高考英语听力中的有形推断和无形推断试题探究

浙江 林 妮

通过对近几年的高考英语真题的分析和研究，我们发现高考英语听力试题总体上难度适中，话题广泛，时代性强，风格稳定。听力话题基本围绕学生的日常生活，涉及学习生活、就餐出行、就诊购物、相约见面、新工作状况等。在2022 年1 月高考英语浙江卷的听力试题中，还涉及电话咨询银行开户，参加毕业典礼，以及以“痛苦也能带来快乐”为话题的节目主持人的独白。听力部分仍是10 段听力材料，其中5 段材料较短，另外5 段较长。听力的语速较慢，平均语速为130 词/分。题目类型是以《考试大纲》列出的考生应该掌握的四项听力技能为基础的四大类：主旨要义题，事实性具体信息题，推理判断题，观点态度题，目的意图题。笔者将2022 年1 月高考英语浙江卷的听力真题给学习水平为中等层次的高一学生测试后，发现学生错误率较高的题目都集中在需要应用有形推断和无形推断的题目上。为了能够更好地指导考生解答此类题目，笔者在有形推断所包含的一意多词、熟词生义和信息转换及无形推断所涉及的话题语境、语法句型和话语标记语方面进行了研究和总结。

一、有形推断

（一）一意多词

听力原文和听力题目的选项中常常有近义词交替出现，这些词往往是一意多词，且有这种词出现的选项多为正确答案。例如：2022 年1 月高考英语浙江卷听力部分第4 题和第17 题。

4.What will Jim probably do this weekend?

A.Finish a project.

B.Take a class.

C.Have a rest.

W: Hi,Jim.How’s your new job going?

M: It’s very exciting,and I’m really learning a lot.But it’s also quite tiring.I feel like a good break this weekend.

此例中，C 选项中的rest 和对话中的break 是同义词，意为“休息”，因此正确答案为C。

17.What is Peter going to do this afternoon?

A.Hold a dinner.

B.Give Sally a call.

C.Attend a meeting.

M: Good point.Yikes! It’s already 12:30.I have to go now.I have an important meeting this afternoon.Tell Jim I said hi,and I’ll call you so we can have dinner sometime.

W: Great.And say hi to Sally and the kids.See you.

M: See you.

第17 题问的是Peter 下午将做什么，听力文本中的“I have an important meeting this afternoon.”与C选项中的“Attend a meeting”为同义词组，意为“参加会议”，因此正确答案为C。

（二）熟词生义

有时，听力原文中包含的解题关键词，在文本中的意思并不是这个词的最常用含义，而是二级、三级含义。例如：2022 年1 月高考英语浙江卷听力部分第6 题和第7 题。

6.What does the woman want to do?

A.Open a bank account.

B.Cancel a credit card.

C.Withdraw some money.

7.Where will the woman go?

A.Brown College.

B.Dudley Road.

C.Kingfield Street.

M: Hello,City Bank.Can I help you?

W: Hi.I’m calling for information on opening a savings account.

M: Have you had any accounts in our bank before?

W: No,I don’t think so.

M: Then you’ll have to go in person to one of our branches and talk to a clerk there.

W: I see.Is there a bank near Brown College?

M:We have one branch at 135 Dudley Road and one at 512 Kingfield Street.

W: I think I will go to the one on Dudley.Thank you

此例中，account 意为“账户”，branch 意为“支行”，都是熟词生义，了解它们在文本中的意思，是答对上述两道题的关键。

（三）信息转换

听力题目通常会以原文中涉及的人物、事件、时间、地点、原因、方式、程度、数字、选择等来提问，如：

When does this meeting start?

Where are the speakers going?

Why is the man unhappy?

How much is the T-shirt?

What day is it today?

...

信息题除了涉及基本的计算和转换外，也存在一些设题规律，如三个选项的内容在原文中都有提到，但往往最后提到的才是正确答案，例如：2022 年1 月高考英语浙江卷听力部分第2 题。

2.What will Jeff take to school tomorrow?

A.An apple pie.

B.A carrot cake.

C.A roast chicken.

M: What are you cooking? It smells delicious!

W: I’m making a carrot cake.

M: Nice! I see a roast chicken and an apple pie over there,too.

W: The chicken is for dinner,and the pie is for Jeff.He has to take something to school tomorrow.

此例中先提到女士正在做a carrot cake，然后提到晚餐吃a roast chicken，最后提到an apple pie 是给Jeff的。考生需要耐心地听完全部内容，才能选对答案，千万不能先入为主，听到啥就选啥。

二、无形推断

（一）话题语境

考生应注意题目的背景声音，说话人的语气、语调和重音。对话或独白往往发生在一定的场景中，例如谈论天气、问路、购物、事务安排，因此考生应该结合听力对话或独白的场景来解答相应的试题。例如：2022 年1 月高考英语浙江卷听力部分第18 题和第20 题。

18.What is Jennifer Green doing?

A.Conducting a class.

B.Presenting a speaker.

C.Recommending a book.

20.What is Professor Bastian going to do next?

A.Share his stories.

B.Discuss his plans.

C.Explain his views.

W:Good evening,everyone.I’m Jennifer Green.Thanks for joining us.In today’s edition of Perfect Life,our guest is Brock Bastian,a social psychologist from the University of Melbourne.Professor Bastian’s research focuses on pain,happiness,and morality.Recently,he published a book on the role of pain in promoting pleasure.The title of the book is The Other Side of Happiness.In this book,he argues that as we seek to escape pain or sorrow,we are weakening ourselves and may lose our adaptive ability to deal with pain in the future.Painful experiences are in fact vital for our development and how we face the unavoidable challenges ahead.And they play a key role in helping us develop our ability to feel truly happy.Now,let’s welcome Professor Bastian to talk about his ideas in the book.

