聂鹂庆 江洪
[基金项目:国家自然科学基金(81970287)
通信作者:江洪,E-mail:hong-jiang@whu.edu.cn]
【摘要】昼夜节律是一种广泛存在于各种生物体内的节律性现象,当昼夜节律发生紊乱时会引起心血管疾病的发生。急性心肌梗死是一种常见的致死性心血管疾病,研究发现心肌梗死的发生存在昼夜节律改变。昼夜节律紊乱会对急性心肌梗死的发生发展产生严重影响,最终威胁人类生命健康。但昼夜节律紊乱促进急性心肌梗死发生发展的机制尚未明确,可能是自主神经系统、炎症、肾素-血管紧张素系统等机制参与其中。现对昼夜节律与急性心肌梗死之间的相关性以及潜在的机制展开综述。
【关键词】昼夜节律;急性心肌梗死;自主神经系统 ;生物钟
【DOI】10.16806/j.cnki.issn.1004-3934.2023.12.000
Effect and Mechanism of Circadian Rhythm Disturbance on Acute Myocardial Infarction
NIE Liqing,JIANG Hong
(Department of Cardiology,Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous Research Center,Wuhan University,Cardiovascular Research Institute,Wuhan University,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology,Wuhan 430060,Hubei,China)
【Abstract】The circadian rhythm is a rhythmic phenomenon widely existing in various organisms. When circadian rhythm is disrupted,it can cause the occurrence of cardiovascular disease. Acute myocardial infarction is a common fatal cardiovascular disease,and Studies have found that there is a circadian rhythm change in the occurrence of myocardial infarction. The circadian rhythm disturbance will have a serious impact on the occurrence and development of acute myocardial infarction,ultimately threaten life and health. However,the mechanism by which circadian rhythm disturbance promote the occurrence and development of acute myocardial infarction is still unclear,and may be involved by mechanisms such as the autonomic nervous system,inflammation,renin-angiotensin system. This article reviews the correlation and potential mechanisms between circadian rhythm and acute myocardial infarction.
【Key words】Circadian rhythm; Acute myocardial infarction; Autonomic nerve; Biological clock
急性心肌梗死( acute myocardial infarction,AMI) 是常见的致死性疾病,根据中国心血管健康与疾病报告[1]显示其发病率和死亡率仍呈上升趋势,并严重危害人类的健康;高脂血症、高血压、肥胖、糖尿病、吸烟是 AMI 公认的常见危险因素。而熬夜或夜班轮班工作现象在当今社会已成为新常态,其导致的生物节律紊乱带来诸多健康问题。近年来对昼夜节律的相关研究深受关注,研究发现AMI的发病呈现昼夜节律改变,其发病高峰时间在清晨[2];在AMI病理过程中,斑块破裂也呈现昼夜节律改变,其高峰时间在09:00,可能与儿茶酚胺在清晨增加有關[3]。还发现当轮班或其他生活方式因素导致昼夜节律紊乱时,会增加AMI发生发展的风险[4]。而昼夜节律改变参与AMI发生的机制尚不明确。现主要就昼夜节律在AMI中的研究进展予以综述,描述昼夜节律系统的特征,并讨论昼夜节律在AMI中的作用及其潜在的机制。
