基于语篇分析理论探寻“七选五”的解题技巧

湖北 张 勋

阅读是高中英语的重要组成部分，阅读理解能力也是高考英语考查的重要能力之一。英语学习者可以通过阅读获取重要信息，了解不同的文化，增长见识，培养其学习能力、思维能力、语言能力和文化意识，从而落实英语学科核心素养。但是很多学生在阅读方面普遍存在一些问题，如习惯逐词逐句地阅读或者遇到新单词马上查词典，导致阅读速度较慢；认识文章中的每个单词，却不会归纳文章的中心思想；对文章的理解仅仅停留在字面意思，忽略上下文之间的逻辑联系以至于不能区分新信息和旧信息，因而无法理解文章的深层含义。这说明学生缺乏语篇整体意识，总是孤立地理解语篇中的单词和语法。这也说明学生未达到《普通高中英语课程标准（2017 年版2020 年修订）》（以下简称《课程标准》）的要求，即要求学生能识别语篇中的主要事实与观点之间的逻辑关系，识别语篇为传递意义而选用的主要词汇和语法结构，识别语篇中的内容要点和相应的支撑论据。

“七选五”实际上是把一篇完整的文章碎片化设空，要求考生将选项一一还原至空格处。《考试说明》对该题型的命题目的的表述为“主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握，”这就说明“七选五”对于考生的语篇分析能力要求很高。通过对2019—2022 年高考英语全国卷“七选五”试题的分析，我们不难发现一些选材规律和命题特点（如下表）。

考生可以运用语篇分析理论技巧，从篇章的理解出发，先分析篇章结构，然后分析句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间的衔接，可以在通览全文的同时了解文章主题。同时在这一过程中考生还可以掌握句子在表达篇章整体意义时所起到的作用，从而更好地解决“七选五”这一难题，提高做题效率与准确率。

语篇分析理论的实施有三个维度：1.宏观阅读，整体把握文章。主要了解语篇的背景知识和题材框架，划分篇章的各层级并确定其主题思想；2.微观细节阅读。主要涉及对语篇的词句、逻辑连接、段落与层次的分析，寻找信息传递的逻辑纽带，分析句子和段落间的衔接方式，深入理解段落与层次的主题思想并且加深对于语篇的全面理解；3.还原吸收阅读。在仔细理解语篇内容大意的基础上，把破碎的文章还原，并通过升华思想，提升做题的准确率和效率。基于语篇分析理论的三个维度，结合该题型的命题规律，笔者通过分析2019—2022 年高考英语全国卷试题来归纳总结进行“七选五”阅读的常规步骤：

1.通读全文，把握主旨：文章结构、主题句、写作内容；

2.解读选项，做出选择：选项关键词、上下文信息词；

3.分析：文章的衔接手段和上下文逻辑关系；

4.回读原文，排除干扰：确定选项。

一、通读全文，把握主旨：文章结构、主题句、写作内容

【2021 年全国甲卷】

Swap.Don’t shop!

You keep hearing about recycling,right? But it doesn’t end with bottles,cans,and paper.Clothing takes a huge amount of natural resources（资源）to make,and buying loads of new clothing（or throwing out old clothing）is not healthy for the environment.So what to do with all those perfectly-goodbut-you’re-maybe-a-little-sick-of-them clothes piled on your bedroom floor? 36 .It’s the best way to get rid of your used clothes,score clothes from your friends,and have a party all at the same time.

…

●Set a starting time.Maybe you say“go”,or turn on a certain song,or whatever. 40 .And don’t forget to put out some cookies and fruits.Remember,it’s a party!

第一步，通过以下三个问题来进行语篇整体分析：

第二步，从分析阅读理解“七选五”语篇的宏观结构特点入手，通过观察设空的位置，可以得出下列规律：

1.空格在段首：一般为主旨概括句（文章整体内容）、段落小标题或主题句，作用通常为引出下文，一般是名词短语或祈使句，特征非常明显。

【2018 年全国卷Ⅱ】

●Your productivity is improved.Exercising makes you more awake...

...

● 39 Studies found that people who woke up early for exercise slept better than those who exercised in the evening.Exercise energizes you,so it is more difficult to relax and have a peaceful sleep when you are very excited.

A.You will stick to your diet.

B.Your quality of sleep improves.

C.You prefer healthy food to fast food.

【答案】B。

【解析】设空处后文提到早起的人比晚上睡觉之前进行锻炼的人的睡眠质量要高，因为锻炼会让人更加兴奋（从而更难以入睡），因此推知B 选项应该是主题句，概括后文内容。故选B。

● 38 Staying self-disciplined requires motivation.It can be hard to stay motivated if you feel like you haven’t made any progress so far.Tracking progress makes you aware of how much you’ve done and encourage you to keep going.

