冷晓霞
一、引言
读后续写是一种将阅读与写作紧密结合的题型,旨在考查学生的综合语言运用能力。浙江省于2016年高考首次采用读后续写题型。随着高考综合改革的推进,该题型在其他很多省份得到推广。《普通高中英语课程标准(2017年版2020年修订)》指出,故事续写需要考生阅读故事性短文,根据其中情节,续写故事,使之完整。《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语学科考试说明》明确要求考生续写出与给定材料有逻辑衔接、情节和结构完整的短文。
读后续写中读的是文章的内容情节、逻辑结构、语言风格和主题意义。续写要延续情节、遵循逻辑、协同语言和照应主题。这里就存在一定的协同效应。协同效应实质是以读物为样板,提高学习者语言使用能力的拉平效应。协同需要作文与读物连贯,连贯就要不断回读,回读促使产出与理解互动,互动产生协同效应。然而,学生在续写作文中常出现故事情节不连贯和词不达意的现象,表现在续写内容与原文脱节,内容主次不突出,时空切换频繁,想到哪写到哪,人称混乱,语法错误较多,词汇低级,语言表达能力差,不会多维度描写,只会用干瘪的对话推进剧情,缺少语句间的衔接。另外,不少教师读后续写课堂教学侧重于为写而写,只是泛泛而谈,没有策略性、针对性的指导。
笔者结合理论背景以及学生写作中遇到的问题,通过学习和借鉴协同理论,探讨续写的思路及方法。同时,通过分析学生续写中出现的问题,指导教师帮助学生对作文进行二次修改和润色,使学生在阅读、写作及二次修改之间形成有效的互动,做到读、写、改有机融合,最终提高学生的英语核心素养,同时也为教师以后的教学提供全新的教学策略。
二、教学实践
笔者以山东省潍坊市2023年期末考试读后续写题为例,说明如何完成读后续写的二次修改以提高学生的写作能力和水平。学生读后续写习作如下:
Version A:
The Big Cleaning plan began. Joan gathered thedirty clothes on the sofa,put them into the washingma chine and pressed the button. After doing that sherushed to help Mike. Who was mopping the flloor? Thetwins cleaned the house from head to toe,and now thehouse became very neat. Then they got the clothes out ofthe machine,putting them in line on the balcony. Atthis time,they heard someone knocking at the door. Itwas mother's birthday cake! They put the cake on thetable cautiously and waited for mum.
With the cake placed on the table,Mum came in.The instant she saw the cake,she couldn 't hold backher tears. When Mum realized what had happened,awarm current rose in her heart. Staring at the clean floor and the washed clothes,she could hardly contain herexcitement and hugged them tightly.“It is the bestbirthday gift I have ever had!”Mum said emotionally.Just then Joan took out her smartphone and took a happyvideo named Mum's Birthday and sent it to Dad.
建議分数:22
批阅反馈:创造了新颖、丰富、合理的内容,富有逻辑性,续写完整,与原文情境融洽度高;语言流畅自然,使用了多样且比较丰富的词汇和句式,表达比较清晰,语言错误较少。全文自然有效地使用了段落间、句间衔接手段;结构清晰,前后呼应,意义连贯。
Version B:
The Big Cleaning plan began. First of all,theygathered all the dirty clothes that piled on the sofa andwashed them carefully. Although they were tired afterwashing plenty of clothes,they began to mop the floorwithout taking a rest. Exhausted,they were overwhelmedby the pleasure for preparing a big surprise to mom.While they were working hardly,the bell rang. It wasmom's cake that was delivered. Mike got out to take thecake when John was busy cleaning up dinner table.“How don't we buy a bunch of flowers?”John suggested.Mike approved. After they bought flowers and put themin vase on the table,the cake was finally placed on thetable,waiting for its owner.
