李祖锦 房华 孙传衍 吴敏
[摘要]目的:探究保留乳頭乳晕的乳腺癌根治术的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2019年1月-2020年6月60例乳腺癌患者的临床资料,根据手术方法的不同分为观察组(保留乳头乳晕的乳腺癌根治术,32例)及对照组(传统乳腺癌根治术,28例)。比较两组手术成功率、手术相关指标、乳房外观优良率及术后并发症发生率;观察两组患者手术前后上肢功能评定量表(Disabilities of arm, shoulder and hand scale,DASH)及免疫功能指标变化情况。结果:观察组手术成功率为96.88%(31/32),对照组手术成功率为100.00%(28/28),组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组手术时间、住院时间短于对照组,术中出血量及术后引流量少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组乳房外观优良率高于对照组,术后1周、术后1个月的DASH评分均小于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组术后CD3+、CD4+/CD8+值大于对照组,CD8+值小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组术后并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:保留乳头乳晕的乳腺癌根治术的疗效较高,可提高乳房美观度,改善患者上肢功能,并能减轻免疫损伤。
[关键词]乳腺癌根治术;保留乳头乳晕;临床疗效;乳房外观;上肢功能;免疫功能
[中图分类号]R737.9 [文献标志码]A [文章编号]1008-6455(2022)05-0057-04
Clinical Curative Effect of Radical Mastectomy with Nipple and Areola Preservation for Breast Cancer
LI Zujin1,FANG Hua2,SUN Chuanyan1,WU Min1
(1.Department of General Surgery; 2.Department of Urology,Haikou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Haikou 570100,Hainan,China)
Abstract: Objective To explore the clinical curative effect of radical mastectomy with nipple and areola preservation for breast cancer. Methods The clinical data of 60 breast cancer patients from January 2019 to June 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. According to different surgical methods, they were divided into the observation group (radical mastectomy with preservation of nipple and areola, 32 cases) and the control group (traditional radical mastectomy, 28 cases). The surgical success rate, surgical related indexes, good rate of breast appearance and incidence of postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. The changes in scores of Disabilities of arm, shoulder and hand scale (DASH) and immune function indexes before and after surgery in both groups were observed. Results The operation success rate of the observation group was 96.88% (31/32), and that of the control group was 100.00% (28/28). There was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The operation time and hospital stay in the observation group were shorter than those in the control group, and the amount of intraoperative bleeding and postoperative drainage in the observation group were less than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The excellent and good