伍 争
(湖北省宣恩县第一中学)
读后续写这一题型对我们的来讲,并不像其它题型那样熟悉,这是因为小学和初中阶段都没有涉及此种题型的考查。因此很多学生对读后续写有畏难情绪,不知如何下笔,不知如何推进故事发展,也不知如何拓展自己的句子……而且,读后续写为试卷中最后一题,受前面题型难易度影响较大,前面题型如果较难,花费时间较多,则续写所剩时间就非常有限,那么,如何在有限时间内快速完成一篇高质量的读后续写呢?针对以上问题,侧重读后续写中的“写”,笔者总结了一些“如何写”的技巧。
我们可以采用“主述位推进法”,此方法用在段首提示句之后。主位(theme)是信息的出发点,是叙述内容的起点,是旧知;而述位(rheme)是对这一出发点的陈述、描写和说明,是信息的主体部分,是新知。主位引出述位,下一句的主位从上一句的述位开始,也就是说下一句将上一句的述位当做主位,当作重点内容进行描述。
例如2020 年全国新高考Ⅰ卷,第一段段首提示句:When Mrs.Meredith heard of John’s idea,she thought it was a good one,too.这一句话中,Mrs.Meredith 是主位,John’s idea 是述位,那么下一句就应该写idea,进一步具体讲清如何实施这个idea。第二段首提示句With everything ready,Bernard started out on his new business.这句话的主位是Bernard,述位是new business,因此,我们下一句就接着写new business 的具体实施情况。
又例如2021 年全国新高考Ⅰ卷,第一段段首提示句As the twins looked around them in disappointment,their father appeared.第二句段首提示句The twins carried the breakfast and woke their mother up.按照“主述位推进法”,我们的续写第一句可以这样写:Asthe twinslooked around them in disappointment,theirfatherappeared.Looking around the kitchen,fatherquickly understood what was happening;此句主位是the twins,述位为father,因此第一句续写接着写father 的所见所闻所想。The twinscarried the breakfast and woketheir motherup.Mother was beaming at the twins with delight and surprise.此句the twins 为主位,their mother 为述位,因此续写接着写mother 的所见所思。
“主述位推进法”既解决了我们下笔难的问题,又能避免我们忽略第一句与段首提示句相衔接的问题。
我们可采用“人物互动+1”写法或者“抛绣球+1”写法。先弄清文章主角,然后段落展开采用主角互动方式,如主角1 互动2,2 互动3,3互动1 等。“抛绣球+1”写法也类似主角互动,但使用范围更广,可以主角1 抛给2,2 抛给3;如果主角只有一个,那就自己抛给自己,侧重自我心理描写和环境描写,即自我互动以及与环境互动。两个续写自然段的“+1”所指不同,第一段的“+1”指的是角色互动后加一句衔接句,尤其第一段最后一句一定要与第二段第一句进行衔接;第二段的“+1”指的是故事结尾或者升华。
下面我们以《麦琪的礼物》为例看一看如何进行“人物互动+1”写法。续写前文为:吉姆和德拉是一对穷困的年轻夫妇。圣诞节就要到了,他们彼此都在为送什么礼物给对方而发愁。为了给丈夫买一条白金表链作圣诞礼物,妻子德拉卖掉了一头秀发。而丈夫吉姆出于同样的目的,卖掉了祖传的金表给妻子买了一套发梳。要续写的部分为两人相互送礼物的场景。其两段续写开头语如下所示:Para.1.The door opened and Jim stepped in.Para.2.Inside Jim’s package were the combs —something special to hold her hair that Della had wanted ever since she saw them in a shop window.
用“人物互动+1”写法,我们可以将第一段写成:Para.1.The door opened and Jim stepped in(段首提示句).No sooner had Jim(主角1)widened his eyes in disbelief than he noticed that Della had a new haircut,squeezing out a faint smile to mask his inner dismay.// Eyes shining with anticipation,Della(主 角2)danced gracefully towards him at a brisk pace and spread out her palm,inside which there was a precious gift to him—the shiny chain!Meanwhile,she gently whispered in his ears“Merry Christmas,honey!”.// After being aware that Della sacrificed her beloved hair to buy him this gift,Jim(主角1)was on the verge of tears and embraced her tightly in his arms,mildly stroking her newly-cut short hair.// Reluctant to see the beautiful hair cut and deeply touched,Jim murmured in a choked voice to his dearest wife,“I’ve also got a gift for you!”as he reached for a package from his bag.(过 渡)Para.2.Inside Jim’s package were the combs—something special to hold her hair that Della had wanted ever since she saw them in a shop window.(段首提示句)
此段第一句中,主位为door,述位为Jim,因此续写第一句以写Jim 为主。第一句主角1 Jim,第二句互动到主角2 Della,第三句再次互动主角1,最后一句过渡衔接下一段的package。用主角互动切换的方式推进文章,可以使我们写起来有方向感,避免了无序思考,能更快更好地完成续写。而且这种方式还能避免因时间不够,一时着急考虑不到与第二段衔接。
下面,我以另一个续写故事来说明“抛绣球+1”写法在一个角色中的使用。前文故事:一个小男孩身体羸弱没有自信,却跟着一群小孩去爬山崖,其他小孩都爬上去并回家了,留下小男孩在半崖间,不敢进也不敢退。续写两段提示语为:Para.1.However,the way up to the top was even worse—higher,steeper,more challenging.Par.2.I didn’t know how long it had passed until a familiar voice came below.由两段的提示可以看出,第二段才有人来救他,因此第一段只能写小男孩一个人在崖壁上孤苦无援的场景。第一段对于我们而言,难在“凑词数”,一个简单的场景,一个不能与他人互动的场景,如何能保质保量地完成规定词数呢?