此例中，独白的开场语为问候语“Good evening,everyone.”，紧接着介绍到“In today’s edition of Perfect Life,our guest is Brock Bastian”，根据说话人的语气和介绍嘉宾的内容，考生可以推断出此处场景应是在为一位嘉宾做开场介绍“Presenting a speaker.”，因此第18 题的正确答案为B。而独白的最后一句 “Now,let’s welcome Professor Bastian to talk about his ideas in the book.”体现出接下来的事务安排是欢迎教授阐述他书本里的观点，因此第20 题的正确答案为C。

（二）语法句型

考生应注意特殊词汇和句型。句子的时态、语气、语态经常决定着说话者的意图，考生应多留意would rather，I wish，If I were 等表示与事实相反的表达方式，这有利于考生快速准确地进行解题。例如：2022 年1 月高考英语浙江卷听力部分第12 题和第13 题。

12.What does the man suggest the woman do?

A.Arrive early.

B.Sit near the stage.

C.Take some pictures.

13.What is the relationship between the speakers?

A.Brother and sister.

B.Fellow teachers.

C.Schoolmates.

M: Hi,Annie.That’s a very lovely bunch of flowers.

W: It’s for my sister.It’s her graduation day today.

M: It must have cost you a fortune.

W: I paid 60 dollars for it,but it’s worth it.Jane worked very hard for her degree over the last four years.Today is a very important day for her,and I want it to be special.

M: That’s very nice of you.I wish it were our graduation day too.

W: Another three years and we’ll be done too.

M: Where are they going to hold the graduation ceremony?

W: In the conference hall at 2:00 p.m.It’ll be a big ceremony.

M:I guess you should be there early.Otherwise,you won’t get a seat.

W: Yes,I’ll try to find a seat close to the stage.I want to take some good pictures of my sister.

M: Have fun,Annie.Give Jane my best wishes.

W: Thanks.Bye,Steve.

此例中，第12 题题干问的是男士建议女士做什么，根据原文中“I guess you should be there early.Otherwise,you won’t get a seat.”用表示建议的句型“I guess you should”和虚拟语气句型 “Otherwise,you won’t” 可知，男士建议女士早点到场，否则就没有座位了，因此第12 题的正确答案为A。第13 题考查推断说话者之间的关系，根据男士所说的“I wish it were our graduation day too.”（我多么希望这也是我们的毕业典礼）可知，说话者之间的关系是校友，“I wish it were”是虚拟语气的句型，因此第13 题的正确答案为C。

（三）话语标记语

听力文本中的话语标记语指的是连接文本但无实际意义的词语，它们有助于听者理解文本，不同的话语标记语在听力文本中有着不同的语用功能。阐述性话语标记语主要用于连接句子、预测信息与解释信息，如and，or，like，I’m afraid，also，I’m sorry，either，excuse me，as well as；对比性话语标记语主要用来对比信息或转换主题，如but，if，however，though，even；推论性话语标记语的语用功能是推导信息，如so，because/because of，since，probably，therefore；语篇性话语标记语多用于指明顺序和构筑语篇，如then，when，now，next，before，after，firstly，secondly，first of all；填充性话语标记语的语用功能为延缓语气，也有问候的功能，如well，oh，OK，hello，yeah，hi，I see，after all，anyway，hmm，wow；自我评价性话语标记语用来揭示主观情感，如I think，I’m sure，I hope，I suppose，I guess；强调性话语标记语用于强调事实，如really，very，quite，actually，in fact，as a matter of fact，extremely。例如：2022 年1 月高考英语浙江卷听力部分第14 题和第16 题。

14.How does Laura sound at the beginning of the conversation?

A.Anxious. B.Regretful. C.Surprised.

16.Why did Jim choose to work from home?

A.To look after the kids.

B.To get more sleep.

C.To accompany his wife.

W:Oh,I can’t believe it! Peter,I haven’t seen you for ages.How are you?

M: Hi,Laura.Nice to meet you here.I’m pretty good.How about you?

W: I’m fine.It’s really great to see you.Do you have time to sit down?

M: I was leaving,but I can join you for a few minutes.

W: Great.So tell me,how’s your family?

M: Well,it keeps getting bigger.We have four kids now,all boys.

W: Four boys? I suppose they keep you busy.

M: They sure do.The baby is only one month old,so Sally is not working right now.And what’s new with you and Jim?

W:Believe it or not,he’s home with the kids.

M: You’re kidding!

W: No,I’m not.Jim chose to work from home so we could spend less on child care.I love it because he does all the shopping and cleaning.

此例中，第14 题考查推断说话者的态度，根据Laura所 说 的“Oh,I can’t believe it! Peter,I haven’t seen you for ages.”可知，Laura 很长时间没有见到男士了，见到男士时她感到非常惊讶，其中包含填充性话语标记语“Oh”，语用功能为问候，及自我评价性话语标记语“I can’t believe it!”用来揭示惊讶的主观情感，因此第14 题的正确答案为C。第16 题问的是Jim 选择在家工作的原因，原文中“Believe it or not,he’s home with the kids....Jim chose to work from home so we could spend less on child care.”包含强调性话语标记语“Believe it or not”用于强调事实，及推论性话语标记语“so”，其语用功能为推导信息，因此，根据so 后的“we could spend less on child care”可知Jim居家办公可以节省照看孩子的费用，因此推断出他居家办公的原因是照看孩子，因此第16 题的正确答案为A。