rate of breast appearance in the observation group was higher than that in the control group, and the DASH scores at one week and one month after operation were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The values of CD3+, CD4+ / CD8+ in the observation group were higher than those in the control group, and the value of CD8+ was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative complications between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion The curative effect of radical mastectomy with preservation of nipple and areola is significant, which can improve breast appearance and upper limb function, and relieve immune damage.
Key words: radical mastectomy; preserve nipple areola; clinical efficacy; breast appearance; upper limb function; immune function
乳腺癌是乳腺上皮细胞在多种致癌因子的作用下,发生增殖失控的现象,患者多表现为乳房肿块、乳头溢液等,晚期可出现远处转移,诱发多器官病变,严重威胁了患者的生命安全[1]。目前多采用乳腺癌根治术治疗,传统乳腺癌根治术是将乳头、乳晕在内的相关组织切除,患者乳房美观度较低,会影响其术后心理状态和生活质量[2]。有学者指出,保留乳头乳晕的乳腺癌根治术或可起到改善术后乳房美观度的作用[3]。乳头乳晕复合体是乳腺的重要组成部分,对患者术后乳房重建及生活质量改善意义重大,但保留乳头乳晕可能会造成肿瘤残留风险。故本研究对乳腺癌患者给予保留乳头乳晕的乳腺癌根治术治疗,探究该术式的临床疗效及对乳房外观的影响,为该病手术方式的选择提供参考。
1 资料和方法
1.1 临床资料:经笔者医院伦理委员会审核通过,回顾性分析2019年1月-2020年6月60例乳腺癌患者的临床资料,根据手术方法的不同分为观察组(32例)及对照组(28例)。观察组:年龄24~57岁,平均(39.60±6.37)岁;肿瘤直径0.9~2.0 cm,平均(1.53±0.21)cm;TNM分期:Ⅰ期17例,Ⅱ期15例;病理分型:浸润性导管癌28例,浸润性小叶癌4例。对照组:年龄26~58岁,平均(40.59±6.13)岁;肿瘤直径1.0~2.2 cm,平均(1.58±0.23)cm;TNM分期:Ⅰ期16例,Ⅱ期12例;病理分型:浸润性导管癌25例,浸润性小叶癌3例。两组一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
1.2 纳入标准:①根据《中国抗癌协会乳腺癌诊治指南与规范(2015版)》[4]诊断为乳腺癌,并经术中病理学检查确诊;②行乳腺癌根治术治疗者;③单侧乳腺癌者。
1.3 排除标准:①严重肝肾功能异常者;②合并其他原发性恶性肿瘤者;③存在乳腺癌根治术禁忌证者;④术前已接受化疗、放疗等辅助治疗者;⑤病理诊断结果缺失或临床资料不完整者;⑥合并免疫系统疾病者;⑦合并严重认知功能障碍者。
1.4 治疗方法:观察组给予保留乳头乳晕的乳腺癌根治术治疗。患者取平卧位,术侧肢体外展,在皮肤表面标记肿瘤位置及界限,局麻。根据乳头位置行弧形或放射状切口,在腋窝处做平行于腋窝褶线的斜切口,切除肿瘤表面的皮肤,游离皮瓣,切除全部肿瘤、肿瘤边缘1 cm的皮肤及肿瘤周围>2 cm的正常乳腺组织,保留皮瓣下的薄层脂肪、乳头、乳晕及乳房腺体皮下组织。多点取样,送至病理室检查,如检查结果为阳性,需进一步扩大手术切口边缘,并进行腋窝淋巴结清除,直至检查结果为阴性,乳腺残端对合缝合,于腋窝处放置引流管。
对照组给予传统乳腺癌根治术治疗。患者取平卧位,术侧肢体外展,在皮肤表面标记肿瘤位置及界限,局麻。行小梭形切口,切除肿瘤面以上的所有皮肤及其周围2 cm范围的正常组织。送至病理室进行检查,证实为肿瘤组织且周围组织无浸润。取梭形手术切口,其长轴与乳头连线呈放射状,采用刀片游离乳头、乳晕,并用电刀切除乳头、乳晕以外的乳腺组织,沿胸大肌表面向外侧上方切除胸肌筋膜至胸肌外侧缘。如癌细胞范围广,必要时可切除大部分皮下脂肪及腋窝淋巴组织,在腋下放置负压引流管,加压包扎。