With the cake placed on the table,Mum came in.Astonished and surprised,she couldn't believe the cleanand neat room was her original home. On seeing thecake along with fresh flowers on the table,she couldn'thold back her tears. “Happy birthday,mom!”Mikeand John said and ran towards mom to give her a hug.They hug tightly,and John said:“The cake is orderedby dad,while Mike and I clean the house and buy theflowers.”“Happy birthday,mom!”she repeated.“I'm really happy,my dears. It was the most unforgettablebirthday.”Mom said,with moving tears swimming inher eyes. What made it the most unforgettable? It mustbe the love between family members.
建议分数:17
批阅反馈:创造了比较丰富、合理的内容,比较有逻辑性,部分情节不合理,打扫卫生的过程描写过于简单。全文结构比较清晰,内容比较连贯,与原文情境融洽度比较高;词汇和语法结构有少许错误,时态误用,用过多的对话推进故事情节,对于“said”的修饰过于单调;段落间衔接不恰当。
读后续写题的评分依据主要有三个方面:内容情节、逻辑结构以及语言表达。在内容方面,要求前后连贯、主题明确,能将阅读文本中的主旨表达出来,与原文融洽度高;在逻辑结构方面,要求思路清晰通顺、合情合理、自然有效地使用了段落间、句间衔接手段;在语言方面,要求词句运用正确、语言流畅得体、表达方式多样。基于评分标准,教师从内容、逻辑、语言三个方面分析学生在续写中存在的问题,并找到相应对策,更好地解决了问题,提高了其写作水平和能力。
(一)如何读出细节和主题
基于问题的阅读可以帮助学生快速把握文本大意、语篇框架、文本细节和主题意义。教师要求学生重新阅读文本,梳理故事的基本要素(who,when,where,what)(见表1),进一步归纳文章的语言风格、文体特点以及主旨大意。
(二)如何构思后续情节
以列提纲的方式确定续写内容。读后续写遵循Action鄄Response原则,即某人物的所说、所做、所感、所想会引起其他人物的一系列反应。基于此原则,我们要求学生推断第一、第二段所写的内容。续写内容可以从与续写首句的主语或者宾语(与所给提示句)保持一致的角度入手推断出,第一段接续写内容可以是:
衔接句1:As planned,they took action immediately.
情节推动1:Joan和弟弟合作大扫除。
情节推动2:两人大扫除以后的心理感受。
衔接句2:(与第二段首句内容衔接):预订的蛋糕到了。
第二段的续写重点应该是:
衔接句1:妈妈回来后看到蛋糕和干净屋子的反应。
情节推动1:Joan 和Mike的动作、语言、感受。
情节推动2:妈妈对Joan和Mike 的感谢。
主旨:一家人度过了一个令人难忘的生日。学生可以采用首尾呼应、主题升华、画面定格、对话收尾和结尾留白等方式来结尾。
(三)如何改正作文中的错误
1.剖析语法错误,提高语言表达的正确性
学生作文中常见的语法错误主要集中在非謂语动词做状语、时态、连词、中式英语、冠词等方面。分类、归纳、总结学生习作中词汇和语言错误,引导学生分析、总结同一类语法错误,配以相应的练习巩固,以此加深对相应知识点的理解,更好地迁移创新到后期的续写中。(见图1、图2、图3、图4)
错误:非谓语动词做状语,主句的主语与非谓语动词的逻辑主语不一致。
练习:
(1)生活在这样的家庭中,我明白了家人之间的爱使我们更有力量。
Living in such family,I understood that the lovebetween family members could make us powerful.
(2)他静静地站在那里,感动得泪流满面。
Moved to tears,he stood there quietly.
错误:时态错误
练习:
(1)所有的任务刚完成,这时门铃响了。
Hardly had all the tasks been finished when the bell rang.
(2)蛋糕被及时送到了。
The cake was delivered in time.
错误:连词误用
练习:
(1)所有的任务都完成以后,他们坐在地板上,很累但很快乐。
After all the tasks were finished,they sat on thefloor,tired but happy.