A.Measure your goals.

B.Build a support system.

C.However,it is easier said than done.

【答案】A。

【解析】设空处后文建议人们随时记录和关注自己取得的进步，因此可推知A 选项是主题句，概括后文内容。故选A。

2.空格在段中：一般为过渡性的句子（文章结构）或是注释性的句子（上下文逻辑意义），句间逻辑关系紧密，起承上启下的作用。

【2022 年全国甲卷】

Some of these cultural dining etiquette rules may seem random and strange,but they are important in various countries. 40 ,the more comfortable you’ll begin to feel with its foreign cultural practices.

A.The more friends you make in your lifetime

B.The more time you spend in any given country

【答案】B。

【解析】后文提到“你就会对外国文化习俗感到越舒服”，而只有更多地接触不同国家的餐饮文化才能做到，B 选项是过渡句，起到承上启下的作用。故选B。

3.空格在段尾：主旨概括句（文章整体内容）一般是总结句，或是对主题句的进一步阐述和提炼升华。

【2019 年全国卷Ⅲ】

Don’ts

• Don’t share personal information or stories.Professors are not trained nurses,financial aid experts or your best friends.If you are in need of a deadline extension,simply explain the situation to the professor. 39

A. That’s what they are for.

B. Turn to an online instructor for help.

C. If more information is needed,they will ask.

D. Remember that online professors get a lot of emails.

E. Below are some common do’s and don’ts for online learners.

F. Everyone has taken a not-so-great class at one time or another.

G.Ask questions,but make sure they are good,thoughtful questions.

【答案】C。

【解析】设空处前文交代，如果要延长期限，只需要向老师解释一下情况，C 项“如果需要更多的信息，他们会问你”是对前文的进一步阐述。故选C。

二、解读选项，做出选择：选项关键词、上下文信息词

通常情况下，做“七选五”试题时我们要关注词汇复现。词汇复现包括原词重复，使用同义/近义词（表达）、上下义关系词和广义词。不同形式的词汇重复可以使句子相互连接，使语篇更具有连续性，也可以避免文章词汇贫乏、语言苍白的问题，也为学生高效快速做题提供了可能性。

1.原词复现

【2019 年全国卷Ⅱ】

Imagine a child standing on a diving board four feet high and asking himself the question:“Should I jump?”This is what motivation or the lack of it can do.Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of the same coin. 36 Like the child on the diving board,you will stay undecided.

F.Motivation is what you need most to do a good job.

G.Without motivation,you can neither set a goal nor reach it.

【答案】G。

【解析】设空处前文中Motivation and goal setting 和G 选项中的Without motivation 属于原词复现，主题一致。故选G。

2.近义词（表达）复现

【2019 年全国卷Ⅱ】

Remember that goals are flexible. 39 They also need to be measurable.

D.So why should we try to set specific goals?

E.They can change according to circumstances.

【答案】E。

【解析】E 选项中的change 和前文中的flexible 是一对语义上的近义表达。故选E。

3.反义词（表达）复现

When we change our jobs or schools,it often leaves us without a friend. 36 But for many of us the process is difficult and requires courage.

A.Making new friends comes easy for some people.

B.For a friendship to develop you need to stay in touch.

【答案】A。

【解析】通过后文中的But 可知前后文是转折关系，A 选项中的easy 和后文中的difficult 正好是一对反义词，且A 项 与设空处后一句都围绕交新朋友这一主题。故选A。

4.同根词复现

Making a trip to the kitchen could be a fun way to spend an afternoon indoors! 38 Cooking will give all of you a lot of opportunities to work on something.

A.It would stay as a memory of the activity.

B.Everybody in the family could gather and cook a meal.

【答案】B。

【解析】设空处后文提到的Cooking 和B 选项中的cook 是同根词。故选B。

※同源/根词指的是同一个单词的变体，可以是动词、名词等。如fall– fell– fallen– falling；

lie– lied– lying,lie– lay– lain -lying（不同时态）,beauty– beautiful– beautifully -beautify,depend– dependent–dependence（不同词性）,mate– roommate– schoolmate–classmate,man– superman– policeman– chairman– postman（相同词根）。

5.同畴词复现

Don’t buy a lot of expensive and new gear (装备).Some skiers who owned nice winter jackets couldn’t go on the trip.36 “I have a neighbor who let me borrow some of his gear.That was very helpful,”says 13-year-old Mike.

