾病的预防效果
HPV感染可导致大约 70% 的口咽癌,其中主要由HPV-16亚型引起[23]。有研究表明,HPV四价疫苗可诱导口腔的HPV抗体水平升高[24]。接种HPV疫苗后口腔唾液中产生HPV-16 IgG抗体,且口腔或口咽的HPV感染率降低[25]。美国一项调查显示,HPV疫苗接种后口腔HPV感染率下降38%[11]。
三、男性接种HPV疫苗的可能障碍
随着越来越多的国家批准HPV疫苗的临床应用,据估计未来10年HPV疫苗的总需求量至少增加1亿剂[26]。由于生产能力不足,HPV疫苗的供应受到限制[27-28]。目前,我国还没有被列为全球疫苗免疫联盟HPV疫苗支持的国家,存在“一苗”难求的现象。而在被全球免疫联盟支持的国家中,如美国、奥地利和加拿大等,已开展多年不分性别HPV疫苗接种。与女性相比,男性明显缺乏对 HPV 疫苗和相关健康知识的认识[29-31]。有研究显示,在北美学龄儿童中,仅有10.7%男孩听说过HPV,对于性活跃男孩也只有10.7%听说过HPV[31]。在我国广州市开展的调查显示,有51.6%的男大学生听说过HPV疫苗[32]。我国男大学生对HPV疫苗的知晓率为42.5%[33]。美国则有88%的男大学生听说过HPV疫苗[34]。父母也缺乏关于HPV疫苗接种相关知识,父母大都不了解HPV疫苗对男孩的益处,认为疫苗接种仅适用于女孩[35-37]。法国父母由于对疫苗不良反应的恐惧、反疫苗游说传播的错误信息等,普遍反对男孩接种HPV疫苗[38-39]。MSM人群对HPV和HPV 疫苗相关知识平均得分仅为1.59(范围0~11),对HPV和HPV疫苗的知晓率仅有47.6%[40-41]。在爱尔兰MSM人群中的调查显示,仅有31%受访者愿意无条件接种HPV 疫苗[42]。美国MSM人群中仅有27%、法国MSM人群中仅有37%的男性自愿接种HPV疫苗,表明MSM人群对接种HPV疫苗的意愿并不高[39, 43]。
四、推广男性接种HPV疫苗的建议
面对当前“一苗”难求的现象,笔者建议加大国产高价次HPV疫苗的研发投入,建立优先审批制度,优化国产HPV疫苗审批程序,缩短HPV 疫苗上市周期,尽早使更多国产HPV疫苗供应市场。政府相关机构应加大人力资源和物质资源的配套投入,搭建HPV疫苗接种健康宣传及咨询平台,提高男性HPV疫苗知晓率。如疾病预防控制中心应将HPV疫苗接种相关信息咨询与MSM相关服务(如性传播疾病咨询和检测)捆绑,社区卫生服务中心作为基层的接种机构应增加HPV疫苗咨询服务,学校作为青少年集中学习的主要场所应开展HPV疫苗健康教育。政府也应考虑控制疫苗价格,逐步将HPV疫苗接种纳入国家免疫接种计划。
五、结 语
综上所述,男性感染 HPV严重影响男性身体健康,接种HPV疫苗可以有效预防男性患尖锐湿疣、阴茎癌、肛门癌、口腔及口咽疾病的风险。男性HPV疫苗供应短缺,接种HPV疫苗的认知率低,应加强HPV疫苗接种相关知识健康教育,提供相关医疗咨询服务,尤其对MSM群体开展HPV疫苗接种健康教育及相关咨询服务具有重要意义。
参 考 文 献
[1] Van Doorslaer K, Li Z, Xirasagar S, et al. The papillomavirus episteme: a major update to the papillomavirus sequence database. Nucleic Acids Res, 2017, 45(D1): D499-D506.
[2] Buck C B, Day P M, Trus B L. The papillomavirus major capsid protein L1. Virology, 2013, 445(1-2): 169-174.
