刘晓青 刘颖萍 郭冠英 王文亮 葛日芳
[摘要]目的:探討自锁托槽矫治器对错牙合畸形患儿的矫治效果。方法:选取2019年3月-2021年3月笔者医院收治的60例错牙合畸形患儿,按照正畸方案不同分为对照组(n=28)和实验组(n=32),对照组给予传统金属托槽矫正技术治疗,实验组给予自锁托槽矫正技术治疗。比较两组患儿治疗前后疼痛、牙周指标、龈沟液(Gingival crevicular fluid,GCF)炎性因子水平、疗效及生活质量。结果:治疗7 d后,两组视觉模拟量表(Visual analogue scal,VAS)评分较治疗1 d后均降低,且实验组VAS评分较对照组更低(P<0.05);治疗6个月后,两组龈沟出血指数(Sulcus bleeding index,SBI)、菌斑指数(Plaque index,PLI)及临床附着丧失(Clinical attachment loss,CAL)水平均较治疗前降低,牙龈退缩(gingival recession,GR)、前列腺素E2(Prostaglandin E2,PGE2)、肿瘤坏死因子(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(Interleukin-1,IL-1β)、白细胞介素6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)水平较治疗前均升高,且实验组SBI、PLI、CAL、PGE2、TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6水平较对照组低,GR水平较对照组高(P<0.05);实验组治疗总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05);两组口腔健康影响程度量表各项评分较治疗前均升高,且实验组较对照组更高(P<0.05)。结论:自锁托槽矫治器应用于儿童正畸治疗中,有助于减少患儿炎症反应,有效改善患儿牙周状况和口腔健康、减轻疼痛,提高其生活质量,值得临床推广应用。
[关键词]错牙合畸形;自锁托槽;正畸;龈沟液;炎性因子
[中图分类号]R783.5 [文献标志码]A [文章编号]1008-6455(2023)07-0126-05
Effect of Self-locking Bracket Appliance on Correction Effect and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Inflammatory Factor Level in Children
LIU Xiaoqing,LIU Yingping,GUO Guanying,WANG Wenliang,GE Rifang
[Department of Stomatology,Shanxi Children's Hospital (Shanxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital),Taiyuan 030006,Shanxi,China]
Abstract: Objective To explore the effect of self-locking bracket appliance on children with malocclusion. Methods A total of 60 children with malocclusion who were treated in author's hospital from March 2019 to March 2021 were selected and divided into control group (n=28) and experimental group (n=32) according to the orthodontic plan. The control group was given traditional metal brackets correction technology were used for treatment, and the experimental group was treated with self-locking brackets correction technology. The pain, periodontal indexes, levels of inflammatory factors in gingival crevicular fluid, curative effect and quality of life were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. Results After 7 days of treatment, the visual analog scale scores in both groups were lower than those after 1 day of treatment, and the VAS score in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). After 6 months of treatment, the levels of gingival crevicular bleeding index (SBI), plaque index and clinical attachment loss in the two groups were all lower than those before treatment, and the levels of gingival recession (GR), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the levels of tumor necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 were all higher than those before treatment. In addition, the levels of SBI, PLI, CAL, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group, and the level of GR was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). The total effective rate of treatment in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). The scores of oral health impact profile in the two groups were higher than those before treatment, and the scores of OHIP in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Self-locking brackets correction technology can help reduce the inflammatory response in children, effectively improve the periodontal status and oral health, relieve pain, and improve the quality of life in children. It is worthy of clinical application.
