何清华 李桂花
摘要:枸杞蚜虫是枸杞的主要害虫之一,其发生频繁且为害时间长,是影响枸杞产业发展的主要因素。作为枸杞蚜虫的优势天敌,异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫对枸杞蚜虫的发生和为害都有较强的控制作用。该文建立了异色瓢虫、龟纹瓢虫和枸杞蚜虫之间的捕食模型,分析了模型的动力学性态,给出了平衡点的存在与稳定条件。由于异色瓢虫灭绝的平衡点均不稳定,因此异色瓢虫对枸杞蚜虫的发生与为害具有较强的控制作用。通过数值模拟发现适当增加龟纹瓢虫的增长率会减少枸杞蚜虫的数量,并使枸杞蚜虫数量保持在较低水平甚至灭绝。最后,依据模型性态及数值模拟的结果给出枸杞蚜虫生物防治的建议。
关键词:枸杞蚜虫;异色瓢虫;龟纹瓢虫;稳定性;生物防治
中图分类号: O175.1文献标志码:A文献标识码
Establishment and behavior analysis of the model considering wolfberry aphids
and their dominant predators
HE Qinghua,LI Guihua*
(School of Mathematics, North University of China, Taiyuan,Shanxi 030051,China)
Abstract: Wolfberry aphid is one of the main pests of Chinese wolfberry, which occurs frequently and damages for a long time, which is the main factor affecting the development of Chinese wolfberry industry. As the dominant natural enemies of wolfberry aphids, harmonia axyridis and propylea japonica play a strong role in controlling the occurrence and damage of wolfberry aphids. In this paper, a predation model among harmonia axyridis, propylea japonica and wolfberry aphids is established, the dynamic behavior of the model is analyzed, and the existence and stability conditions of equilibrium point are given. Because the equilibria of the extinction of the harmonia axyridis are unstable, the harmonia axyridis have a strong control effect on the occurrence and damage of wolfberry aphids. By numerical simulation, we found that properly increasing the growth rate of the propylea japonica will reduce the number of wolfberry aphids, and keep the number of wolfberry aphids at a low level or even extinct. Finally, some suggestions for biological control of wolfberry aphids are given according to the behaviors of the model and the results of numerical simulation.
Key words: wolfberry aphid;harmonia axyridis;propylea japonica;stability;biological control
枸杞是我國传统的名贵中药材[1],其果实和根皮都可药用,可以缓解头晕眼花等不适症状、提高免疫力[2],还能够有效缓解阿尔兹海默病的症状[3]。枸杞蚜虫是枸杞的三大害虫之一[4],其繁殖力强、危害大,可造成枸杞果实畸形[5]。人们往往使用化学农药对枸杞蚜虫进行防治,但长期使用农药导致枸杞蚜虫产生了抗药性[6],并造成了枸杞果实农药残留量超标[7-8]。因此,选取其优势天敌异色瓢虫、龟纹瓢虫进行生物防治[9],可以有效减少农药的使用,对提高枸杞质量具有重要意义。
异色瓢虫成虫每天捕食蚜虫量约100~200只,且对枸杞蚜虫具有较强的捕食选择性;龟纹瓢虫有较强的抗高温和抗寒能力,可在其它天敌陆续越夏的季节控制蚜虫的危害。实验发现[10-11],异色瓢虫与龟纹瓢虫对枸杞蚜虫的捕食作用均受自身密度及枸杞蚜虫分布密度的影响。在文献[12]和文献[13]中,作者通过实验发现,异色瓢虫与龟纹瓢虫存在种内捕食关系与协同捕食关系。在猎物密度较低时,异色瓢虫与龟纹瓢虫出现明显的种内捕食现象,即同一营养级的不同捕食者之间存在捕食关系[14-15],并且各瓢虫均倾向于取食异种瓢虫的卵和幼虫[16],其中异色瓢虫攻击取食卵的能力显著大于龟纹瓢虫。在猎物密度较高时,异色瓢虫与龟纹瓢虫协同捕食[17],且协同捕食量远大于单独捕食的总和[18-19]。
迄今为止,对枸杞蚜虫及其天敌发生规律的研究有很多,但对枸杞蚜虫及其天敌动力学行为的研究很鲜见。在本文中,用x,y,z分别表示异色瓢虫、龟纹瓢虫、枸杞蚜虫的种群数量,r1,r2分别为异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫的内禀增长率,r3为枸杞蚜虫的出生率,K1,K2分别为异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫的环境容纳量,a为异色瓢虫对龟纹瓢虫的捕食率,p为异色瓢虫捕食龟纹瓢虫的转化率,b为异色瓢虫对枸杞蚜虫的捕食率,q为异色瓢虫捕食枸杞蚜虫的转化率,c为龟纹瓢虫对枸杞蚜虫的捕食率,m为龟纹瓢虫捕食枸杞蚜虫的转化率,d为枸杞蚜虫的死亡率。则模型建立如下:
3 数值模拟
依据前面两节对平衡点存在性与稳定性的分析,容易得到在平面(K1、K2)内平衡点的存在与稳定情况(图1),各个区域平衡点的存在与稳定情况如表1所示。从生物意义上来说,为了得到枸杞蚜虫的有效防治措施,主要分析枸杞蚜虫灭绝的情况,即可以使平衡点E3稳定的区域Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ。其中,E3的存在曲线为K1=r2d,稳定曲线为K1=r1r2(r3-d)-cr1r2K2br1r2+a[pbr2-cr1-pa(r3-d)]K2。经分析得,增加龟纹瓢虫的内禀增长率r2或减小枸杞蚜虫的出生率r3可以增大区域Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ的面积,从而达到控制枸杞蚜虫数量的目的。
4 讨论与结论
本文研究了枸杞蚜虫及其优势天敌间的捕食模型,讨论了灭绝平衡点、边界平衡点与正平衡点的存在性及稳定性,发现异色瓢虫灭绝的平衡点均不稳定。因此,异色瓢虫对枸杞蚜虫的发生与为害具有较强的控制作用。通过数值模拟,发现增加龟纹瓢虫的内禀增长率r2或减小枸杞蚜虫的出生率r3可以增大枸杞蚜虫灭绝的概率。因此,当虫害发生时,可以依据虫情调查结果,准确地预判瓢虫和蚜虫的比例后,投放人工培养的龟纹瓢虫,既保护了生物多样性[20],又及时控制枸杞蚜虫的为害,同时要定期清理干枯的果实、叶子、枝梢等以降低枸杞蚜虫的出生率,从天敌与蚜虫本身同时进行防治。
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(责任编辑:编辑郭芸婕)
收稿日期:中文收稿日期2023-02-14
基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(11801340),山西省自然科学基金项目(201901D111179)
作者简介:何清华(1997—),女,硕士研究生,专业方向为应用数学。
*通信作者:李桂花(1973—),女,教授,从事应用数学方向的研究,e-mail:liguihua@nuc.edu.cn。