1.5 观察指标:①比较两组手术成功率(即病灶完全切除、肿瘤无残留);②手术相关指标:比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量及住院时间;③乳房美观度[5]:于术后1个月复诊,比较两组乳房美观度。乳头外观自然,两乳头水平高度几乎一致,相距≤2 cm,术侧皮肤及乳房外观正常,无瘢痕所致的乳房畸形,外形、手感与对侧无明显差异为优;乳头外观不自然,两乳头水平高度相距2~3 cm,术侧皮肤肤色变浅或发亮,乳房外形稍小于对侧,手感略差,瘢痕导致乳房轻度变形为良;乳头倾向一侧,两乳头水平相距>3 cm,术侧乳房皮肤增厚、粗糙,手术较差,乳房较对侧缩小,瘢痕导致乳房严重变形为差;④上肢功能:采用德国Ludwigshafen创伤外科中心的上肢功能评定量表(Disabilities of arm, shoulder and hand scale,DASH)评价患者患侧肢体功能[6],该量表包括A、B两个问卷,A用于评定患者上肢功能活动情况,B用于评估患者上肢不适症状,DASH=[A分值+B分值-30]/1.2,DASH分值范围为0~100分,得分越高表示上肢功能受限越严重;⑤免疫功能:于术前1 d及术后1周采集患者外周静脉血3 ml,采用流式细胞仪检测患者CD3+、CD4+、CD8+ T细胞含量,并计算CD4+/CD8+值;⑥并发症情况:统计两组皮下积液、伤口感染、切口边缘坏死等并发症发生情况。
1.6 统计学分析:应用SPSS 20.0软件處理数据,计数资料以百分比表示,采用χ2检验比较组间差异;计量资料经正态检验后用(x¯±s)表示,用独立样本t检验比较组间差异,用配对样本t检验比较组内差异。P<0.05即差异具有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组手术成功率比较:观察组手术成功率为96.88%(31/32),对照组手术成功率为100.00%(28/28),组间比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.005,P=0.946)。
2.2 两组手术相关指标比较:观察组手术时间、住院时间短于对照组,术中出血量及术后引流量少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表1。
2.3 两组乳房美观度比较:观察组乳房外观优良率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。
2.4 两组手术前后DASH评分比较:两组术前DASH评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组术后1周、术后1个月的DASH评分均小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表3。
2.5 两组手术前后免疫功能比较:两组术前CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+值比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组术后CD3+、CD4+/CD8+值小于术前,观察组大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组术后CD4+值小于术前,但组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组术后CD8+值大于术前,观察组小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表4。
2.6 两组并发症发生情况比较:两组术后并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表5。
3 讨论
随着乳腺外科技术的进步及手术方法的不断改进,乳腺癌手术正向着微创、美观的方向发展,保留乳头、乳晕的乳腺癌根治术已广泛应用于临床[7]。相关研究指出,相比于传统乳腺癌根治术,应用保留乳头乳晕的乳腺癌根治术治疗不会降低手术疗效[8]。本研究发现,两组手术成功率比较无明显差异,说明两种术式的疗效均较高。但本研究结果显示,观察组手术时间、住院时间短于对照组,术中出血量及术后引流量少于对照组,说明保留乳头乳晕的乳腺癌根治术可促进术后恢复,这可能与该术式对乳房组织造成的损伤较轻有关。以往乳腺癌根治术治疗是将肿瘤组织及其上所有皮肤和周围2 cm范围的正常组织全部切除,术后乳房美观度较低,会对患者的心理状态造成较大的影响,导致其术后治疗依从性降低,进而影响术后恢复[9-10]。本研究中,观察组乳房外观优良率高于对照组,说明保留乳头乳晕的乳腺癌根治术可提高乳房外观美观度,与既往研究结果相符[11],这主要与保留乳头、乳晕的乳腺癌根治术保留了良好的胸部外形有关。
传统乳腺癌根治术的切除范围较大,会切除较多的筋膜和部分胸大肌,易造成手术边缘皮瓣缺血坏死而限制患者上肢功能,并影响其生活质量[12-13]。相关研究指出,保留乳头、乳晕的乳腺癌根治术的切除范围相对较小,或可减轻对上肢功能的影响[14-15]。本研究发现,观察组术后1周、术后1个月的DASH评分均少于对照组,说明保留乳头、乳晕的术式对上肢功能的影响较小,这主要与保留乳头、乳晕的乳腺癌根治术的切除范围较小有关。相关研究指出,手术创伤会对机体免疫功能造成损伤[16-17]。本研究发现,观察组术后CD3+、CD4+/CD8+值大于对照组,CD8+值小于对照组,说明保留乳头乳晕的乳腺癌根治术治疗,可减轻免疫损伤。这可能与减轻手术创伤有关。保留乳头乳晕的乳腺癌根治术对乳腺组织的损伤较小,能促进机体细胞免疫功能的恢复,增强机体抗肿瘤能力[18]。另外,本研究发现,两组术后并发症发生率无明显差异,说明两种术式术后并发症发生情况相当。
综上所述,保留乳头乳晕的乳腺癌根治术的疗效较高,可提高乳房外观美观度,改善患者上肢功能,并能减轻免疫损伤。
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[收稿日期]2021-04-26
本文引用格式:李祖锦,房华,孙传衍,等.保留乳头乳晕的乳腺癌根治术疗效分析[J].中国美容医学,2022,31(5):57-60.