揭开海昏侯国的神秘面纱

黄雪寅

在2015 年中国文物网发起的“中国十大文物事件网络评选”活动中，“江西海昏侯墓葬考古成果發掘”高居榜首，成为中国年度最具影响力的文物事件。海昏侯汉墓一夜之间被推到了镁光灯下，成为媒体记者和广大民众热议的对象，人们期待揭开海昏侯国和墓主人刘贺的神秘面纱。

In 2015， the excavation of the Haihunhou tomb in Jiangxi Provincetopped the Top 10 Cultural Discoveries in China， considered the mostinfluential event related to cultural heritage and museology in that year.Overnight， the Haihunhou tomb became the focus of media attentionand public discussion， as people looked forward to lifting the veil of themysterious Haihunhou State and the tomb owner， Liu He.

2011 年，江西省文物考古研究所接到群众举报，在南昌市新建县（现为新建区）大塘坪乡观西村东北约500 米的墩墩山上，一座古代墓葬遭到盗掘。江西省文化厅、江西省文物局和南昌市政府高度重视，立即组织专家对现场进行勘查。从盗洞到出土葬具，专家判断，该墓规模较大，等级较高，很可能与文献记载的昌邑王（海昏侯）刘贺有关。据历史记载，海昏侯国是刘贺被废黜后，于公元前63 年在豫章郡海昏县建立的侯国。刘贺作为一位既当过皇帝又成为列侯的特殊人物，在江西海昏侯国至少延续了四代。发掘海昏侯国历史的责任落在了考古人的身上。从2011 年至2015 年，江西省集结本地和全国相关科技考古力量，经过历时五年的考古发掘，共勘探约100 万平方米，发掘约1 万平方米，在海昏侯墓周边5 平方公里内发现了紫金城遗址、历代海昏侯墓园、贵族和平民墓地等海昏侯国一系列重要遗存。以海昏侯和侯夫人墓为中心的墓园中，两座主墓同茔异穴，占据了总面积达4 000 平方米的礼制性高台建筑。

In 2011， the Jiangxi Provincial Institute of CulturalRelics and Archaeology received a report of tomblooting in Dundunshan， Xinjian County （now XinjianDistrict）， about 500 meters northeast of Guanxi Villageof Datangping Township. Alerted by the report， thecultural agencies on both the municipal and provinciallevels immediately organized a team of experts toconduct an on-site investigation. Based on the way thelooters made their entry and the burial objects found，the experts believed that the tomb was both large andhistorically significant， and that it probably belonged toLiu He， the Prince of Changyi （Haihunhou or Marquisof Haihun of the Han Dynasty）.

According to historical records， Haihunhou Statewas established in Haihun County， Yuzhang Prefecture，in 63 BC after Liu He was deposed from the Hanthrone. As a unique figure who had served first as anemperor and later as a marquis， Liu Hes lineage continuedfor at least four generations.

The responsibility of discovering the history ofthe state fell on the Chinese archaeologists. From2011 to 2015， local and national archaeological teamsinvestigated about one million square meters of thesite and excavated about 10，000 square meters of it.They discovered， within a five-square-kilometer areaaround the Haihunhou tomb， a series of importantrelics， including the ruins of Zijin City， the cemeteryof Haihunhou of generations and the tombs of thenobility and commoners.

In the center of the cemetery， the Haihunhou tomband the tomb of his wife was buried separately butadjacently. The two main tombs were located in a highplatform building covering an area of 4，000 squaremeters.

海昏侯墓属于西汉中晚期采取“汉制”埋葬的列侯墓葬。从发掘情况看，海昏侯墓椁室早年已经坍塌，且有地下室水，遗物基本没有被盗，这在全国汉代高等级墓葬的发掘中十分罕见。出土金器、青铜器、铁器、玉器、漆木器、陶瓷器、竹编、草编、纺织品和简牍（签牌和奏章副本）等各类精美文物1 万余件（套）。其中出土了10 余吨约200 万枚五株钱，378 件马蹄金、麟趾金、金饼、金板等，这是迄今为止出土的我国汉墓考古史上保存最完整、数量最集中的一次发现。此外，墓中还发现了大量工艺精湛的错金银、包金、鎏金铜器，其中，在一件青铜豆形灯座上，清晰刻有“南昌”二字，这是关于“南昌”城最早、最珍贵的实物资料。判定墓主人身份的重要物证也出土于墓中，一是真车马陪葬坑、整套的乐器（包括两架编钟，一架编磬，琴、瑟、排箫、笙和36 尊伎乐木俑，形象再现了西汉列侯的用乐制度），证实了墓主人的地位属于列侯级别。二是墓中出土的有“臣贺”等字样的漆器、青铜器、印章和木牍，特别是棺内提取出了刻有“刘贺”二字的玉印，证实了墓主人是西汉第一代海昏侯刘贺。这一考古成果一经发布，引发了社会各界的高度关注，海昏侯墓出土文物和墓主人刘贺“视死如生”的地宫生活成为关注焦点。

The experts categorize the Haihunhou tomb as amarquis tomb from the middle to the late Western HanDynasty that was built based on the “Han system”. Theexcavation reveals that because the coffin chamber hadcollapsed very early on and flooded by undergroundwater， the relics were not looted， which is extremelyrare in the excavation of high-level Han Dynasty tombsthroughout the country.