我们可以将“抛绣球+1”写法运用于第一段续写,例如:Para.1: However,the way up to the top was even worse—higher,steeper,more challenging.(段首提示句)So challenging was the way up that it seemed never would I make it to the top.Too scared to move an inch,I stood there motionlessly with both tears and sweat rolling down my depressed cheeks.(自己情感动作描写)I heard someone sobbing and moaning sorrowfully;I wondered who it was and then suddenly it dawned on me that it was I,myself.(自己将话题抛给自己,侧重内心独白)The shadows gradually lengthening and the sun disappearing from the treetops beyond the clearing below,dusk began to gather and the ground below the cliff became dim.(与环境互动)Time dragged and with each passing minute,my legs and arms grew numb.(衔接第二段开头)Para.2: I didn’t know how long it had passed until a familiar voice came below.
此段第一句中,主位为way,述位是隐藏的“I”。因此第一句引出述位“I”。第二句侧重“I”的情绪、动作等的描写,对“I”的状态进行进一步说明。第三句“抛绣球”抛给自己,进行“内心活动互抛”。第四句用“天黑”的环境烘托当时的处境和心情,与环境互动。最后一句用time 与第二段提示句进行衔接。由此可见,“自我抛绣球”写法侧重于心理描写和环境描写,与自我互动,与环境互动,可充分利用环境从侧面烘托自己的心境。当不知如何互动时,一个好办法就是多描写内心独白和环境,只有这样我们才能将有限的场景用无限的语言支撑起来,既不为字数所累,又能做到语言优美、描写深刻。
我们可采用动作—神态—情绪三联合嵌入高级结构固定化描写方法。如流水账句子:He sat on the sofa.He felt sad and regretted and he cried.我们用动作—神态—情绪三联合嵌入高级结构固定化描写法可将其改成:He sat on the sofa motionlessly,crossing his fingers in his lap,with sorrow and regret written on his tear-stained face.从句子拓展来看,这一句加了副词motionlessly,加了“如何”坐在沙发上的动作描写,加了“怎么”哭的表情描写。从描写来看,动作描写sat、crossing,情绪描写sorrow、regret 与表情描写tear-stained face三者连续使用,实现了三种描写方式的联合。从高级结构上讲,改写句运用了现在分词作状语以及with 复合结构这两个高级结构。又如:The little boy said sorry to his mother.可改写拓展为:Lowering his head regretfully,the little boy murmured an apology to his mother,(with) his face blushing/scarlet.本句将动作描写lower、murmur,情绪描写regretfully 与表情描写his face blushing scarlet三者联合,且用了现在分词作状语,with 复合结构或者独立主格结构等高级结构。在拓展方面,增加了道歉时的动作“低头”,增加了表情绪的副词“regretfully”,对道歉的动作和心理进行了细致描述,即“如何道歉”“带着什么情感道歉”;且对道歉这一动作的动词进行了更精准的选择“murmur”,侧重于说的方式,即“如何说”。
换句话说,我们写的句子不能只注重陈述,注重事情发生的结果,而是要更多注重描写过程或方式。凡事问一个“怎么”“如何”,要说的话是“如何说”,要做的事是“怎么做”,这样就能将过程描写和方式描写结合起来,用更多、更好的句子撑起有限的场景。
另外,对于如何固定化描写,我们在写作过程中则需不断进行尝试和归纳总结,如句子可固定成:表神态的独立主格+动词+with 复合结构描写情绪和声音。例如:Tears welling up in his eyes(独立主格表神态),he showed the police his heart-felt gratitude(主动作),with his voice trembling in excitement(with 复合结构表声音).又或者将句子固定成:情绪形容词作状语+主动作+修辞(+with 结构)。例如:Physically and mentally exhausted(情绪形容词作状语),he lay on the ground(主动作)like a log of wood(比喻)with his eyes closed(with 复合结构,可根据情况增减).先固定,固定是为了让我们能熟练地应用这些固定嵌套句型,用熟练之后,我们再根据实际情况,灵活应变。
综上所述,要又快又好地完成一篇续写,我们可以首先起笔用“主述位推进法”,续写第一句,写段首提示句的述位;然后用“人物互动+1”写法或“抛绣球+1”写法推进整个段落,形成段落基本框架结构;之后,用动作—神态—情绪三联合嵌入高级结构固定化描写方式来丰富语言,拓展句子,增加高级感。只要我们将这一整套写法多加练习,熟记于心,尤其注重固定化语言的练习和总结,就一定能在考场的短时间内完成一篇行文流畅衔接自然,且语言优美的续写作品。