1 昼夜节律系统
昼夜节律是以24 h为周期的生物节律,使内部生物功能与环境变化保持平衡,其调控位点位于下丘脑前部的视交叉上核(suprachiasmatic nucleus,SCN),具有参与昼夜节律产生、维持以及调控的作用,该区域为昼夜节律的起搏点,又称中央生物钟[5-6]。当光照刺激中央生物钟时,使其在视网膜中转换成神经信号,通过视网膜下丘脑束传递至下丘脑SCN,继而通过神经-体液调节系统将信息传递给外周其他部分,从而来调节机体活动[7]。
在分子机制方面,昼夜节律是由核心时钟基因和时钟控制基因共同驱动的。生物钟的核心分子机制是由核心时钟基因(CLOCK和BMAL1)及其靶基因(Per1、Per2、Cry1、Cry2和Cry3)组成的一个自我调节反馈环[8]。该负反馈循环过程由核心时钟基因形成1个CLOCK/BMAL1异质二聚体,通过与时钟基因Per和Cry的增强子元件(E-box)位点相结合,激活Per和Cry的转录和翻译;二者在细胞质中积累,形成异质二聚体并转移至细胞核,抑制CLOCK/BMAL1的转录活性,从而抑制编码基因的转录[9]。此外,核心时钟基因的表达受时钟控制基因调节,如基因Rev-erbα和Rorα也参与调控BMAL1基因的表达[10-11]。这些时钟基因几乎存在于机体的各个细胞中,包括心脏、肾脏、免疫系统等,它们通过调节目的基因的转录和翻译,从而影响生理代谢过程[12]。
2 昼夜节律与自主神经系统
自主神经系统由交感神经系统和副交感神经系统组成,能够调节内脏、血管平滑肌和腺体的活动来维持机体内外环境的平衡。越来越多的研究发现自主神经系统表现出昼夜节律改变,交感神经活性在夜间最低,在早晨觉醒时活性上升[13]。Goyal等[14]对56例健康男性受试者的心电图进行研究,发现自主神经系统具有昼夜节律改变。还发现长期轮班工作也会导致自主神经系统活性改变,影响机体健康[15]。此外,心率、血压以及不良心血管事件也呈现出明显的昼夜节律改变。Barazi等[16]发现自主神经系统在心率昼夜节律波动中起着主要决定因素。Mason等[17]发现在夜间睡眠期间予以光照,会使心率加快,同时发现交感神经活性也明显增加。此外,Liu等[18]在动物模型中发现心率和血压的高频功率振荡与交感神经活性中的高频功率振荡有关。总之,这证实交感神经在心率和血压昼夜节律改变中起着重要作用[19]。
随着中枢和外周神经系统的深入研究,发现中枢神经系统可通过控制外周自主神经系统影响心血管功能。既往研究[20]发现SCN参与调节血压和心率的昼夜节律改变,SCN通过自主神经系统对心脏和血管进行调节。为明确神经机制参与SCN影响心脏的过程,Wang等[21]在动物犬模型上通过逆示踪病毒技术证实SCN和心脏之间存在神经连接。Mutoh等[22]在小鼠模型中发现光照刺激SCN可引起交感神经活动、动脉血压和心率增加,并抑制迷走神经活动,同时,发现褪黑素通过激活中枢褪黑素受体信号来调节光诱导的自主神经反应。此外,SCN还可通过神经内分泌系统发挥作用。有研究[23]发现皮质醇呈现出的昼夜节律变化,影响着自主神经系统和心血管功能,而皮质醇的合成与分泌受下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴调节。综上,昼夜节律改变与自主神经系统密切相关。
3 昼夜节律对AMI的影响
近年来,随着生活压力的不断加剧,越来越多的证据表明,除高脂血症、高血压、肥胖、糖尿病、吸烟这些常见的危险因素,昼夜节律紊乱也成为常见的危险因素,对AMI的发生发展造成严重影响。Xin 等[24]研究发现AMI的发病时间具有明显的昼夜节律改变,其发病高峰在早晨(07:00—09:00)。昼夜节律紊乱除对AMI的发生有一定的影响,对AMI的梗死面积也有影响。Zhao等[25]在一项前瞻性、多中心研究中纳入412例接受再灌注治疗的ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者,通过心脏磁共振成像发现,轮班工作会增加心肌梗死再灌注损伤后的梗死面积,随访还发现轮班工作会增加不良心血管事件的发生风险。Ar?等[26]对252例STEMI患者进行回顾性研究发现,STEMI患者心肌梗死面积大小和左心室功能存在昼夜节律改变。通过超声心动图发现最大心肌梗死面积和最差左心室功能发生在06:00至中午。在治疗及远期预后方面也进行了研究,Peng等[27]在2013—2019年收录的1 099例接受原发性经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的心肌梗死患者,发现患者的夜间症状发作与不良心脏事件风险增加独立相关。Henriques等[28]对1 702例接受血管成形术的STAMI患者进行观察性研究发现,工作时间接受血管成形术的失败率为3.8%,而非工作时间的失败率是6.9%,故在非工作时间接受治疗的患者比在日常工作时间接受治疗的患者有更高的失败率。此外,在分子机制方面也发现,昼夜节律基因突变会增加心血管疾病易感性。?krlec等[29-30]通过病例对照研究发现CLOCK、Per2、Cry2基因的遗传变异与心肌梗死的发生有关。综上,昼夜节律紊乱对AMI的发病率、心肌梗死面积、治疗及远期预后等产生不利影响,严重危害机体健康。