C.I fell down and I was glad that I was wearing a helmet.

D.Don’t think that you ski well enough not to wear a helmet.

G.So they lent their clothes to other skiers.

【答案】G。

【解析】设空处前文提到了winter jackets，在G 选项中的clothes 的范畴内。故选G。

※常见的同畴词有很多，仅以下表进行举例说明：

6.代词线索

【2018 年全国卷Ⅰ】

Over the years，there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point.37，they can get a little complex.But good news is that there’re really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones,the medium ones,and the large ones.

A.While all of them are useful

B.Whatever you’re looking for

C.If you’re experimenting with a color

【答案】A。

【解析】设空处前文提到的a number of different techniques 和后文中的they 为指代关系，且they 和A 选项中的them 所指内容一致。故选A。

三、分析文章的衔接与连贯手段

在《英语的衔接》一书中，韩礼德（Halliday）和哈桑（Hasan）认为衔接是一种语义关系：当语篇中的某一语言成分需要依赖另一语言成分来解释时，便会产生衔接关系。衔接是实现语篇连贯性的重要手段。常见的逻辑关系词汇见下表：

1.并列关系

【2022 年新高考Ⅰ卷】

One reason was: “You’ll actually show up if you know someone is waiting for you at the gym,”while another read:“ 36 ”

A.Your first meeting may be a little awkward.

B.A workout partner usually needs to live close by.

C.You’ll work harder if you train with someone else.

【答案】C。

【解析】根据前文提到的while another read 可知，前后两句话是并列的，C 选项中的someone else 和文中的someone 构成并列关系。故选C。

2.递进关系

The website www.echinese.com provides you with a variety of online courses,such as Chinese idioms,dialogues and customs. 36 Here you can learn to sing some Chinese songs,enjoy Tang poems and watch Chinese movies.

A.Besides,it will help you learn Chinese in most interesting and effective ways.

B.As the old saying goes,“You’re never too old to learn.”

【答案】A。

【解析】设空处前文提到该网站可以提供各种网络课程，后面提到还可以在网站上学习唱歌、欣赏唐诗、观看中文电影，由此可知前后文内容应为递进关系，Besides 意为“而且”，是递进关系的标志词。故选A。

3.转折关系

【2022 年全国乙卷】

• Don’t rely on technology alone.

36 ,but long-distance friendships — even close ones —may require more conscious effort to sustain.Try to seek out chances to renew friendships.How to do it? Just spend face-toface time together whenever possible.

E.Friends need to talk about their preferred methods of communication

F.It is easy to have a sense of connectedness through social media

G.You may be the friend who left or the one who was left behind

【答案】F。

【解析】根据文中的but 可知，前后文是转折关系。后文提到“但是远距离的友谊——即使是亲密的友谊——可能更需要有意识地去努力维持”，因此前文应该是介绍维持友谊的容易（easy）。故选F。

4.对比关系

【2022 年新高考Ⅰ卷】

First of all,decide what you want from that person. 37 Or do you just want to be physically fit,able to move with strength and flexibility?

C.You’ll work harder if you train with someone else.

D.Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport?

E.How can you write a good“seeking training partner”notice?

【答案】D。

【解析】后文中提到的just want to be physically fit 和D 选项中的a better athlete 这两种锻炼的目的构成了对比关系。故选D。

5.因果关系

36 The US government wants to change that.The government will spend three billion dollars on the education of young Americans in science,technology,engineering,and math.The four areas together are known as STEM.

A.Not enough American students want to be engineers,mathematicians,or scientists.

B.Most of the American students love science,technology,engineering,and math.

【答案】A。

【解析】由设空处后文提到美国政府决定花大力气改变这种情况可推知，导火索应该是大多数孩子不愿意成为工程师、数学家或者是科学家，前后形成因果关系。故选A。

6.解释例证关系

【2022 年新高考Ⅰ卷】

Her notice included what kind of training she wanted to do,how many days a week and how many hours she wanted to spend on each session,and her age.It also listed her favorite sports and activities,and provided her phone number. 39

E.How can you write a good“seeking training partner”notice?

F.Just accept your differences and learn to work with each other.

G.Any notice for a training partner should include such information.

【答案】G。

【解析】根据G 选项中的such information 可知，前文是对G 选项的具体说明和解释，前文的训练项目、训练时间、年龄等都是信息的具体例证。故选G。

在面对高考阅读理解“七选五”试题时，考生应该使用语篇分析理论，全面深刻地理解语篇，才能够“见著知微”、见微知著，两者结合，一定可以解决“七选五”这一难题。