More than 10，000 exquisite cultural relics ofvarious types were unearthed， including items ofgold， bronze， iron， jade， lacquer， ceramics， bambooweaving， grass weaving， textiles， and bamboo slips（copies of signs and memorials）. Among them， morethan 10 tons of about 2 million Wuzhu bronze coinswere unearthed， as well as 378 pieces of horse-shoeshapedcast gold， Kylin-toe-shaped1 cast gold， pieshapedgold and gold plaques， etc. This is the mostcomplete and concentrated discovery of Han Dynastytomb archaeology in China to date. In addition， a largenumber of exquisitely crafted gold and silver inlaid，gold-plated， and gilded copper wares were also discovered. On abronze bean-shaped lamp stand， the characters 南昌 （Nanchang）were clearly engraved， which is the earliest and most preciousphysical evidence about the city of Nanchang.

Also unearthed were two pieces of important physicalevidence for determining the identity of the tomb owner： First，a burial pit for real chariots and real horses， and a completeset of musical instruments （including two sets of bianzhong，one set of bianqing， qin， se， paixiao， sheng， and 36 figurinesof musicians， which vividly enacted a typical scene of musicperformance at a marquiss palace during the Western HanDynasty）. It confirms that the tomb owner was a marquislevelnobleman. Second， extracted from the coffin werelacquerware， bronze ware， seals， and wooden slips with thecharacters 臣賀， and most importantly， a jade seal with thecharacters 刘贺. These are convincing evidence of the tombowners identity. The announcement of these archaeologicalachievements immediately caught the attention of society， withfocus on the unearthed cultural relics and how they re-createdLiu Hes life.

一般来说，考古发掘成果在博物馆展览，是博物馆展览中的重要内容。但通常，考古人员完成考古发掘并发表考古报告之后，博物馆才可以将文物及发掘报告等成果集中展示并公布于众。当时，海昏侯墓尚处于发掘整理过程中，许多出土文物仍在文物实验室接受保护和研究，大量的考古成果尚无结论。在如此大规模的社会目光关注下，如何发挥博物馆的考古知识普及功能，最大限度揭开考古学的神秘面纱，让观众一睹这个墓群珍贵的出土文物，领略“事死如事生”的汉代葬俗和汉代列侯的奢华地宫生活，从而了解中国汉代政治、经济、文化等多方面的成就，成了亟待考古人解决的课题。在江西省文物局和北京文物局主办下，首都博物馆联手江西省文物考古研究所和江西省博物馆等机构，克服边考古边展览的困难，于2016 年3 月在北京首都博物馆举办了“五色炫曜——南昌汉代海昏侯国考古成果展”，展览的大门一打开，观众如潮水般蜂拥而至，在短时间内形成了“首博热”，首都博物馆也成为当时北京市民文化生活的网红打卡地，收获了良好的社会效益。

Generally speaking， results of archaeologicalexcavations can only be displayed at museums afterthe completion of the excavation and the release ofits archaeological report. At the time， the processof excavating the Haihunhou tomb was ongoingand many unearthed artifacts were still beingprotected and studied in the laboratory， and therewere still a large number of archaeological findingswithout conclusions. With such a large-scale socialattention， how to make full use of the museumsfunction of popularizing the knowledge ofarchaeology and give ordinary people access to theprecious unearthed artifacts， the funeral customs，and the political， economic， cultural achievementsof the Han Dynasty — all reflected in the luxuryof the Haihunhou tomb — becomes an urgentproblem.

The Capital Museum in Beijing solved this problemby joining forces with the Jiangxi ProvincialInstitute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and theJiangxi Provincial Museum， under the sponsorship ofthe Jiangxi Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau and theBeijing Cultural Relics Bureau. In March 2016， themuseum held the special exhibition “Splendor Finds：The Archaeological Excavations at the Royal Cemeteryof Haihunhou Kingdom in Han Dynasty”. As soon asthe exhibition opened， visitors rushed in like a tide，making the museum one of the most popular culturaldestinations in Beijing overnight.