(2)他告诉年轻人保持安静,以防止他伤着他的脖子。
He told the young man to stay still in case he hurthis neck.
错误:中式英语
练习:
(1)妈妈的脸上露出了疲惫的神情。
A look of tiredness spread across Mom's face.
(2)Joan 被分配去洗衣服,Mike负责清扫地板。
Joan was assigned to wash the clothes,while Mike was responsible for cleaning the floor.
2.优化对话表达,丰富句式结构
以记叙文为主的读后续写材料,常常会有对话描写,因为对话有助于推动故事情节的发展,但对话本身不能代替故事情节。为了保持与原文语言风格的一致,对话内容也不能过多,一定要保持一个“度”,才能恰到好处。续写作文时,学生对“说”的修饰过于单一,引导学生适当添加说话语气、声音、情绪以及神态,即添加副词、介词+名词、非谓语动词(独立主格/ with 复合结构)、分词形容词(情绪形容词)使“说”更生动。例如:
“I will never forgive you!”said he,angrily.
“I would love to.”said Emily in a pleasant tone/voice.
“I won't believe you any more.”he said,tears streaming down her cheeks uncontrollably/ disappointment crossing his face.
“I didn't get an ideal score in the math exam.”saidLily,disappointed. 同时,为了增强语段内容的丰富性,可以在同一时间点,多角度构造动作面(肢体动作+ 面部表情+ 语言/ 心理)。例如:With his eyesbrimmed with astonishment,the teacher couldn't helpbut walk to Xialuo and sighed,“Disturbs what? Yourscore couldn't get any lower.”
3.分解动作过程,提升画面感
在续写中描写动作时不能太笼统和空洞,笼统空洞的描写使文章显得平淡乏味,缺乏生动性。因此,教师应该引导学生精选动词,细化动作,按动作的先后顺序来描写整个过程,使情节更具有画面感。试比较下面两句话:
(1)Joan gathered all the dirty clothes that piled on the sofa and washed them carefully.
(2)Joan collected the clothes from sofa and thenput them in the water of a basin. After pouring in somewashing liquids,she began to wash them by hand.Realizing the clothes were clean enough,Joan gentlysqueezed water out and hung them to dry.
分析:第(1)句描写了Joan洗衣服的过程,只是简单描述,显得很单调。而第(2)句运用了精准的动词collect、put、pour、wash、squeeze、hang、dry等,生动具体地描述了Joan洗衣服的过程,极具画面感。
4.深度研讀文本,加深主题理解
在续写过程中部分学生由于思维过于开放,还会在续写时随意发挥,甚至出现和原作“各说各话”的情况。如:内容脱离故事主题、情节设置过于突兀等情况。针对学生作文中的情节设置问题,教师可以问题链的形式引导学生在续写情节的合理性上进行深层思考。例如:
Plot 1:After Joan and Mike finished their own task,they made a meal for their mother.
Plot 2:Dad came back home and the family celebrated Mom's birthday together.
分析:在Plot1中,Joan和Mike大扫除之后,又给妈妈做了一顿饭,不符合原文在时间上的描述,离她妈妈回来还有两个小时,既拖地又洗衣服,还要做饭,时间上不合理。并且对于两个不经常做家务的孩子来说,做一顿饭不是简单的事情。在Plot 2中,文中提到Joan謘s father was a seaman,who rarely cameback. 所以爸爸突然回来给妈妈庆祝生日不合理。
学生之间互动讨论内容是否合理,可以更好地加深对文本的主题意义、内容情节的理解,使其写作内容更具合理性。
三、结语
在协同理论指导下的读写改结合的教学实践中,学生学会了从内容、语言、连贯性三个方面来二次修改和润色作文。学生在这一“互动—理解—协同—产出—修改/润色”的写作训练过程中,做到与原语篇在主题意义、写作手法、文本特征和语言特点等方面达到高度的协同。