Key words: malocclusion; self-locking brackets correction technology; orthodontics; gingival crevicular fluid; inflammatory factors
错牙合畸形是由牙齿与颅面特征关系不协调引起的多种畸形,包括上、下颌突出,牙列不齐及颌骨过度发育等[1]。影响患儿面部美观度,且对局部发育和身心健康造成不利影响。随着人们对美的认识和追求的不断提高,越来越多的患儿寻求正畸治疗,在此过程中,牙周健康维护逐渐受到正畸医生的关注。正畸治疗主要是为缓解咬合不正,一般根据患儿牙颌面畸形及自身需求,选择不同类型正畸矫正器治疗,以达到矫正牙列、改善面型的目的[2]。金属托槽矫正技术由于效率高、精度高,被广泛应用于正畸治疗中,但由于其与口腔黏膜接触面积较大,且部分患儿存在不良饮食及口腔习惯,导致菌斑滞留,引起牙龈和牙周炎,最终影响牙周健康[3]。自锁托槽矫正技术操作简单、快捷,能有效减少托槽与弓丝之间的摩擦,缩短菌斑滞留时间,有利于口腔卫生保持。正畸治疗期间,GCF中炎性因子可反映骨改建程度及牙周健康状况[4]。基于此,本研究旨在探讨自锁托槽矫正技术对儿童患者的矫治效果,并分析其对GCF炎性因子水平的影响,现将结果报道如下。
1 资料和方法
1.1 一般资料:选取2019年3月-2021年3月笔者医院收治的60例错牙合畸形患儿,按照随机数字表法根据是否采用自锁托槽将其分为对照组(28例)和实验组(32例)。两组一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。见表1。
1.2 纳入标准:①符合《口腔正畸学》中错牙合畸形相关诊断标准[5];②经临床检查确诊为牙齿错牙合;③口腔卫生良好;④既往无正畸治疗史;⑤牙列不齐、下切牙无明显拥挤;⑥年龄10~16岁;⑦依从性良好。
1.3 排除标准:①伴有严重肝、肾功能障碍者;②存在牙龈、牙周组织疾病者;③精神类疾病患儿;④临床资料不全者;⑤对治疗方法不能耐受者。
1.4 方法
1.4.1 矫治过程:首先所有患儿均由同一位牙周医师进行口腔卫生检查,拍摄全颌曲面断层、头颅侧定位、口腔牙列片,建立模拟颌面模型,与患儿家属商讨设计手术方案。对照组给予传统金属托槽矫正技术治疗。上下牙弓置入镍钛丝0.36 mm,进行结扎丝固定,1个月复诊1次,持续时间6个月,根据患儿实际情况进行抗感染治疗;实验组患儿给予自锁托槽矫治器治疗。患儿上下牙弓内置入平面导板及自锁托槽,根据患儿错牙合畸形情况调整松紧度,镍钛丝固定,2个月复诊1次,持续时间6个月。告知所有患儿及其家属需佩戴矫治器,并认真刷牙,保持口腔卫生。
1.4.2 GCF抽取:于治疗前和治疗后6个月抽取患者GCF,使用探针除去龈上菌斑,用棉卷隔湿,温空气轻吹10 s,龈沟袋或牙周袋内插入吸潮纸,感觉到轻微阻碍停止插入,静止30 s抽出。若吸潮纸尖表面有污染物,则重新提取GCF,若没有将GCF迅速放置EP管中。1 min后重复上述操作,进行3次取样,称重并记录,计算GCF体积。称重后将样本快速放入EP管(含500μl磷酸盐缓冲液)中,-80℃冷冻箱保存备用。
1.5 观察指标
1.5.1 疼痛:于治疗1 d、7 d后采用VAS评分评估患儿疼痛程度,总分0~10分,分值越低,疼痛程度越低[6]。
1.5.2 牙周指标:治疗前和治疗6个月后采用探针检测两组SBI、PLI、GR及CAL变化情况[7-8]。
1.5.3 GCF炎性因子:比较两组治疗前和治疗6个月后GCF中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、PGE2水平,将取样的GCF经离心机离心10 min,1 000 r/min转速、12 cm离心半径,将滤纸条抽除,抽取上清液。酶联免疫吸附试验及相关试剂盒检测PGE2、TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6水平,试剂盒均由武汉新普生物有限公司提供,并严格按照相关说明进行操作。