面對大众的期待，为解决如何全面介绍汉代历史和列侯制度，如何客观理解汉代“视死如生”的生死观，如何正确认识海昏侯国的奢华陪葬遗物等问题，首都博物馆借助江西省博物馆、江西省文物考古研究所考古科研优势，以墓葬考古为主要展览内容，介绍西汉王侯的陵寝并延伸至汉代历史。同时，展览展示了当代科技在考古中的应用，如考古现场科技保护专家如何精心处理木简、漆器、青铜器的铭文以及许多出土器物的多光谱分析结果，令观众亲眼目睹了科技考古的神奇力量。首博策展团队利用科技手段在展厅营造了汉文化元素氛围，并将考古现场的发掘照片大量用于辅助展版，采用通体玻璃多面可视展柜，为观众提供了多角度欣赏这批珍贵出土精品的绝佳条件。在照明设计和展版文字方面，策展团队最大限度地满足观众参观可视度，使观众在阅读展版文字和拍照的参与度方面，能得到最大限度的获得感和心理满足感。为了提高讲解的专业化水平，首博特意派出讲解员团队前往江西海昏侯发掘现场，在考古专家的带领下亲身体验墓葬发掘的工作过程，并通过与当地博物馆交流，更多地掌握江西历史文化知识，更深入地了解海昏侯其人其事，将文物背后的故事与人物进行深度结合，让一位“沉睡”了2 000 多年的汉代海昏侯在观众的面前“复活”。

To meet the publics high expectation， the museumhad to not only comprehensively introduce the history

of the Han Dynasty and the marquis system， but alsointroduce them in a way that would enable the visitorsto objectively understand the Han peoples view of “lifeand death as equal”， and to rationally understand theluxurious burial artifacts.

With the assistance of the Jiangxi ProvincialMuseum and the Jiangxi Provincial Institute ofCultural Relics and Archaeology， the Capital Museumorganized an exhibition mainly focused on tombarchaeology， from the tombs of the Western Hanemperor to the history of the Han Dynasty.

At the same time， the exhibition highlighted theapplication of modern technology in archaeology. Forexample， visitors could see with their own eyes themagical power of technology in archaeology， and getto know how technology protection experts carefullyhandled the inscriptions on bamboo slips， lacquerware，and bronze artifacts， and what multispectral analysisfound about many unearthed artifacts. In addition，the exhibition team of the Capital Museum usedtechnology to re-create the atmosphere of Han in theexhibition hall， displaying a large number of excavationphotos from the archaeological site. Moreover， theiruse of all-glass multi-angle display cabinets providedthe audience with the best experience of viewing theseprecious unearthed treasures from all directions. Interms of lighting design and the display of exhibitionintroductions， the museum tried its best to make thetexts reader-friendly， giving the visitors the greatestsense of participation and enjoyment in reading thetexts and taking photos. In order to improve theprofessionalism of its guides， the Capital Museumsent them to the excavation site of Haihunhou Statein Jiangxi， to personally experience the process oftomb excavation under the guidance of archaeologicalexperts. The trip also allowed the guides to developa deeper understanding of Jiangxis historical andcultural knowledge from their communication withthe local museums， and to gain a deeper understandingof Haihunhou State and its people. When the culturalrelics are connected with the stories and characters，Haihunhou， who has been “sleeping” for more thantwo thousand years， will “come alive” in front of theaudience.

該展览在首都博物馆展出了300 多件（套）海昏侯国精品，引发了轰动性文化效应。为期三个月的展览，参观人数达到422 485 人，展览后评估整体满意度达到95%。

The exhibition showcased more than 300 pieces（including sets） of exquisite artifacts from HaihunhouState， causing a sensational cultural effect. Theexhibition lasted for three months and attracted422，485 visitors， receiving an overall satisfaction rate of95%.

2021 年，在考古遗址上建设的南昌汉代海昏侯国遗址博物馆落成。博物馆设计独特，占地面积118 802 平方米，总建筑面积39 250 平方米，其中地上两层，地下一层，共有展品近万件。此外，海昏侯国遗址数字博物馆也已上线。数字博物馆更直接地呈现和展示了汉代海昏侯国的建筑、衣食住行和文化生活，方便有兴趣的观者随时观赏。

The Nanchang Relic Museum of Marquis HaihunState of Han Dynasty， built on the archaeologicalsite， was completed in 2021. The museum， unique inits design， covers an area of 118，802 square meters，with a total construction area of 39，250 squaremeters， including two above-ground floors and oneunderground floor， with nearly 10，000 exhibits. Inaddition， the digital museum has also been launched，making it convenient for those who are interestedto instantly access the architecture， clothing， food，housing， and cultural life of Haihunhou State.