[3] 徐晶晶, 舒国斌, 陆建军, 等. 2014—2017年宁波市北仑区男性尖锐湿疣患者HPV基因型检测分析. 中国预防医学杂志, 2018, 19(12): 913-916.
[4] Ciccarese G, Herzum A, Rebora A, et al. Prevalence of genital, oral, and anal HPV infection among STI patients in Italy. J Med Virol, 2017, 89(6): 1121-1124.
[5] Miyamoto S, Ito T, Terada S, et al. Fulminant myocarditis associated with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome: a case report. BMC Infect Dis, 2019, 19(1): 1-6.
[6] Tota J E, Giuliano A R, Goldstone S E, et al. Anogenital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, seroprevalence, and risk factors for HPV seropositivity among sexually active men enrolled in a global HPV vaccine trial. Clin Infect Dis, 2022, 74(7): 1247-1256.
[7] Castellsagué X, Bosch F X, Mu?oz N, et al. Male circumcision, penile human papillomavirus infection, and cervical cancer in female partners. N Engl J Med, 2002, 346(15): 1105-1112.
[8] 潘連军, 马洁桦, 张峰磊, 等. 配偶宫颈HPV感染男性外生殖器HPV感染状况研究. 中华男科学杂志, 2018, 24(6): 516-519.
[9] Cossellu G, Fedele L, Badaoui B, et al. Prevalence and concordance of oral and genital HPV in women positive for cervical HPV infection and in their sexual stable partners: an Italian screening study. PLoS One, 2018, 13(10): e0205574.
[10] 董正蓉, 李丹, 王凯丽, 等. 性病门诊500例男性就诊者HPV感染情况及基因分型分析. 广东医学, 2016, 37(17): 2637-2639.
[11] Chaturvedi A K, Graubard B I, Broutian T, et al. Prevalence of oral HPV infection in unvaccinated men and women in the United States, 2009-2016. JAMA, 2019, 322(10): 977.
[12] Zhou Y, Lin Y F, Gao L, et al. Human papillomavirus prevalence among men who have sex with men in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2021, 40(7): 1357-1367.
[13] 李双, 李明珠, 丛青, 等.人乳头瘤病毒疫苗临床应用中国专家共识. 中国妇产科临床杂志, 2021, 22(2): 225-234.
[14] Zou Z, Fairley C K, Ong J J, et al. Domestic HPV vaccine price and economic returns for cervical cancer prevention in China: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Lancet Glob Health, 2020, 8(10): e1335-e1344.
[15] Grennan D. Genital warts. JAMA, 2019, 321(5): 520.
[16] Drolet M, Bénard ?, Pérez N, et al. Population-level impact and herd effects following the introduction of human papillomavirus vaccination programmes: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet, 2019, 394(10197): 497-509.
[17] Giuliano A R, Palefsky J M, Goldstone S, et al. Efficacy of quadrivalent HPV vaccine against HPV Infection and disease in males. N Engl J Med, 2011, 364(5): 401-411.
[18] Douglawi A, Masterson T A. Penile cancer epidemiology and risk factors. Curr Opin Urol, 2019, 29(2): 145-149.
[19] Moch H, Amin M B, Berney D M, et al. The 2022 World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs-Part A: Renal, Penile, and Testicular Tumours. Eur Urol, 2022, 82(5): 458-468.
[20] Goldstone S E, Giuliano A R, Palefsky J M, et al. Efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of a quadrivalent HPV vaccine in men: results of an open-label, long-term extension of a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Infect Dis, 2022, 22(3): 413-425.
[21] Chow E P F, Tabrizi S N, Fairley C K, et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in young men who have sex with men after the implementation of gender-neutral HPV vaccination: a repeated cross-sectional study. Lancet Infect Dis, 2021, 21(10): 1448-1457.
[22] Hidalgo-Tenorio C, Pasquau J, Omar-Mohamed M, et al. Effectiveness of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine in preventing anal ≥ HSILs in a Spanish population of HIV+ MSM aged > 26 years. Viruses, 2021, 13(2): 144.
[23] Johnson D E, Burtness B, Leemans C R, et al. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2020, 6: 92.