1.5.4 疗效判定:显效为牙齿覆盖正常,拥挤消失,牙龈出血退缩、牙齿松动等症状消失;有效为牙齿覆盖正常,拥挤得到改善,牙齿松动、牙龈出血退缩等症状减轻;无效为牙齿拥挤无变化,覆盖异常,牙齿松动、牙龈出血退缩等症状无变化甚至加重[9]。总有效率=(显效+有效)例数/总例数×100%。
1.5.5 生活质量:于治疗前和治疗6个月后采用口腔健康影响程度量表(Oral health impact profile,OHIP)评估患儿口腔相关生活质量,包括心理障碍、心理不适、躯体障碍、社交障碍、社会残疾、功能受限、躯体疼痛7个领域,共14个项目,每个项目0~4分,分值越高,生活质量越好[10]。
1.6 统计学分析:数据采用SPSS 26.0软件统计分析,计量资料以均数±标准差(x?±s)表示,行t检验,计数资料以[例(%)]表示,行χ2檢验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组疼痛评分比较:治疗1 d后,实验组VAS评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗7 d后,两组VAS评分较治疗1 d后均降低,且实验组VAS评分较对照组更低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
2.2 两组牙周指数比较:治疗前,两组SBI、PLI、GR、CAL水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗6个月后,两组SBI、PLI、CAL水平较治疗前均降低,GR水平较治疗前升高,且实验组SBI、PLI、CAL水平较对照组更低、GR水平更高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表3。
2.3 两组GCF炎性因子比较:治疗前,两组PGE2、TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗6个月后,两组PGE2、TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6水平较治疗前均升高,但实验组PGE2、TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表4。
2.4 两组疗效比较:实验组治疗总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表5。
2.5 两组生活质量比较:治疗前,两组OHIP各项评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗6个月后,两组OHIP各项评分较治疗前均升高,实验组OHIP各项评分高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表6。
2.6 实验组典型病例:某男,13岁,牙列不齐要求矫治,矫治时间为6个月。恒牙列,17-27/37-47,右侧磨牙/左侧磨牙均中性,右侧尖牙尖对尖,左侧尖牙中性关系,直面型,覆牙合覆盖正常,上颌牙拥挤Ⅲ度,上牙弓尖圆形,12/22腭向,下颌牙拥挤Ⅰ度,口腔卫生差,牙石(+),牙龈红肿,上下中线对齐,颞颌关节无异常,开口型开口度正常。见图1。
3 讨论
错牙合畸形不仅影响患儿颅颌面区生长发育,而且影响其咀嚼功能和面部美观度。此外,牙列不规则会影响口腔衛生,易导致牙龈炎和牙周炎,正畸治疗过程中,大多患儿都伴有牙周炎症反应[11]。因此,正畸治疗主张在控制炎症反应的基础上,能移动拉长移位及倾斜牙齿,达到牙列整齐、减少菌斑堆积、恢复正常邻接的目的,以恢复和维持牙周组织健康,恢复正常咀嚼功能,改善面部美观度[12]。目前,正畸矫正器是错牙合畸形的主要治疗手段,但矫正器种类繁多,对改善牙周组织效果有所差异。因此,在正畸治疗中,需采用轻柔、温和、间歇性正畸力,避免牙周力过大,在保护牙齿健康同时,逐渐移动牙齿,使其恢复正常结构。本研究通过采用传统金属托槽矫正器和自锁托槽矫正器对错牙合畸形的患者行正畸治疗,观察自锁托槽矫正器的临床疗效。