4 昼夜節律在AMI发生发展中的可能的机制
4.1 自主神经系统
自主神经系统在心血管系统中起到重要的调节作用。既往研究[31]表明,心血管疾病的发生常伴随着自主神经失衡。反之,交感神经系统活性增加会导致心血管疾病发病率和死亡率增加[32]。Yu等[33]研究发现在犬的心肌梗死模型中交感神经活性明显增强,并发现刺激迷走神经可降低心肌梗死后室性心律失常的发生。有研究[34]发现心肌梗死的发生呈现出明显的昼夜节律改变,在其机制研究中发现,早晨的交感神经活性增加会改变血流动力学,从而使得动脉粥样硬化斑块易破裂,增加心肌梗死患者的发病率和死亡率。另外,自主神经系统在昼夜节律的中枢和外周信号传递过程中起着重要作用,同时还调节心血管系统的病理生理过程[35]。SCN可能通过自主神经系统直接影响心血管疾病的发生[36]。Wang等[21]为弄清楚昼夜节律紊乱在脑-心轴之间的神经机制,在心肌梗死模型上进行验证,采用逆病毒示踪技术验证SCN与心脏之间存在解剖学连接,即“下丘脑-室旁核-颈上神经节-心脏”交感轴;同时,发现昼夜节律紊乱可使心肌梗死后的心脏功能和结构改变,并促进交感神经重塑,进一步证明昼夜节律紊乱可能通过激活交感神经系统对心肌梗死后的心脏重构产生不利影响,这为自主神经系统参与昼夜节律紊乱调控机制提供重要证据。Jiao等[37]研究也发现昼夜节律紊乱可降低血清褪黑素水平,加重心脏交感神经重塑,导致脑-心交感神经系统过度激活,从而加重心功能障碍,并增加心肌梗死后的心脏纤维化。此外,室旁核是调节自主神经系统和心血管功能的重要核团,有研究[38]发现调节室旁核的交感神经活性可以降低心肌梗死后大鼠的外周交感活性,从而减少室性心律失常的诱发率。综上,昼夜节律紊乱会加剧AMI后心脏重构,而自主神经系统可能是其重要的神经机制。
4.2 炎症
生物钟在免疫系统激活中起重要作用[39],而炎症也是AMI 的发生发展过程中的重要环节[40]。其中生物钟基因Rev-erbα可参与调节昼夜节律、葡萄糖和脂质代谢以及炎症反应。Gibbs等[41]研究发现生物钟基因Rev-erbα敲除后小鼠血清中白细胞介素-6的昼夜节律性消失,同时,发现Rev-erbα可作为时钟和免疫功能之间的关键环节,也可作为炎症性疾病的独特治疗靶点。Stujanna等[42]研究发现Rev-erbα激动剂可通过抑制细胞因子产生和炎性细胞浸润来改善AMI小鼠的心脏功能和生存率。Morris等[43]研究也发现昼夜节律紊乱使24 h血清白细胞介素-6、C反应蛋白、肿瘤坏死因子-α水平提高3%~29%,使得健康成年人的心血管风险增加。此外,有研究[44]发现白细胞黏附在动脉和静脉上呈昼夜节律波动,其动脉黏附在早晨达到峰值,静脉黏附在晚上达到峰值,白细胞黏附的这些峰值与血管炎症增加和局部血管阻塞事件发生时间缩短有关。因此,生物钟在炎症过程中发挥着重要的调节作用,这可能为探究AMI的发生发展提供重要思路。
4.3 腎素-血管紧张素系统机制
既往研究[45]表明,肾素-血管紧张素系统表现出昼夜节律改变,在心血管疾病的发生过程中起着重要作用。而血管紧张素和褪黑激素在心血管系统中具有拮抗作用。Sadeghi等[46]发现褪黑激素是昼夜节律的重要调节剂,它可能通过中枢和外周受体诱导血管舒张,逆转血管紧张素Ⅱ产生的分解代谢状态,从而拮抗血管紧张素Ⅱ对心血管系统的影响。此外,褪黑激素可以防止血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导的心肌细胞肥大和氧化应激,对心脏具有保护作用[47]。还有研究[48]发现血浆肾素及血管紧张素增加与心肌梗死风险增加有关。因此,昼夜节律改变时,可激活肾素-血管紧张素系统,引起肾素、血管紧张素等活性物质改变,从而作用于心血管系统,最终可能导致AMI的发生。
5 总结与展望
维持正常昼夜节律对机体健康具有重要意义。昼夜节律是由SCN的中央时钟和外周时钟基因共同参与调控的,在心血管的病理生理学机制中起着重要作用。AMI是一种常见的心血管疾病,大量研究表明其发生呈昼夜节律改变。反之,当昼夜节律发生紊乱时,会导致其发病率、死亡率以及手术等风险增加。但目前昼夜节律在AMI中的作用机制还未完全揭示,可能是自主神经活动、炎症因子以及肾素-血管紧张素系统等多种因素共同作用的结果。近年来昼夜节律因素受到广泛关注,希望未来有更多的研究来进一步解释二者之间的作用机制,为后续的治疗靶点提供理论基础。
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收稿日期:2023-02-06