[24] Kamolratanakul S, Pitisuttithum P. Human papillomavirus vaccine efficacy and effectiveness against cancer. Vaccines, 2021, 9(12): 1413.
[25] Nielsen K J, Jakobsen K K, Jensen J S, et al. The effect of prophylactic HPV vaccines on oral and oropharyngeal HPV infection-a systematic review. Viruses, 2021, 13(7): 1339.
[26] Li A J, Kyesi F, Mwengee W, et al. Impact of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine supply shortage on Tanzanias national HPV vaccine introduction. Vaccine, 2022, 40: A26-A29.
[27] Cheng L, Wang Y, Du J. Human papillomavirus vaccines: an updated review. Vaccines, 2020, 8(3): 391.
[28] Waheed D E N, Schiller J, Stanley M, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccination in adults: impact, opportunities and challenges - a meeting report. BMC Proc, 2021, 15(7): 1-15.
[29] Choi J S, Park S. A study on the predictors of Korean male students intention to receive human papillomavirus vaccination. J Clin Nurs, 2016, 25(21-22): 3354-3362.
[30] Grandahl M, Nevéus T. Barriers towards HPV vaccinations for boys and young men: a narrative review. Viruses, 2021, 13(8): 1644.
[31] George C, Roberts R, Brennen D, et al. Knowledge and awareness of human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV vaccines among Caribbean youth: the case of the Bahamas. Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2020, 16(3): 573-580.
[32] Ma Y, Wang C, Liu F, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccination coverage and knowledge, perceptions and influencing factors among university students in Guangzhou, China. Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2021, 17(10): 3603-3612.
[33] 白苗苗. 基于健康信念模式的男大学生人乳头瘤病毒认知现状及疫苗接种意愿研究. 保定: 河北大学, 2021.
[34] Karki I, Dobbs P D, Larson D, et al. Human papillomavirus (HPV) knowledge, beliefs, and vaccine uptake among United States and international college students. J Am Coll Health, 2022, 70(8): 2483-2490.
[35] Lindsay A C, Delgado D, Valdez M J, et al. “I dont think he needs the HPV vaccine cause boys cant have cervical cancer”: a qualitative study of Latina mothers (mis) understandings about human papillomavirus transmission, associated cancers, and the vaccine. J Cancer Educ, 2022, 37(2): 370-378.
[36] Mendes Lob?o W, Duarte F G, Danielle Burns J, et al. Low coverage of HPV vaccination in the national immunization programme in Brazil: parental vaccine refusal or barriers in health-service based vaccine delivery? PLoS One, 2018, 13(11): e0206726.
[37] Newman P A, Logie C H, Lacombe-Duncan A, et al. Parents uptake of human papillomavirus vaccines for their children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ Open, 2018, 8(4): e019206.
[38] Larson H J, de Figueiredo A, Zhao X, et al. The state of vaccine confidence 2016: global insights through a 67-country survey. EBioMedicine, 2016, 12: 295-301.
[39] Huon J F, Grégoire A, Meireles A, et al. Evaluation of the acceptability in France of the vaccine against papillomavirus (HPV) among middle and high school students and their parents. PLoS One, 2020, 15(10): e0234693.
[40] Huang R N, Wang Z Y, Yuan T W, et al. Using protection motivation theory to explain the intention to initiate human papillomavirus vaccination among men who have sex with men in China. Tumour Virus Res, 2021, 12: 200222.
[41] Tian T, Wang D, Papamichael C, et al. HPV vaccination acceptability among men who have sex with men in Urumqi, China. Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2019, 15(4): 1005-1012.
[42] Sadlier C, Lynam A, ODea S, et al. HPV vaccine acceptability in HIV-infected and HIV negative men who have sex with men (MSM) in Ireland. Hum Vaccines Immunother, 2016, 12(6): 1536-1541.
[43] Moss J L, Reiter P L, Brewer N T. HPV vaccine for teen boys: Dyadic analysis of parents and sons beliefs and willingness. Prev Med, 2015, 78: 65-71.
(收稿日期:2023-06-04)
(本文編辑:林燕薇)