本研究结果显示,治疗7 d后两组VAS评分较治疗1 d后均降低,实验组VAS评分明显低于对照组,提示患儿应用自锁托槽矫正器疼痛较低。在正畸治疗中,牙齿移动是在正畸力作用下牙周组织重建引起,牙齿随着重建牙周组织在牙槽骨上移动。在运动过程中,牙周韧带首先感受到压力信号,然后组织被压缩或拉动产生炎症反应,释放出神经肽、前列腺素等多种炎症介质并作用于组织,使牙周膜局部组织血管充血、扩张、压力升高,增加牙周膜神经末梢受体敏感性,最终形成痛觉,使患儿感到疼痛[13]。相关研究指出,对牙齿施加持续合适的力可实现更有效的生理牙齿运动,并产生疼痛更少,而过大正畸力会加重正畸疼痛,诱发牙周损伤,影响牙齿运动,甚至引起牙根吸收。自锁托槽早期矫正强度较小,托槽整体尺寸较小,能减少对牙周组织供血的影响,保证牙周组织有氧代谢,从而减轻疼痛[14]。王立坤等[15]研究表明,与采用传统托槽矫正器牙周病患者相比,采用自锁托槽矫正器治疗后患者GCF中炎性因子水平更低。本研究结果显示,治疗6个月后两组PGE2、TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6水平较治疗前均升高,但实验组PGE2、TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6水平均低于对照组,表明采用自锁托槽矫正术进行正畸治疗能有效降低患儿GCF内细胞因子水平,减轻炎症反应。在正畸治疗过程中,患儿牙周炎发生风险增加,易反复发作,病理表现为炎症细胞浸润、组织液渗出、牙周组织破坏,其中GCF内炎症细胞可分泌大量细胞因子来介导炎症反应。当牙周组织受到刺激或损伤时,单核细胞和巨噬细胞通过分泌IL-1β诱导胶原酶、纤溶酶和PGE2合成[16]。IL-6是一种由免疫细胞产生的多功能细胞因子,可诱导破骨细胞的骨吸收。在牙周组织病理过程中,发炎牙龈组织中IL-1β和IL-6的水平升高,TNF-α可刺激黏附因子和趋化因子表达,增强破骨细胞活性,促进基质细胞凋亡,导致牙周软组织损伤,阻碍其修复[17]。而自锁托槽能降低牙周组织血管压力,维持牙周组织微生态代谢平衡,从而有效减少炎性因子产生。
菌斑及其代谢物是慢性牙龈炎的主要致病原因。研究表明,自锁式托槽矫正器能改善青少年牙周健康[18]。本研究结果显示,治疗6个月后,两组SBI、PLI、CAL水平较治疗前均降低,GR水平较治疗前均升高,且实验组SBI、PLI、CAL水平较对照组更低,GR水平更高,表明自锁托槽矫正术能减少对牙周组织刺激,减少细菌侵入、摩擦及牙菌斑产生,较好地保护牙周组织。这主要是由于自锁托槽正畸力轻、摩擦力小,避免对牙周韧带内血管压迫,减少牙周组织缺血发生,同时温和正畸力可促进牙列快速对齐。待患儿自适应扩张后,牙弓会增加,为拥挤牙列对齐提供空间,缩短对齐时间,减少牙菌斑堆积,从而促进邻牙正常关节恢复。此外,正畸治疗会伴随一些不良反应,矫治器使用会引起一定程度牙龈退缩,可能是由于菌斑堆积、正畸装置不良刺激或牙槽骨移动造成,而本研究中正畸治疗后实验组GR略高于对照组可能是正畸治疗过程中牙齿移动导致牙槽骨吸收形成的牙龈退缩,但两组正畸治疗后牙龈退缩幅度不大,无临床意义。
本研究结果还显示,实验组治疗总有效率及OHIP各项评分均高于对照组,这进一步说明自锁托槽矫治器可显著改善患儿在正畸治疗中的生活质量,疗效良好。
综上,自锁托槽矫正器在儿童正畸治疗中效果良好,能有效减少患儿炎症反应,改善患儿牙周状况和口腔健康,减轻疼痛,提高其生活质量,值得临床推广应用。
[参考文献]
[1]Carlotto A,Shanker S,Beck F M,et al.Comparison of two survey instruments measuring quality of life in pediatric dentofacial patients[J].Angle Orthod,2021,91(3):371-376.
[2]Meger M N,Fatturi A L,Gerber J T,et al.Impact of orthognathic surgery on quality of life of patients with dentofacial deformity: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2021,59(3):265-271.
[3]Lai T T,Chiou J Y,Lai T C,et al.Perceived pain for orthodontic patients with conventional brackets or self-ligating brackets over 1 month period: a single-center, randomized controlled clinical trial[J].J Formos Med Assoc,2020,119(1 Pt 2):282-289.
[4]Gameiro G H,Schultz C,Trein M P,et al.Association among pain, masticatory performance, and proinflammatory cytokines in crevicular fluid during orthodontic treatment[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2015,148(6):967-973.
[5]陳扬熙.《口腔正畸学》—基础、技术与临床[J].实用口腔医学杂志,2017,33(1):73.
[6]Almasoud N N.Pain perception among patients treated with passive self-ligating fixed appliances and invisalign? aligners during the first week of orthodontic treatment[J].Korean J Orthod,2018,48(5):326-332.
[7]Shen X,Yu Z.The effects of bracketless invisible orthodontics on the PLI, SBI, SPD, and GI and on the satisfaction levels in children with malocclusions[J].Am J Transl Res,2021,13(5):5066-5072.
[8]Wu P,Feng J,Wang W.Periodontal tissue regeneration combined with orthodontic treatment can improve clinical efficacy and periodontal function of patients with periodontitis[J].Am J Transl Res,2021,13(6):6678-6685.
[9]刘春春,邓刚,宋梅.自锁托槽矫治器对儿童牙颌畸形矫正效果及美观度的影响[J].中国美容医学,2020,29(3):133-136.
[10]Karki S,Horváth J,Laitala M L,et al.Validating and assessing the oral health-related quality of life among hungarian children with cleft lip and palate using child-OIDP scale[J].Eur Arch Paediatr Dent,2021,22(1):57-65.
[11]Rapeepattana S,Thearmontree A,Suntornlohanakul S.Etiology of malocclusion and dominant orthodontic problems in mixed dentition: a cross-sectional study in a group of thai children aged 8-9 years[J].J Int Soc Prev Community Dent,2019,9(4):383-389.
[12]Le Fouler A,Jeanne S,Sorel O,et al.How effective are three methods of teaching oral hygiene for adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment? the MAHO protocol: an RCT comparing visual, auditory and kinesthetic methods[J].Trials, 2021,22(1):144.
[13]Topal S ?,Tuncer B B,Elgun S,et al.Levels of cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid during rapid maxillary expansion and the subsequent retention period[J].J Clin Pediatr Dent,2019,43(2):137-143.
[14]Kumar V,Batra P,Sharma K,et al.Comparative assessment of the rate of orthodontic tooth movement in adolescent patients undergoing treatment by first bicuspid extraction and en mass retraction, associated with low-frequency mechanical vibrations in passive self-ligating and conventional brackets: a randomized controlled trial[J].Int Orthod,2020,18(4):696-705.
[15]王立坤,钟志华.自锁托槽矫治器应用于牙周病患者正畸治疗对牙周指数及龈沟液中IL-1β和TNF-α表达的影响[J].实用口腔医学杂志,2018,34(5):656-659.
[16]Maan A S,Patil A K.Assessment of salivary interleukin-1β(IL-1β), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels and pain intensity in children and adults during initial orthodontic treatment[J].J Orthod Sci,2019,8(1):16.
[17]Soares Bonato R C,Abel Mapengo M A,De Azevedo-Silva L J,et al.Tooth movement, orofacial pain, and leptin, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in obese adolescents[J].Angle Orthod,2022,92(1):95-100.
[18]Papadimitriou A,Kouvelis G,Fanaropoulou T,et al.Effects of self-ligating orthodontic appliances on the periodontal health of adolescents: a prospective cohort study[J].Oral Health Prev Dent,2021,19(1):129-135.
[收稿日期]2022-04-01
本文引用格式:刘晓青,刘颖萍,郭冠英,等.自锁托槽矫治器对儿童患者矫治效果及龈沟液炎性因子水平的影响[J].中国美容医学,2023,32(7):126-130.